Higher-order connections between stereotyped subsets: implications for improved patient classification in CLL.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the existence of subsets of patients with (quasi)identical, stereotyped B-cell receptor (BcR) immunoglobulins. Patients in certain major stereotyped subsets often display remarkably consistent clinicobiological profiles, suggesting that the study of BcR immunoglobulin stereotypy in CLL has important implications for understanding disease pathophysiology and refining clinical decision-making. Nevertheless, several issues remain open, especially pertaining to the actual frequency of BcR immunoglobulin stereotypy and major subsets, as well as the existence of higher-order connections between individual subsets. To address these issues, we investigated clonotypic IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ gene rearrangements in a series of 29 856 patients with CLL, by far the largest series worldwide. We report that the stereotyped fraction of CLL peaks at 41% of the entire cohort and that all 19 previously identified major subsets retained their relative size and ranking, while 10 new ones emerged; overall, major stereotyped subsets had a cumulative frequency of 13.5%. Higher-level relationships were evident between subsets, particularly for major stereotyped subsets with unmutated IGHV genes (U-CLL), for which close relations with other subsets, termed "satellites," were identified. Satellite subsets accounted for 3% of the entire cohort. These results confirm our previous notion that major subsets can be robustly identified and are consistent in relative size, hence representing distinct disease variants amenable to compartmentalized research with the potential of overcoming the pronounced heterogeneity of CLL. Furthermore, the existence of satellite subsets reveals a novel aspect of repertoire restriction with implications for refined molecular classification of CLL.

HIF-1α is over-expressed in leukemic cells from TP53-disrupted patients and is a promising therapeutic target in chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

In chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL), the hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF-1) regulates the response of tumor cells to hypoxia and their protective interactions with the leukemic microenvironment. In this study, we demonstrate that CLL cells from TP53-disrupted (TP53 dis) patients have constitutively higher expression levels of the α-subunit of HIF-1 (HIF-1α) and increased HIF-1 transcriptional activity compared to the wild-type counterpart. In the TP53 dis subset, HIF-1α upregulation is due to reduced expression of the HIF-1α ubiquitin ligase von Hippel-Lindau protein (pVHL). Hypoxia and stromal cells further enhance HIF-1α accumulation, independently of TP53 status. Hypoxia acts through the downmodulation of pVHL and the activation of the PI3K/AKT and RAS/ERK1-2 pathways, whereas stromal cells induce an increased activity of the RAS/ERK1-2, RHOA/RHOA kinase and PI3K/AKT pathways, without affecting pVHL expression. Interestingly, we observed that higher levels of HIF-1A mRNA correlate with a lower susceptibility of leukemic cells to spontaneous apoptosis, and associate with the fludarabine resistance that mainly characterizes TP53 dis tumor cells. The HIF-1α inhibitor BAY87-2243 exerts cytotoxic effects toward leukemic cells, regardless of the TP53 status, and has anti-tumor activity in Em-TCL1 mice. BAY87-2243 also overcomes the constitutive fludarabine resistance of TP53 dis leukemic cells and elicits a strongly synergistic cytotoxic effect in combination with ibrutinib, thus providing preclinical evidence to stimulate further investigation into use as a potential new drug in CLL.

Immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) genes and alleles: new entities, new names and implications for research and prognostication in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia.

Νext generation sequencing studies in Homo sapiens have identified novel immunoglobulin heavy variable (IGHV) genes and alleles necessitating changes in the international ImMunoGeneTics information system (IMGT) GENE-DB and reference directories of IMGT/V-QUEST. In chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL), the somatic hypermutation (SHM) status of the clonotypic rearranged IGHV gene is strongly associated with patient outcome. Correct determination of this parameter strictly depends on the comparison of the nucleotide sequence of the clonotypic rearranged IGHV gene with that of the closest germline counterpart. Consequently, changes in the reference directories could, in principle, affect the correct interpretation of the IGHV mutational status in CLL. To this end, we analyzed 8066 productive IG heavy chain (IGH) rearrangement sequences from our consortium both before and after the latest update of the IMGT/V-QUEST reference directory. Differences were identified in 405 cases (5 % of the cohort). In 291/405 sequences (71.9 %), changes concerned only the IGHV gene or allele name, whereas a change in the percent germline identity (%GI) was noted in 114/405 (28.1 %) sequences; in 50/114 (43.8 %) sequences, changes in the %GI led to a change in the mutational set. In conclusion, recent changes in the IMGT reference directories affected the interpretation of SHM in a sizeable number of IGH rearrangement sequences from CLL patients. This indicates that both physicians and researchers should consider a re-evaluation of IG sequence data, especially for those IGH rearrangement sequences that, up to date, have a GI close to 98 %, where caution is warranted.

Stereotyped B-cell receptors in one-third of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a molecular classification with implications for targeted therapies.

Mounting evidence indicates that grouping of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into distinct subsets with stereotyped BCRs is functionally and prognostically relevant. However, several issues need revisiting, including the criteria for identification of BCR stereotypy and its actual frequency as well as the identification of "CLL-biased" features in BCR Ig stereotypes. To this end, we examined 7596 Ig VH (IGHV-IGHD-IGHJ) sequences from 7424 CLL patients, 3 times the size of the largest published series, with an updated version of our purpose-built clustering algorithm. We document that CLL may be subdivided into 2 distinct categories: one with stereotyped and the other with nonstereotyped BCRs, at an approximate ratio of 1:2, and provide evidence suggesting a different ontogeny for these 2 categories. We also show that subset-defining sequence patterns in CLL differ from those underlying BCR stereotypy in other B-cell malignancies. Notably, 19 major subsets contained from 20 to 213 sequences each, collectively accounting for 943 sequences or one-eighth of the cohort. Hence, this compartmentalized examination of VH sequences may pave the way toward a molecular classification of CLL with implications for targeted therapeutic interventions, applicable to a significant number of patients assigned to the same subset.

In pancreatic cancer patients, chemotherapy reshapes the gene expression profile and antigen receptor repertoire of T lymphocytes and enhances their effector response to tumor-associated antigens.

Introduction: Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma (PDA) is one of the most aggressive malignancies with a 5-year survival rate of 13%. Less than 20% of patients have a resectable tumor at diagnosis due to the lack of distinctive symptoms and reliable biomarkers. PDA is resistant to chemotherapy (CT) and understanding how to gain an anti-tumor effector response following stimulation is, therefore, critical for setting up an effective immunotherapy. Methods: Proliferation, and cytokine release and TCRB repertoire of from PDA patient peripheral T lymphocytes, before and after CT, were analyzed in vitro in response to four tumor-associated antigens (TAA), namely ENO1, FUBP1, GAPDH and K2C8. Transcriptional state of PDA patient PBMC was investigated using RNA-Seq before and after CT. Results: CT increased the number of TAA recognized by T lymphocytes, which positively correlated with patient survival, and high IFN-γ production TAA-induced responses were significantly increased after CT. We found that some ENO1-stimulated T cell clonotypes from CT-treated patients were expanded or de-novo induced, and that some clonotypes were reduced or even disappeared after CT. Patients that showed a higher number of effector responses to TAA (high IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio) after CT expressed increased fatty acid-related transcriptional signature. Conversely, patients that showed a higher number of regulatory responses to TAA (low IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio) after CT significantly expressed an increased IRAK1/IL1R axis-related transcriptional signature. Conclusion: These data suggest that the expression of fatty acid or IRAK1/IL1Rrelated genes predicts T lymphocyte effector or regulatory responses to TAA in patients that undergo CT. These findings are a springboard to set up precision immunotherapies in PDA based on the TAA vaccination in combination with CT.

BTK and PLCG2 remain unmutated in one-third of patients with CLL relapsing on ibrutinib.

Patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) progressing on ibrutinib constitute an unmet need. Though Bruton tyrosine kinase (BTK) and PLCG2 mutations are associated with ibrutinib resistance, their frequency and relevance to progression are not fully understood. In this multicenter retrospective observational study, we analyzed 98 patients with CLL on ibrutinib (49 relapsing after an initial response and 49 still responding after ≥1 year of continuous treatment) using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) panel (1% sensitivity) comprising 13 CLL-relevant genes including BTK and PLCG2. BTK hotspot mutations were validated by droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) (0.1% sensitivity). By integrating NGS and ddPCR results, 32 of 49 relapsing cases (65%) carried at least 1 hotspot BTK and/or PLCG2 mutation(s); in 6 of 32, BTK mutations were only detected by ddPCR (variant allele frequency [VAF] 0.1% to 1.2%). BTK/PLCG2 mutations were also identified in 6 of 49 responding patients (12%; 5/6 VAF <10%), of whom 2 progressed later. Among the relapsing patients, the BTK-mutated (BTKmut) group was enriched for EGR2 mutations, whereas BTK-wildtype (BTKwt) cases more frequently displayed BIRC3 and NFKBIE mutations. Using an extended capture-based panel, only BRAF and IKZF3 mutations showed a predominance in relapsing cases, who were enriched for del(8p) (n = 11; 3 BTKwt). Finally, no difference in TP53 mutation burden was observed between BTKmut and BTKwt relapsing cases, and ibrutinib treatment did not favor selection of TP53-aberrant clones. In conclusion, we show that BTK/PLCG2 mutations were absent in a substantial fraction (35%) of a real-world cohort failing ibrutinib, and propose additional mechanisms contributing to resistance.

Case Report: Sequential Development of Three Mature Lymphoid Neoplasms in a Single Patient: Clonal Relationship and Molecular Insights.

Two main variants of Richter syndrome (RS) are recognized, namely, the diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and the Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) variant. Clonal relationship, defined as an identity of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable (IGHV) region sequence between chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and RS clones, characterizes patients with a poor prognosis. Due to method sensitivity, this categorization is performed without considering the possibility of small-size ancillary clones, sharing the same phenotype with the preexisting predominant CLL clone, but with different IGHV rearrangements. Here we describe and molecularly profile the peculiar case of a patient with a CLL-like monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL), who sequentially developed a DLBCL, which occurred concomitantly to progression of MBL to CLL, and a subsequent HL. Based on standard IGHV clonality analysis, DLBCL was considered clonally unrelated to the concomitantly expanded CLL clone and treated as a de novo lymphoma, achieving a persistent response. Three years later, the patient further developed a clonally unrelated HL, refractory to bendamustine, which was successfully treated with brentuximab vedotin and radiotherapy, and later with pembrolizumab. We retrospectively performed additional molecular testing, by applying next-generation sequencing (NGS) of immunoglobulin repertoire (Ig-rep) techniques and a more sensitive allele-specific oligonucleotide-droplet digital PCR (ASO-ddPCR) strategy, in order to quantitatively investigate the presence of the rearranged IGHV genes in tumor specimens collected during the disease course. In this highly complex case, the application of modern and sensitive molecular technologies uncovered that DLBCL, initially considered as a de novo lymphoma, was instead the result of the transformation of a preexisting ancillary B-cell clone, which was already present at the time of first MBL diagnosis. A similar approach was also applied on the HL sample, showing its clonal unrelatedness to the previous MBL and DLBCL.

Frequent mutations of FBXO11 highlight BCL6 as a therapeutic target in Burkitt lymphoma.

The expression of BCL6 in B-cell lymphoma can be deregulated by chromosomal translocations, somatic mutations in the promoter regulatory regions, or reduced proteasome-mediated degradation. FBXO11 was recently identified as a ubiquitin ligase that is involved in the degradation of BCL6, and it is frequently inactivated in lymphoma or other tumors. Here, we show that FBXO11 mutations are found in 23% of patients with Burkitt lymphoma (BL). FBXO11 mutations impaired BCL6 degradation, and the deletion of FBXO11 protein completely stabilized BCL6 levels in human BL cell lines. Conditional deletion of 1 or 2 copies of the FBXO11 gene in mice cooperated with oncogenic MYC and accelerated B-cell lymphoma onset, providing experimental evidence that FBXO11 is a haploinsufficient oncosuppressor in B-cell lymphoma. In wild-type and FBXO11-deficient BL mouse and human cell lines, targeting BCL6 via specific degraders or inhibitors partially impaired lymphoma growth in vitro and in vivo. Inhibition of MYC by the Omomyc mini-protein blocked cell proliferation and increased apoptosis, effects further increased by combined BCL6 targeting. Thus, by validating the functional role of FBXO11 mutations in BL, we further highlight the key role of BCL6 in BL biology and provide evidence that innovative therapeutic approaches, such as BCL6 degraders and direct MYC inhibition, could be exploited as a targeted therapy for BL.

CD38 gene polymorphism and chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a role in transformation to Richter syndrome?

CD38 rules proliferation signals in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells, suggesting that the molecule is not merely a prognostic marker but also a key element in the pathogenetic network underlying the disease. CD38 has a genetic polymorphism, characterized by a C>G variation in the regulatory region of intron 1. The working hypothesis is that the presence of different alleles in CLL patients marks (or accounts for) some of the clinical heterogeneity. CD38 allele distribution in 248 Italian patients overlapped with that of the controls (n = 232), suggesting that susceptibility to CLL is not influenced by CD38 genotype. Stratification of patients according to markers of unfavorable prognosis constantly resulted in a significantly higher frequency of the rare G allele. Furthermore, analysis of clinical parameters showed that G allele is independently associated with nodal/splenic involvement. The highest G allele frequency was observed in the 16 patients of the cohort that developed Richter syndrome (RS). Five-year cumulative incidence of transformation was significantly higher in G allele carriers than in CC homozygotes. Multivariate analysis on a total of 30 RS patients confirmed that the probability of transformation is strongly associated with G allele, likely representing an independent risk factor for RS development.

Predicting gefitinib responsiveness in lung cancer by fluorescence in situ hybridization/chromogenic in situ hybridization analysis of EGFR and HER2 in biopsy and cytology specimens.

In non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutational analysis is an excellent predictor of responsiveness to treatment with tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as gefitinib. In up to 80% of NSCLCs, cytologic samples or endoscopic biopsies are the only specimens available for molecular analysis, but PCR amplification of DNA from small fixed and paraffin-embedded samples may create artifactual mutations. Fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) of EGFR and HER2 has been proposed as an alternative method of analysis. This project aimed to determine the optimal scoring method for FISH or chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) assays when analyzing small NSCLC samples to predict response. FISH or CISH analysis of EGFR and HER2 genes was done on 42 small samples derived from NSCLC patients treated with gefitinib. EGFR mutational analysis was done after quantity and quality controls of DNA. In seven of seven cases, a balanced increase in EGFR gene and chromosome 7 number was found to correlate with the presence of specific EGFR mutations. In addition, seven of seven cases with balanced EGFR/HER2 polysomy and two of three cases with balanced EGFR/HER2 trisomy responded to gefitinib (75% of responders). Instead, the EGFR mutations predicted only 7 of 12 (58%) of gefitinib-responsive patients. When only endoscopic biopsies or cytologic specimens are available, we propose using FISH/CISH for EGFR and HER2 as the test of choice for selecting patients for treatment with gefitinib and to consider as negative predictive factor the absence of EGFR/HER2 gene gain.

Detection of human papillomavirus type 16 integration in pre-neoplastic cervical lesions and confirmation by DIPS-PCR and sequencing.

BACKGROUND: Persistent infections with high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) favour integration of viral DNA into the host cells and are associated with cervical carcinoma. HPV16 is the prevalent HR-type worldwide associated to cervical cancer. Integration of viral DNA promotes a selective cell growth advantage, resulting a risk factor for cancer development. OBJECTIVES: To test physical status of HPV16 infection in pre-neoplastic cervical lesions using a quantitative real time-PCR (QRT-PCR) based method. To investigate reliability of this method in identification of HPV16 integrated sequences, by detection of integrated papillomavirus sequences (DIPS-PCR) assay and sequencing. STUDY DESIGN: One hundred and seventy HR-HPV positive archival cervical specimens were tested for presence of HPV16 DNA. In HPV16 positive samples, viral load and physical status were evaluated. RESULTS: HPV16 DNA was detected in 74/170 (43%) HR-HPV positive specimens. In 52/74 a QRT-PCR was performed, and 3 integrated, 13 mixed and 36 episomal forms were detected. Presence of integrated forms was confirmed by DIPS-PCR and sequencing. CONCLUSIONS: Presence of HPV integrated forms was detected and confirmed in pre-neoplastic cervical lesions. The QRT-PCR method we used is sensitive and specific for identification of HPV integration in cervical samples, and may be suitable for large scale investigations with prognostic and clinical implications in management of cervical cancer.

Specific detection of cytokeratin 20-positive cells in blood of colorectal and breast cancer patients by a high sensitivity real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction method.

A real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method for detection of cytokeratin 20-positive cells in blood characterized by two novel features was developed and tested on 99 patients with colorectal cancer, 110 with breast cancer, and 150 healthy subjects. To optimize the specificity and sensitivity of the method, two novel features were used. First, a primer overlapping two adjacent exons was generated to inhibit nonspecific amplification both in healthy donors and cancer patients; second, a non-end-point first-round amplification was used to increase sensitivity. The number of first-round cycles was chosen to reach the highest level of sensitivity while conserving quantitative characteristics. PCR efficiency increased from 88.9% in single-round RT-PCR to 99.0% in nested real-time RT-PCR. To establish sensitivity and specificity of the method, HT29 cells were serially diluted with normal blood. Detection limit improved from 100 HT29 cells (single-round RT-PCR) to 1 to 10 cells (nested real-time RT-PCR) per 3 ml of whole blood. None of the healthy subjects was positive, whereas 22 and 29% of all colorectal and breast cancer patients, respectively, had cytokeratin 20 cell equivalents in blood. The association between cytokeratin 20 cell equivalents and metastasis was statistically significant for breast (P = 0.026) but not colorectal cancer patients (P = 0.361). Negativity of all 150 healthy controls examined confers diagnostic potential to the method.

Peripheral ENO1-specific T cells mirror the intratumoral immune response and their presence is a potential prognostic factor for pancreatic adenocarcinoma.

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive disease with an average survival of 4-6 months following diagnosis. Surgical resection is the only treatment with curative intent, but resectable PDAC patients are in the minority. Also, unlike other neoplasms, PDAC is resistant to conventional and targeted chemotherapy. Innovative treatments, such as immunotherapy, can be very important and the study of the immune response is fundamental. We previously demonstrated that PDAC patients show tumor-infiltrating T cells specific to α-enolase (ENO1), a glycolytic enzyme over-expressed by pancreatic tumor cells, which plays an important role in promoting cell migration and cancer metastasis. In the present study, we evaluate the functional anticancer proprieties of ENO1-specific T cells isolated from the peripheral blood of PDAC patients. Furthermore, comparing the T cell receptor repertoire of ENO1-specific peripheral and infiltrating tumor T cells from the same patient suggests that ENO1-specific T cells, despite having a different functional profile, can recirculate from the tumor to the periphery. Finally, of clinical relevance, the presence of peripheral ENO1-specific T cells has a prognostic value and significantly correlates with a longer survival.

Follicular origin of a subset of CD5+ diffuse large B-cell lymphomas.

Most follicular lymphomas (FLs) have a phenotype consistent with the origin from CD5-, CD10+, bcl-6+ follicular center cells and can progress to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL). CD5 is expressed in about 10% of DLBCLs, showing prognostic value, whereas expression is rare in FL. We present 6 cases with coexisting features of CD5+ FL and CD5+ DLBCL, supporting a follicular origin for some CD5+ DLBCLs. The follicular areas showed a meshwork of CD21+ follicular dendritic cells that were lacking in the DLBCL areas. All cases showed a clonal CD19+, CD20+, CD5+, and CD10+ population in both follicular and diffuse areas. Molecularly, 4 of 6 cases demonstrated immunoglobulin heavy chain rearrangements and 1 case, a bcl-2/immunoglobulin heavy chain gene rearrangement. Somatic hypermutations were high in all 4 cases, in keeping with their germinal center origin. Four of five patients died of disease within 42 months, consistent with the proposed prognostic value of CD5 expression in DLBCL. Our data describe an aggressive variant of CD5+ FL suggesting the follicular origin of some CD5+ DLBCLs.

Flexible lab-tailored cut-offs for suitability of formalin-fixed tumor samples for diagnostic mutational analyses.

The selection of proper tissues from formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tumors before diagnostic molecular testing is responsibility of the pathologist and represents a crucial step to produce reliable test results. The international guidelines suggest two cut-offs, one for the percentage and one for the number of tumor cells, in order to enrich the tumor content before DNA extraction. The aim of the present work was two-fold: to evaluate to what extent a low percentage or absolute number of tumor cells can be qualified for somatic mutation testing; and to determine how assay sensitivities can guide pathologists towards a better definition of morphology-based adequacy cut-offs. We tested 1797 tumor specimens from melanomas, colorectal and lung adenocarcinomas. Respectively, their BRAF, K-RAS and EGFR genes were analyzed at specific exons by mutation-enriched PCR, pyrosequencing, direct sequencing and real-time PCR methods. We demonstrate that poorly cellular specimens do not modify the frequency distribution of either mutated or wild-type DNA samples nor that of specific mutations. This observation suggests that currently recommended cut-offs for adequacy of specimens to be processed for molecular assays seem to be too much stringent in a laboratory context that performs highly sensitive routine analytical methods. In conclusion, new cut-offs are needed based on test sensitivities and documented tumor heterogeneity.

Successful HLA haploidentical myeloablative stem cell transplantation for aggressive hepatosplenic alpha/beta (αß) T-cell lymphoma.

Hepatosplenic T cell lymphoma (HSTCL) is a type of hematologic neoplasia with a poor prognosis and a high frequency of refractoriness to conventional chemotherapy. The results obtained by high dose chemotherapy followed by autologous stem cells transplantation seem to be a more effective option but still unsatisfactory. Also the role of allogeneic stem cell transplantation is still unclear, although the few cases reported on the literature would seem to show good results in overall survival rates. In this paper, we reported the patient׳s medical history affected by a αß variant of hepatosplenic T cell successfully rescued with a haploidentical transplant.

KIT and PDGFRA mutations and PDGFRA immunostaining in gastrointestinal stromal tumors.

In the present study, we investigated the association of PDGFRA and KIT mutations as well as PDGFRA immunohistochemical expression with clinicopathologic features and prognosis in a series of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). Tumor DNA from 40 GISTs was sequenced for the presence of mutations in KIT exons 9, 11, 13 and 17, and in PDGFRA exons 12 and 18. Tissue sections were stained with polyclonal anti-PDGFRA antibody. KIT mutations occurred in 26 cases. There were 13 deletions, 6 substitutions, 3 deletion-substitutions, 3 duplications and 1 insertion. Tumors with KIT deletions/insertion were large with a high mitotic index (MI), and were associated with a high rate of symptoms at diagnosis, invasion into adjacent organs, distant metastasis, relapse and a short disease-free survival (DFS). PDGFRA mutations occurred in 6 gastric GISTs. There were 4 deletions and 2 substitutions. Tumors with PDGFRA mutations were small, with a low MI and Ki67 score, and were associated with a very low rate of symptoms at diagnosis, invasion into adjacent organs and distant metastasis. PDGFRA immunopositivity was found in 23 cases: a peculiar 'dotlike' staining was found in 5 out of 6 PDGFRA mutated cases. Patients with positive PDGFRA immunostaining had a longer DFS than those with negative staining. Our data confirm that the type of KIT mutation is associated with various clinicopathologic features of GISTs, and indicate that PDGFRA mutations are associated with rather indolent tumors. PDGFRA immunopositivity reflects PDGFRA mutational status and is associated with a favorable outcome.

Usefulness of multiparametric flow cytometry in detecting composite lymphoma: study of 17 cases in a 12-year period.

Composite lymphoma (CL) is a rare occurrence of 2 or more morphologically and immunophenotypically distinct lymphoma clones in a single anatomic site. A retrospective analysis of 1,722 solid tissue samples clinically suggestive of lymphoma was carried out in our institute during a 12-year period to evaluate the efficacy of flow cytometry (FC) in identifying CL. We report 17 CL cases. A strong correlation between morphologic findings and FC was observed in 13 cases (76%). In the 4 cases diagnosed as non-Hodgkin lymphoma plus Hodgkin lymphoma, although FC did not detect Reed-Sternberg cells, it accurately identified the neoplastic B- or T-cell component. In 3 cases, FC indicated the need to evaluate an additional neoplastic component that was not morphologically evident. Our data demonstrate that FC immunophenotyping of tissues may enhance the performance of the diagnostic morphologic evaluation of CL. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report in the literature of a wide series of CL studied also by FC.

Regulatory T-cell number is increased in chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients and correlates with progressive disease.

Regulatory T-cells (Treg) actively maintain immunological self-tolerance and play a significant role in the progression of cancer. Treg cell numbers have been evaluated in 80 patients with previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) and in 40 normal healthy volunteers. Treg cells are higher in CLL patients than in controls and correlate with disease status (more advanced clinical stage, peripheral blood B-cell lymphocytosis, absolute CD38+ B-cell number, and more elevated LDH levels). No correlation was found with ZAP-70 expression, IgVH mutational status and cytogenetic abnormalities. This data shows that Treg cell number is abnormal in CLL patients.