Do breastfed children have a lower chance of developing mouth breathing? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: Determine the association between breastfeeding and the development of mouth breathing in children. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seven databases were searched for studies investigating the association between the type of feeding and the development of the breathing pattern in children. Descriptive analysis and meta-analysis were performed, with the calculation of the prevalence and likelihood (odds ratios (95% CI)) of mouth breathing according to the duration of breastfeeding. RESULTS: The overall prevalence of mouth breathing was 44% (95% CI: 38-49) (N total = 1182). Breastfeeding was a protection factor against the development of mouth breathing (OR = 0.62; 95% CI: 0.41-0.93). The likelihood of developing mouth breathing was 41% and 34% lower among children that were breastfed for more than 12 and more than 24 months, respectively. No association was found between exclusive breastfeeding for up to 6 months and the occurrence of mouth breathing (OR = 0.60; 95% CI: 0.31-1.18). CONCLUSIONS: Due to the scarcity of cohort studies that met the inclusion criteria and the low certainty of the evidence, no strong evidence-based conclusion can be drawn. However, breastfeeding should be encouraged due to its possible protective effect, evidenced by the substantial reduction in the prevalence of mouth breathing pattern when performed for up to 2 years. Exclusive breastfeeding was not associated with the development of the breathing pattern. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The results reveal that breastfeeding can protect children from the development of mouth breathing. Thus, healthcare providers should offer support so that mothers feel prepared and encouraged to perform breastfeeding. TRIAL REGISTRATION: PROSPERO registry: CRD42017062172.

Does previous application of silver diammine fluoride influence the bond strength of glass ionomer cement and adhesive systems to dentin? Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Silver diammine fluoride (SDF) applied before a restoration may prevent recurrent caries; therefore, its effect on the bonding of restorative materials is contradictory. AIM: To assess through a systematic review and meta-analysis the influence of SDF on the bonding performance of adhesive materials to dentine. DESIGN: A systematic search was carried out in PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, and Scopus. Studies comparing bond strength of adhesive systems or glass ionomer cement to SDF-treated and -untreated (control) dentine were included. Global analysis comparing the bond strength data was performed, separately for adhesive systems and glass ionomer cement, using RevMan5.1, with a random-effect model, at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Eleven studies were included in the review and ten in the meta-analyses. Overall pooled effect for glass ionomer cement has shown no significant difference between the groups (Z = 0.47; P = .64). SDF treatment significantly impairs the bonding of adhesive systems to dentine (Z = 2.11; P = .03); this effect can be eliminated by the rinsing step (Z = 0.85; P = .40). CONCLUSIONS: The previous application of SDF does not influence the dentine bond strength of glass ionomer cement, but compromises the bonding of adhesive systems.

Are self-etch adhesive systems effective in the retention of occlusal sealants? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Occlusal sealants are an effective method for caries prevention, although the effectiveness of different application strategies has not been established yet. AIM: This systematic review compared the retention rate of sealants placed on occlusal surfaces following the use of self-etch adhesive systems and traditional acid etching, with or without the application of adhesive system. DESIGN: Literature searching was carried out until June 2015 in PubMed/MEDLINE, CENTRAL, and ClinicalTrials databases selecting randomized clinical trials that evaluated self-etch adhesive systems associated with pit and fissure sealants in primary or permanent molars comprising retention as outcome. From 683 potentially eligible studies, 10 were selected for full-text analysis and 5 were included in the meta-analysis. Two reviewers independently selected the studies, extracted the data, and assessed the bias risk. Pooled-effect estimates were obtained by comparing the retention failure rate between groups (self-etch systems vs acid etching with or without adhesive systems). RESULTS: Significant difference was found between groups, favoring the control group (prior acid etching) (P < 0.05), which showed lower failure rate in the retention of occlusal sealants. High heterogeneity was found on the meta-analysis. Most trials showed good evidence strength. CONCLUSIONS: Occlusal sealants applied with self-etch systems show lower retention throughout time than sealants applied in the conventional approach, regardless of the use of adhesive systems.

Bonding of Glass-Ionomer Cement and Adhesives to Silver Diamine Fluoride-treated Dentin: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

PURPOSE: To evaluate through a systematic review and meta-analysis the bonding performance of adhesive materials to silver diamine fluoride (SDF)-treated dentin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Studies located in PubMed, Web of Science, LILACS, and Scopus up to September 2020, which compared the bond strength of adhesives (AD) or glass-ionomer cement (GIC) to SDF-treated and untreated (control) dentin were included. Mean differences were estimated separately by material and dentin condition (sound or caries-affected), with a random-effects model, at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: Twenty-two studies, including 11 new studies not included in our previous systematic review, met the eligibility criteria, and 21 studies were considered in the meta-analyses. SDF dentin pretreatment did not influence the bonding of GIC (Z = 0.53; p = 0.60), independent of dentin condition. SDF treatment significantly impaired the bonding of AD (Z = 2.43; p = 0.01). A rinsing step after SDF eliminated this effect in sound dentin (Z = 1.82; p = 0.07) and increased the bond strength to caries-affected dentin (Z = 2.14; p = 0.03). CONCLUSION: SDF pretreatment does not influence the bond strength of GIC. A rinsing step after SDF application can improve the bond strength of AD to caries-affected dentin.

Early Childhood Caries and sugar: relationships and suggestions for prevention / Cárie da primeira infância e açúcar: relações e sugestões para prevenção

ABSTRACT Objective: To show the relation between sugar intake in the infant diet and the presence of early childhood caries in a group of preschoolers. Methods: A retrospective analysis of medical records of patients aged 0 to 6 years attended at the Clinic of Babies from 2010 to 2016, at Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. The data analyzed were: patient identification, gender, age, sugar introduction (age and frequency), exclusive breastfeeding, use of a bottle containing sugar, brushing (with or without fluoride) and diagnosis of dental caries through the International Caries Detection and Assessment System. Descriptive analysis showed the characteristics of the sample and comparison analyzes were performed using Fisher and T-Student tests, to verify the relation between individual variables and sugary intake. Results: The average age of the children was 29 months. Of the 86 medical records analyzed, 80.0% of the children ingested sugary foods, and its were part of the eating routine. Only 36 medical records contained information about early childhood caries, in which 86.2% of prevalence was found. There was no statistical difference between sugary diet and other variables (p > 0.05). Conclusion: These results suggest an intense relationship between sugar and early childhood caries. The high frequency of sugar intake is a risk factor for the onset of caries in early childhood, and its insertion in infant feeding may be delayed. Food and hygiene orientation is fundamental in the treatment process as well as family awareness.

RESUMO Objetivo: Mostrar a relação entre a ingestão do açúcar na dieta infantil e a presença da Cárie da Primeira Infância em um grupo de crianças pré-escolares. Métodos: Foi realizada uma análise retrospectiva de prontuários de pacientes de 0 a 6 anos atendidos na Clínica de Bebês entre 2010 a 2016, da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Os dados analisados foram: identificação do paciente, sexo, idade, introdução do açúcar (idade e frequência), aleitamento materno exclusivo, uso de mamadeira contendo açúcar, escovação (com ou sem flúor) e diagnóstico de cárie dentária feito através do International Caries Detection and Assessment System. A análise descritiva mostrou as características da amostra e análises comparativas foram realizadas pelos testes de Fisher e T-Student, para verificar a relação entre variáveis individuais e a ingestão de açucares. Resultados: A média de idade das crianças foi de 29 meses. Dos 86 prontuários analisados, 80,0% das crianças ingeriam alimentos açucarados, sendo parte da rotina alimentar. Apenas 36 prontuários continham informações sobre a Cárie da Primeira Infância, nestes foi encontrada uma prevalência de 86,2% da amostra. Não houve diferença estatística entre dieta açucarada e demais variáveis (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Esses resultados sugerem uma intensa relação entre açúcar e Cárie da Primeira Infância. A alta frequência de ingestão de açúcar é um fator de risco para o surgimento da Cárie da Primeira Infância, podendo ser retardada a sua inserção na alimentação infantil. A orientação alimentar e de higienização é fundamental no processo do tratamento assim como a conscientização familiar.