The measurement of amylase in drain fluid for the detection of pancreatic fistula after gastric cancer surgery: an interim analysis.

BACKGROUND: Pancreatic fistula is still one of the most serious and potential complications after D2-D3 distal and total gastrectomy (4% to 6%). Despite their importance, pancreatic fistulas still have not been uniformly defined. Amylase concentration of the drainage fluid after surgery for gastric cancer can be considered as a predictive factor of the presence of pancreatic fistula. METHODS: From January 2009 to April 2013, 53 patients underwent surgery for gastric cancer. Amylase concentration in the drainage fluid was measured on the first postoperative day and if it was ≥1,000 UI, it was measured again on the third postoperative day. Pancreatic fistula occurred in four cases (7.5%). Pancreatic fistulas were classified using the International Study Group on Pancreatic Fistula (ISGPF) criteria into different grades of severity. Two fistulas were Grade A, one was Grade B, and one was Grade C. RESULTS: Management of drainage tubes is still crucial after gastrectomy, not only for the likelihood of anastomotic leaks but also the eventual diagnosis and management of pancreatic fistula. High amylase drainage content and then the presence of the pancreatic fistula may be due to several causes: the operation itself when it includes splenectomy or pancreatic tail-splenectomy, the extended lymphadenectomy but even the 'gently and softly' pancreatic manipulation, according literature, may be a risk factor. CONCLUSIONS: The authors assessed amylase concentration in the drainage fluid collected from the left subphrenic cavity on POD1 and POD3 in 53 patients who had undergone curative gastrectomy for cancer and concluded that amylase drainage content >3 times the serum amylase was a useful predictive risk factor for pancreatic fistula. Our work is an interim analysis and the aim of this study is to increase the accrual of the number of patients to have a significant number. For this reason, a protocol for a multicenter trial will be designed to verify whether the systematic measurement of amylase in drain fluid is better than abdominal ultrasound for the detection of pancreatic fistula after gastric cancer surgery.

5 year oncological outcomes of the HIGHLOW randomized clinical trial.

INTRODUCTION: The oncological outcomes of low ligation (LL) compared to high ligation (HL) of the inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) during low-anterior rectal resection (LAR) with total mesorectal excision are still debated. The aim of this study is to report the 5 year oncologic outcomes of patients undergoing laparoscopic LAR with either HL vs. LL of the IMA MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between June 2014 and December 2016, patients who underwent elective laparoscopic LAR + TME in 6 Italian non-academic hospitals were randomized to HL or LL of IMA after meeting the inclusion criteria (HighLow trial; ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT02153801). We analyzed the rate of local recurrence, distant metastasis, overall survival, disease-specific survival, and disease-free survival at 5 years of patients previously enrolled. RESULTS: Five-year follow up data were available for 196 patients. Recurrence happened in 42 (21.4%) of patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the distant recurrence rate (15.8% HL vs. 18.9% LL; P = 0.970) and pelvic recurrence rate (4,9% HL vs 3,2% LL; P = 0.843). No statistically significant difference was found in 5-year OS (p = 0.545), DSS (p = 0.732) or DFS (p = 0.985) between HL and LL. Low vs medium and upper rectum site of tumor, conversion rate, Clavien-Dindo post-operative grade ≥3 complications and tumor stage were found statistically significantly associated to poor oncological outcomes in univariate analysis; in multivariate analysis, however, only conversion rate and stage 3 cancer were found to be independent risk factors for poor DFS at 5 years. CONCLUSION: We confirmed the results found in the previous 3-year survival analysis, the level of inferior mesenteric artery ligation does not affect OS, DSS and DFS at 5-year follow-up.

Timing and extension of lymphadenectomy in medullary thyroid carcinoma: A case series from a single institution.

BACKGROUND: Medullary thyroid carcinoma is an aggressive tumor and presents with significant morbidity and mortality and a high rate of lymph node metastases. The combination of total thyroidectomy and cervical lymphadenectomy is the essential treatment for those patients presenting with cervical lymph node metastases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis of 117 patients operated for medullary thyroid carcinoma over a period of 15 years at a single institution. Surgical complications and calcitonin levels were noted. RESULTS: Nodal metastases were detected in the central compartment in 72.6% patients. Positive lymph nodes were detected in the lateral compartment of 34 patients who had undergone ipsilateral dissection and in all 10 patients of those with bilateral surgery. We found 3 cases of unilateral transient recurrent laryngeal nerve palsy, 15 cases of temporary hypoparathyroidism, a permanent accessory nerve lesion and a case of chylous fistula. Normalization of post-operative calcitonin was found in 82.6% and of patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and central neck dissection alone compared to 35.4% in those with ipsilateral and bilateral neck dissection. CONCLUSIONS: Total thyroidectomy and cervical lymphadenectomy planned on the ultrasound preoperative study and on the calcitonin level represent the standard of treatment for medullary thyroid carcinoma.

A rare case of Amyand's hernia in a 67-year-old male. A case report and review of the literature.

AIM: The aim of the study is to indicate the Amyand's hernia as a possible complication during surgery for hernia repair performed in emergency CASE REPORT: A case Amyand's hernia complicated by the presence of acute gangrenous appendicitis perforated at the base is reported. DISCUSSION: Amyand's hernia is an hernia which is the vermiform appendix inside. This condition may remain asymptomatic and behave like a normal inguinal hernia or can simulate strangulated hernia when the hernia contains inflamed appendix. CONCLUSION: Acute appendicitis in an incarcerated inguinal hernia is a rare event. The preoperative diagnosis is very difficult because it simulates the behavior of a strangulated inguinal hernia. The treatment depends on the severity of appendicitis. The appendicitis status influences the type of surgery and the type of access.

The surface landmarks of the abdominal wall: a plea for standardization.

Despite centuries of anatomical studies, controversies and contradictions still exist in the literature regarding the definition, anatomical terminology and the limits of the abdominal wall. We conducted a systematic research of books published from 1901 until December 2012 in Google Books. After the index screening, 16 remaining books were further assessed for eligibility. We decided to exclude journals. The aim of the study was to focus on surface landmarks and borders of the abdominal cavity. After this revision of the literature, we propose that the surface landmarks of the abdominal wall should be standardized.

Breast cancer micrometastasis and axillary sentinel lymph nodes frozen section. Our experience and review of literature.

BACKGROUND: Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy plays a major role in the surgical management of primary breast cancer. The aim of this study was to assess the diagnostic accuracy of the assessment of axillary frozen sections of SLNs for micrometastasis diagnosis. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This study focused on 250 SLNs from 137 patients. Each lymph node was fully analyzed by frozen section. After fixation, serial sections were cut and stained by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and for pan-cytokeratins by immunohistochemistry (IHC). RESULTS: Tumor cells were detected in 57 SLNs, 37 on frozen sections and 20 on controls. Of these 57 positive SLNs, 38 contained metastases, 9 contained micrometastases and 10 contained isolated tumor cells. The specificity and positive predictive value of SLN frozen sections for micrometastasis was 100%. The sensitivity was 83.3% for metastasis, 40% for micrometastasis; the false-negative rate was 16.7% for metastasis and 60% for micrometastasis. CONCLUSION: Analysis of frozen section of SLNs is an accurate method for metastasis detection, allowing concurrent axillary dissection when positive. The protocol for SLN analyses described herein shows good sensitivity for micrometastasis detection.

Requirement for a standardised definition of advanced gastric cancer.

Each year, ~988,000 new cases of stomach cancer are reported worldwide. Uniformity for the definition of advanced gastric cancer (AGC) is required to ensure the improved management of patients. Various classifications do actually exist for gastric cancer, but the classification determined by lesion depth is extremely important, as it has been shown to correlate with patient prognosis; for example, early gastric cancer (EGC) has a favourable prognosis when compared with AGC. In the literature, the definition of EGC is clear, however, there is heterogeneity in the definition of AGC. In the current study, all parameters of the TNM classification for AGC reported in each previous study were individually analysed. It was necessary to perform a comprehensive systematic literature search of all previous studies that have reported a definition of ACG to guarantee homogeneity in the assessment of surgical outcome. It must be understood that the term 'advanced gastric cancer' may implicate a number of stages of disease, and studies must highlight the exact clinical TNM stages used for evaluation of the study.