RESUMO
Cannabis has been reported as a likely risk factor for the development of psychosis, and a gene × environment interaction with the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) gene has been proposed. Moreover, COMT has been separately linked to affective symptoms in psychosis. Despite a high rate of cannabis abuse and affective symptoms in African Americans, no studies exploring a relationship between COMT and psychosis in this group have been reported. An existing database of psychotic patients with and without adolescent cannabis use/affective symptoms was examined, and chi-square analyses for independence were applied separately for both Caucasians and African-Americans to examine genotype associations with adolescent cannabis use and affective symptoms (past or present). The two subject groups did not differ with respect to the prevalence of adolescent cannabis abuse or presence of affective symptoms. Further study is needed, with non-psychotic controls and larger samples.
Assuntos
Catecol O-Metiltransferase/genética , Comparação Transcultural , Abuso de Maconha/genética , Transtornos Mentais/genética , Polimorfismo Genético/genética , Adolescente , Negro ou Afro-Americano , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Bases de Dados Bibliográficas/estatística & dados numéricos , Feminino , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Humanos , Masculino , Abuso de Maconha/epidemiologia , Transtornos Mentais/epidemiologia , População BrancaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Although several antidepressants are now available, all have limited efficacy and a delayed onset of action. The current study was undertaken as a proof of the concept that combining norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake inhibition would be more effective and act more rapidly than either drug alone. METHODS: Inpatients with nonpsychotic unipolar major depression and a Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) score of at least 18 after 1 week of hospitalization without antidepressant medication were randomized to 6 weeks of treatment with fluoxetine (FLX) 20 mg/day, desipramine (DMI) adjusted to an adequate plasma level, or the combination of FLX 20 mg/day and DMI, given under double-blind conditions. Twenty-four-hour DMI levels were used to rapidly adjust DMI dose to achieve a therapeutic level and to anticipate the enzyme-inhibiting effects of FLX. Treatment-resistant patients were stratified. Patients were rated with the HAMD and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS). RESULTS: Thirty-nine patients began treatment. One patient withdrew consent. The DMI-FLX combination was significantly more likely to result in remission on the MADRS than either FLX or DMI alone [53.8% vs. 7.1% and 0%, respectively; chi(2)(2) = 13.49, p =.001]. The advantage for combined treatment was not explained by history of treatment resistance or by drug plasma concentrations. Rapid response, at 1 or 2 weeks, was neither statistically nor meaningfully greater with combined treatment. CONCLUSIONS: This study supports the hypothesis that the combination of a noradrenergic and serotonergic agent is more likely to result in remission than either selective agent alone during a 6-week treatment period.
Assuntos
Inibidores da Captação Adrenérgica/uso terapêutico , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/uso terapêutico , Antidepressivos Tricíclicos/uso terapêutico , Transtorno Depressivo/tratamento farmacológico , Desipramina/uso terapêutico , Fluoxetina/uso terapêutico , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/uso terapêutico , Inibidores da Captação Adrenérgica/sangue , Adulto , Antidepressivos de Segunda Geração/sangue , Antidepressivos Tricíclicos/sangue , Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Pressão , Desipramina/sangue , Método Duplo-Cego , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Fluoxetina/sangue , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Norepinefrina/metabolismo , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica , Serotonina/metabolismo , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/sangue , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Dopamina/sangue , Abuso de Maconha/sangue , Transtornos Psicóticos/sangue , Adulto , Escalas de Graduação Psiquiátrica Breve/estatística & dados numéricos , Ácido Homovanílico/sangue , Humanos , Abuso de Maconha/complicações , Abuso de Maconha/diagnóstico , Psicoses Induzidas por Substâncias/sangue , Psicoses Induzidas por Substâncias/etiologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnósticoAssuntos
Antidepressivos/efeitos adversos , Transtorno Bipolar/induzido quimicamente , Deficiência Intelectual/psicologia , Psicoses Induzidas por Substâncias/etiologia , Adolescente , Adulto , Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Transtorno Bipolar/diagnóstico , Transtorno Bipolar/epidemiologia , Comorbidade , Feminino , Humanos , Deficiência Intelectual/tratamento farmacológico , Deficiência Intelectual/epidemiologia , Masculino , Transtornos Psicóticos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Psicóticos/epidemiologia , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologiaAssuntos
Antipsicóticos/uso terapêutico , Clozapina/uso terapêutico , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Transtornos Psicóticos/tratamento farmacológico , Quinolonas/uso terapêutico , Adulto , Idoso , Antipsicóticos/administração & dosagem , Antipsicóticos/sangue , Aripiprazol , Transtorno Bipolar/tratamento farmacológico , Transtorno Bipolar/psicologia , Clozapina/administração & dosagem , Clozapina/sangue , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Quimioterapia Combinada , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Transtornos Psicóticos/sangue , Transtornos Psicóticos/psicologia , Esquizofrenia Paranoide/tratamento farmacológico , Esquizofrenia Paranoide/psicologia , Resultado do TratamentoAssuntos
Transtorno Bipolar/etiologia , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica/efeitos adversos , Epilepsia/terapia , Nervo Vago/fisiologia , Adulto , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica/instrumentação , Terapia por Estimulação Elétrica/métodos , Falha de Equipamento , Feminino , Humanos , Próteses e Implantes/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Antidepressants may exacerbate manic or psychotic symptoms in vulnerable individuals. The authors discontinued antidepressants in 16 consecutive cases in which patients with manic or psychotic symptoms were otherwise judged to be on a satisfactory regimen prior to admission. Thirteen of the patients improved rapidly, which suggests a possible association between antidepressant discontinuation and clinical improvement in this patient group.