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1.
Nature ; 629(8012): 679-687, 2024 May.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38693266

RESUMO

Pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasias (PanINs) are the most common precursors of pancreatic cancer, but their small size and inaccessibility in humans make them challenging to study1. Critically, the number, dimensions and connectivity of human PanINs remain largely unknown, precluding important insights into early cancer development. Here, we provide a microanatomical survey of human PanINs by analysing 46 large samples of grossly normal human pancreas with a machine-learning pipeline for quantitative 3D histological reconstruction at single-cell resolution. To elucidate genetic relationships between and within PanINs, we developed a workflow in which 3D modelling guides multi-region microdissection and targeted and whole-exome sequencing. From these samples, we calculated a mean burden of 13 PanINs per cm3 and extrapolated that the normal intact adult pancreas harbours hundreds of PanINs, almost all with oncogenic KRAS hotspot mutations. We found that most PanINs originate as independent clones with distinct somatic mutation profiles. Some spatially continuous PanINs were found to contain multiple KRAS mutations; computational and in situ analyses demonstrated that different KRAS mutations localize to distinct cell subpopulations within these neoplasms, indicating their polyclonal origins. The extensive multifocality and genetic heterogeneity of PanINs raises important questions about mechanisms that drive precancer initiation and confer differential progression risk in the human pancreas. This detailed 3D genomic mapping of molecular alterations in human PanINs provides an empirical foundation for early detection and rational interception of pancreatic cancer.


Assuntos
Heterogeneidade Genética , Genômica , Imageamento Tridimensional , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas , Análise de Célula Única , Adulto , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Células Clonais/metabolismo , Células Clonais/patologia , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Aprendizado de Máquina , Mutação , Pâncreas/anatomia & histologia , Pâncreas/citologia , Pâncreas/metabolismo , Pâncreas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/genética , Lesões Pré-Cancerosas/patologia , Fluxo de Trabalho , Progressão da Doença , Detecção Precoce de Câncer , Oncogenes/genética
2.
Nat Methods ; 19(11): 1490-1499, 2022 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36280719

RESUMO

A central challenge in biology is obtaining high-content, high-resolution information while analyzing tissue samples at volumes relevant to disease progression. We address this here with CODA, a method to reconstruct exceptionally large (up to multicentimeter cubed) tissues at subcellular resolution using serially sectioned hematoxylin and eosin-stained tissue sections. Here we demonstrate CODA's ability to reconstruct three-dimensional (3D) distinct microanatomical structures in pancreas, skin, lung and liver tissues. CODA allows creation of readily quantifiable tissue volumes amenable to biological research. As a testbed, we assess the microanatomy of the human pancreas during tumorigenesis within the branching pancreatic ductal system, labeling ten distinct structures to examine heterogeneity and structural transformation during neoplastic progression. We show that pancreatic precancerous lesions develop into distinct 3D morphological phenotypes and that pancreatic cancer tends to spread far from the bulk tumor along collagen fibers that are highly aligned to the 3D curves of ductal, lobular, vascular and neural structures. Thus, CODA establishes a means to transform broadly the structural study of human diseases through exploration of exhaustively labeled 3D microarchitecture.


Assuntos
Imageamento Tridimensional , Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Imageamento Tridimensional/métodos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Pâncreas/patologia
3.
Am J Pathol ; 192(2): 195-207, 2022 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34767812

RESUMO

To catalyze severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) research, including development of novel interventive and preventive strategies, the progression of disease was characterized in a robust coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) animal model. In this model, male and female golden Syrian hamsters were inoculated intranasally with SARS-CoV-2 USA-WA1/2020. Groups of inoculated and mock-inoculated uninfected control animals were euthanized at 2, 4, 7, 14, and 28 days after inoculation to track multiple clinical, pathology, virology, and immunology outcomes. SARS-CoV-2-inoculated animals consistently lost body weight during the first week of infection, had higher lung weights at terminal time points, and developed lung consolidation per histopathology and quantitative image analysis measurements. High levels of infectious virus and viral RNA were reliably present in the respiratory tract at days 2 and 4 after inoculation, corresponding with widespread necrosis and inflammation. At day 7, when the presence of infectious virus was rare, interstitial and alveolar macrophage infiltrates and marked reparative epithelial responses (type II hyperplasia) dominated in the lung. These lesions resolved over time, with only residual epithelial repair evident by day 28 after inoculation. The use of quantitative approaches to measure cellular and morphologic alterations in the lung provides valuable outcome measures for developing therapeutic and preventive interventions for COVID-19 using the hamster COVID-19 model.


Assuntos
COVID-19/patologia , Animais , COVID-19/virologia , Cricetinae , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Mesocricetus , SARS-CoV-2
4.
Histopathology ; 82(3): 504-506, 2023 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36371607

RESUMO

Using CODA, a technique for three-dimensional reconstruction of large tissues, Kiemen et al. report observation of a microscopic focus of pancreatic cancer found in the vasculature of grossly normal human pancreas tissue resected adjacent to a large tumour. They use TP53 and SMAD4 staining to relate the small focus to the primary tumour. This report describes a represents a probable case of intraparenchymal metastasis of pancreatic cancer, revealing a probable cause of local recurrence.


Assuntos
Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Humanos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Pâncreas/patologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas
5.
Gut ; 70(5): 928-939, 2021 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33028669

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are non-invasive precursor lesions that can progress to invasive pancreatic cancer and are classified as low-grade or high-grade based on the morphology of the neoplastic epithelium. We aimed to compare genetic alterations in low-grade and high-grade regions of the same IPMN in order to identify molecular alterations underlying neoplastic progression. DESIGN: We performed multiregion whole exome sequencing on tissue samples from 17 IPMNs with both low-grade and high-grade dysplasia (76 IPMN regions, including 49 from low-grade dysplasia and 27 from high-grade dysplasia). We reconstructed the phylogeny for each case, and we assessed mutations in a novel driver gene in an independent cohort of 63 IPMN cyst fluid samples. RESULTS: Our multiregion whole exome sequencing identified KLF4, a previously unreported genetic driver of IPMN tumorigenesis, with hotspot mutations in one of two codons identified in >50% of the analyzed IPMNs. Mutations in KLF4 were significantly more prevalent in low-grade regions in our sequenced cases. Phylogenetic analyses of whole exome sequencing data demonstrated diverse patterns of IPMN initiation and progression. Hotspot mutations in KLF4 were also identified in an independent cohort of IPMN cyst fluid samples, again with a significantly higher prevalence in low-grade IPMNs. CONCLUSION: Hotspot mutations in KLF4 occur at high prevalence in IPMNs. Unique among pancreatic driver genes, KLF4 mutations are enriched in low-grade IPMNs. These data highlight distinct molecular features of low-grade and high-grade dysplasia and suggest diverse pathways to high-grade dysplasia via the IPMN pathway.


Assuntos
Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/genética , Sequenciamento do Exoma , Neoplasias Intraductais Pancreáticas/genética , Adenocarcinoma Mucinoso/patologia , Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Carcinoma Papilar/patologia , Humanos , Fator 4 Semelhante a Kruppel/genética , Mutação , Gradação de Tumores , Neoplasias Intraductais Pancreáticas/patologia , Estudos Retrospectivos
6.
Am J Hum Genet ; 100(4): 676-688, 2017 Apr 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28343629

RESUMO

Ubiquitination is a posttranslational modification that regulates many cellular processes including protein degradation, intracellular trafficking, cell signaling, and protein-protein interactions. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), which reverse the process of ubiquitination, are important regulators of the ubiquitin system. OTUD6B encodes a member of the ovarian tumor domain (OTU)-containing subfamily of deubiquitinating enzymes. Herein, we report biallelic pathogenic variants in OTUD6B in 12 individuals from 6 independent families with an intellectual disability syndrome associated with seizures and dysmorphic features. In subjects with predicted loss-of-function alleles, additional features include global developmental delay, microcephaly, absent speech, hypotonia, growth retardation with prenatal onset, feeding difficulties, structural brain abnormalities, congenital malformations including congenital heart disease, and musculoskeletal features. Homozygous Otud6b knockout mice were subviable, smaller in size, and had congenital heart defects, consistent with the severity of loss-of-function variants in humans. Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from an affected subject showed reduced incorporation of 19S subunits into 26S proteasomes, decreased chymotrypsin-like activity, and accumulation of ubiquitin-protein conjugates. Our findings suggest a role for OTUD6B in proteasome function, establish that defective OTUD6B function underlies a multisystemic human disorder, and provide additional evidence for the emerging relationship between the ubiquitin system and human disease.


Assuntos
Anormalidades Múltiplas/genética , Endopeptidases/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Adolescente , Animais , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Feminino , Deleção de Genes , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Linhagem , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/genética , Complexo de Endopeptidases do Proteassoma/metabolismo , Convulsões/genética
7.
Gastroenterology ; 157(4): 1123-1137.e22, 2019 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31175866

RESUMO

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) are lesions that can progress to invasive pancreatic cancer and constitute an important system for studies of pancreatic tumorigenesis. We performed comprehensive genomic analyses of entire IPMNs to determine the diversity of somatic mutations in genes that promote tumorigenesis. METHODS: We microdissected neoplastic tissues from 6-24 regions each of 20 resected IPMNs, resulting in 227 neoplastic samples that were analyzed by capture-based targeted sequencing. Somatic mutations in genes associated with pancreatic tumorigenesis were assessed across entire IPMN lesions, and the resulting data were supported by evolutionary modeling, whole-exome sequencing, and in situ detection of mutations. RESULTS: We found a high prevalence of heterogeneity among mutations in IPMNs. Heterogeneity in mutations in KRAS and GNAS was significantly more prevalent in IPMNs with low-grade dysplasia than in IPMNs with high-grade dysplasia (P < .02). Whole-exome sequencing confirmed that IPMNs contained multiple independent clones, each with distinct mutations, as originally indicated by targeted sequencing and evolutionary modeling. We also found evidence for convergent evolution of mutations in RNF43 and TP53, which are acquired during later stages of tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS: In an analysis of the heterogeneity of mutations throughout IPMNs, we found that early-stage IPMNs contain multiple independent clones, each with distinct mutations, indicating their polyclonal origin. These findings challenge the model in which pancreatic neoplasms arise from a single clone. Increasing our understanding of the mechanisms of IPMN polyclonality could lead to strategies to identify patients at increased risk for pancreatic cancer.


Assuntos
Biomarcadores Tumorais/genética , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/genética , Mutação , Neoplasias Intraductais Pancreáticas/genética , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/genética , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Transformação Celular Neoplásica/patologia , Cromograninas/genética , Evolução Clonal , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Evolução Molecular , Feminino , Subunidades alfa Gs de Proteínas de Ligação ao GTP/genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Taxa de Mutação , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Proteínas Oncogênicas/genética , Neoplasias Intraductais Pancreáticas/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Fenótipo , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas p21(ras)/genética , Estudos Retrospectivos , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligases
8.
Mod Pathol ; 33(10): 2026-2034, 2020 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32457408

RESUMO

Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is often the treatment of choice for borderline resectable and locally advanced invasive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC); however, most cancers only partially respond to therapy. We hypothesized that the location of residual neoplastic cells in resected specimens following NAC could provide a clue as to the mechanisms of resistance. PDAC cells invade the stroma but can also invade back into and spread via the pancreatic ducts, which has been referred to as "cancerization of ducts" (COD). We compared the responsiveness to chemotherapy between PDAC cells in the stroma and PDAC cells in the duct. Pancreatic resections from a total of 174 PDAC patients (NAC, n = 97; immediate surgery, n = 77) were reviewed. On hematoxylin and eosin sections, COD was identified at the same prevalence in both groups (NAC: 50/97 cases, 52%; immediate surgery: 39/77 cases, 51%; p = 0.879, Fisher's exact test). However, using quantitative image analysis of CK19 immunohistochemistry, we found that the proportion of cancer cells that were intraductal was significantly different between the NAC and immediate surgery groups (median; 12.7% vs. 1.99%, p < 0.0001, Mann-Whitney U test). This proportion was highest in patients with marked therapy responses (36.2%) compared with patients with moderate or poor responses (7.21 & 7.91%). In summary, our data suggest that intraductal components in PDAC are less responsive to chemotherapy than the remainder of the tumor, which could have important implications for therapeutic resistance.


Assuntos
Protocolos de Quimioterapia Combinada Antineoplásica/uso terapêutico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/tratamento farmacológico , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Quimioterapia Adjuvante , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Terapia Neoadjuvante , Estudos Retrospectivos , Resultado do Tratamento , Neoplasias Pancreáticas
9.
Mod Pathol ; 33(4): 639-647, 2020 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31700162

RESUMO

Venous invasion is three times more common in pancreatic cancer than it is in other major cancers of the gastrointestinal tract, and venous invasion may explain why pancreatic cancer is so deadly. To characterize the patterns of venous invasion in pancreatic cancer, 52 thick slabs (up to 5 mm) of tissue were harvested from 52 surgically resected human ductal adenocarcinomas, cleared with a modified iDISCO method, and labeled with fluorescent-conjugated antibodies to cytokeratin 19, desmin, CD31, p53 and/or e-cadherin. Labeled three-dimensional (3D) pancreas cancer tissues were visualized with confocal laser scanning or light sheet microscopy. Multiple foci of venous and even arterial invasion were visualized. Venous invasion was detected more often in 3D (88%, 30/34 cases) than in conventional 2D slide evaluation (75%, 25/34 cases, P < 0.001). 3D visualization revealed pancreatic cancer cells crossing the walls of veins at multiple points, often at points where preexisting capillary structures bridge the blood vessels. The neoplastic cells often retained a ductal morphology (cohesive cells forming tubes) as they progressed from a stromal to intravenous location. Although immunolabeling with antibodies to e-cadherin revealed focal loss of expression at the leading edges of the cancers, the neoplastic cells within veins expressed e-cadherin and formed well-oriented glands. We conclude that venous invasion is almost universal in pancreatic cancer, suggesting that even surgically resectable PDAC has access to the venous spaces and thus the ability to disseminate widely. Furthermore, we observe that sustained epithelial-mesenchymal transition is not required for venous invasion in pancreatic cancer.


Assuntos
Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/patologia , Transição Epitelial-Mesenquimal , Imageamento Tridimensional , Microscopia Confocal , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/patologia , Veias/patologia , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Antígenos CD/análise , Baltimore , Biomarcadores Tumorais/análise , Caderinas/análise , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/química , Carcinoma Ductal Pancreático/cirurgia , Desmina/análise , Feminino , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo , Alemanha , Humanos , Queratina-19/análise , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Invasividade Neoplásica , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/química , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/cirurgia , Molécula-1 de Adesão Celular Endotelial a Plaquetas/análise , Proteína Supressora de Tumor p53/análise , Veias/química
10.
Genet Med ; 22(10): 1633-1641, 2020 10.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32576985

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Improved resolution of molecular diagnostic technologies enabled detection of smaller sized exonic level copy-number variants (CNVs). The contribution of CNVs to autosomal recessive (AR) conditions may be better recognized using a large clinical cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the CNVs' contribution to AR conditions in cases subjected to chromosomal microarray analysis (CMA, N = ~70,000) and/or clinical exome sequencing (ES, N = ~12,000) at Baylor Genetics; most had pediatric onset neurodevelopmental disorders. RESULTS: CNVs contributed to biallelic variations in 87 cases, including 81 singletons and three affected sibling pairs. Seventy cases had CNVs affecting both alleles, and 17 had a CNV and a single-nucleotide variant (SNV)/indel in trans. In total, 94.3% of AR-CNVs affected one gene; among these 41.4% were single-exon and 35.0% were multiexon partial-gene events. Sixty-nine percent of homozygous AR-CNVs were embedded in homozygous genomic intervals. Five cases had large deletions unmasking an SNV/indel on the intact allele for a recessive condition, resulting in multiple molecular diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: AR-CNVs are often smaller in size, transmitted through generations, and underrecognized due to limitations in clinical CNV detection methods. Our findings from a large clinical cohort emphasized integrated CNV and SNV/indel analyses for precise clinical and molecular diagnosis especially in the context of genomic disorders.


Assuntos
Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA , Mutação INDEL , Criança , Variações do Número de Cópias de DNA/genética , Éxons , Humanos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Sequenciamento do Exoma
11.
Platelets ; 31(7): 860-868, 2020 Oct 02.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31726921

RESUMO

Platelet decline is a feature of many acute viral infections, including cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in humans and mice. Platelet sequestration in association with other cells, including endothelium and circulating leukocytes, can contribute to this decline and influence the immune response to and pathogenesis of viral infection. We sought to determine if platelet-endothelial associations (PEAs) contribute to platelet decline during acute murine CMV (mCMV) infection, and if these associations affect viral load and production. Male BALB/c mice were infected with mCMV (Smith strain), euthanized at timepoints throughout acute infection and compared to uninfected controls. An increase in PEA formation was confirmed in the salivary gland at all post-inoculation timepoints using immunohistochemistry for CD41+ platelets co-localizing with CD34+ vessels. Platelet depletion did not change amount of viral DNA or timecourse of infection, as measured by qPCR. However, platelet depletion reduced viral titer of mCMV in the salivary glands while undepleted controls demonstrated robust replication in the tissue by plaque assay. Thus, platelet associations with endothelium may enhance the ability of mCMV to replicate within the salivary gland. Further work is needed to determine the mechanisms behind this effect and if pharmacologic inhibition of PEAs may reduce CMV production in acutely infected patients.


Assuntos
Plaquetas/metabolismo , Citomegalovirus/patogenicidade , Células Endoteliais/metabolismo , Glândulas Salivares/virologia , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos Endogâmicos BALB C
12.
Am J Hum Genet ; 99(4): 886-893, 2016 Oct 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27616478

RESUMO

Disruption of the establishment of left-right (L-R) asymmetry leads to situs anomalies ranging from situs inversus totalis (SIT) to situs ambiguus (heterotaxy). The genetic causes of laterality defects in humans are highly heterogeneous. Via whole-exome sequencing (WES), we identified homozygous mutations in PKD1L1 from three affected individuals in two unrelated families. PKD1L1 encodes a polycystin-1-like protein and its loss of function is known to cause laterality defects in mouse and medaka fish models. Family 1 had one fetus and one deceased child with heterotaxy and complex congenital heart malformations. WES identified a homozygous splicing mutation, c.6473+2_6473+3delTG, which disrupts the invariant splice donor site in intron 42, in both affected individuals. In the second family, a homozygous c.5072G>C (p.Cys1691Ser) missense mutation was detected in an individual with SIT and congenital heart disease. The p.Cys1691Ser substitution affects a highly conserved cysteine residue and is predicted by molecular modeling to disrupt a disulfide bridge essential for the proper folding of the G protein-coupled receptor proteolytic site (GPS) motif. Damaging effects associated with substitutions of this conserved cysteine residue in the GPS motif have also been reported in other genes, namely GPR56, BAI3, and PKD1 in human and lat-1 in C. elegans, further supporting the likely pathogenicity of p.Cys1691Ser in PKD1L1. The identification of bi-allelic PKD1L1 mutations recapitulates previous findings regarding phenotypic consequences of loss of function of the orthologous genes in mice and medaka fish and further expands our understanding of genetic contributions to laterality defects in humans.


Assuntos
Alelos , Lateralidade Funcional/genética , Proteínas de Membrana/genética , Mutação , Situs Inversus/genética , Motivos de Aminoácidos , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Caenorhabditis elegans/genética , Cisteína/genética , Exoma/genética , Feminino , Doenças Fetais/genética , Cardiopatias Congênitas/genética , Síndrome de Heterotaxia , Homozigoto , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Íntrons/genética , Masculino , Proteínas de Membrana/química , Camundongos , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Modelos Moleculares , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Oryzias/genética , Linhagem , Splicing de RNA/genética
13.
Am J Hum Genet ; 99(3): 720-727, 2016 09 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27545676

RESUMO

SON is a key component of the spliceosomal complex and a critical mediator of constitutive and alternative splicing. Additionally, SON has been shown to influence cell-cycle progression, genomic integrity, and maintenance of pluripotency in stem cell populations. The clear functional relevance of SON in coordinating essential cellular processes and its presence in diverse human tissues suggests that intact SON might be crucial for normal growth and development. However, the phenotypic effects of deleterious germline variants in SON have not been clearly defined. Herein, we describe seven unrelated individuals with de novo variants in SON and propose that deleterious variants in SON are associated with a severe multisystem disorder characterized by developmental delay, persistent feeding difficulties, and congenital malformations, including brain anomalies.


Assuntos
Anormalidades Congênitas/genética , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/genética , Deficiências do Desenvolvimento/genética , Insuficiência de Crescimento/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/genética , Deleção de Sequência/genética , Adolescente , Encéfalo/anormalidades , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Proteínas de Ligação a DNA/química , Exoma/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Antígenos de Histocompatibilidade Menor/química , Linhagem , Adulto Jovem
14.
Genet Med ; 21(4): 861-866, 2019 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30214068

RESUMO

PURPOSE: Clinical laboratories performing exome or genome sequencing (ES/GS) are familiar with the challenges associated with proper consenting for and reporting of medically actionable secondary findings based on recommendations from the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG). Misattributed parentage is another type of unanticipated finding a laboratory may encounter during family-based ES/GS; however, there are currently no professional recommendations related to the proper consenting for and reporting of misattributed parentage encountered during ES/GS. METHODS: We surveyed 10 clinical laboratories offering family-based ES/GS regarding their consent language, discovery, and reporting of misattributed parentage. RESULTS: Many laboratories have already developed their own practices/policies for these issues, which do not necessarily agree with those from other labs. CONCLUSION: There are several other possibilities besides true misattributed parentage that could result in similar laboratory findings, and laboratories often feel they lack sufficient information to make formal conclusions on a report regarding the true genetic relatedness of the submitted samples. However, understanding the genetic relatedness (or lack thereof) of the samples submitted for family-based ES/GS has medical relevance. Therefore, professional recommendations for the appropriate handling of suspected misattributed parentage encountered during ES/GS are needed to help standardize current clinical laboratory practices.


Assuntos
Testes Genéticos/tendências , Genética Médica/tendências , Genômica/tendências , Pais , Serviços de Laboratório Clínico , Exoma/genética , Feminino , Genoma Humano/genética , Humanos , Achados Incidentais , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido , Masculino , Inquéritos e Questionários , Sequenciamento do Exoma/tendências , Sequenciamento Completo do Genoma/tendências
15.
Am J Med Genet A ; 176(4): 973-979, 2018 04.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29423971

RESUMO

SHANK3 encodes for a scaffolding protein that links neurotransmitter receptors to the cytoskeleton and is enriched in postsynaptic densities of excitatory synapses. Deletions or mutations in one copy of the SHANK3 gene cause Phelan-McDermid syndrome, also called 22q13.3 deletion syndrome, a neurodevelopmental disorder with common features including global developmental delay, absent to severely impaired language, autistic behavior, and minor dysmorphic features. By whole exome sequencing, we identified two de novo novel variants including one frameshift pathogenic variant and one missense variant of unknown significance in a 14-year-old boy with delayed motor milestones, delayed language acquisition, autism, intellectual disability, ataxia, progressively worsening spasticity of the lower extremities, dysmorphic features, short stature, microcephaly, failure to thrive, chronic constipation, intrauterine growth restriction, and bilateral inguinal hernias. Both changes are within the CpG island in exon 21, separated by a 375 bp sequence. Next generation sequencing of PCR products revealed that the two variants are most frequently associated with each other. Sanger sequencing of the cloned PCR products further confirmed that both changes were on a single allele. The clinical presentation in this individual is consistent with other patients with a truncating mutation in exon 21, suggesting that the missense change contributes none or minimally to the phenotypes. This is the first report of two de novo mutations in one SHANK3 allele.


Assuntos
Alelos , Transtorno Autístico/diagnóstico , Transtorno Autístico/genética , Deficiência Intelectual/diagnóstico , Deficiência Intelectual/genética , Mutação , Proteínas do Tecido Nervoso/genética , Adolescente , Análise Mutacional de DNA , Estudos de Associação Genética , Predisposição Genética para Doença , Humanos , Masculino , Fenótipo , Sequenciamento do Exoma
17.
Am J Obstet Gynecol ; 217(6): 691.e1-691.e6, 2017 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29032050

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Since its debut in 2011, cell-free fetal DNA screening has undergone rapid expansion with respect to both utilization and coverage. However, conclusive data regarding the clinical validity and utility of this screening tool, both for the originally included common autosomal and sex-chromosomal aneuploidies as well as the more recently added chromosomal microdeletion syndromes, have lagged behind. Thus, there is a continued need to educate clinicians and patients about the current benefits and limitations of this screening tool to inform pre- and posttest counseling, pre/perinatal decision making, and medical risk assessment/management. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to determine the positive predictive value and false-positive rates for different chromosomal abnormalities identified by cell-free fetal DNA screening using a large data set of diagnostic testing results on invasive samples submitted to the laboratory for confirmatory studies. STUDY DESIGN: We tested 712 patient samples sent to our laboratory to confirm a cell-free fetal DNA screening result, indicating high risk for a chromosome abnormality. We compiled data from all cases in which the indication for confirmatory testing was a positive cell-free fetal DNA screen, including the common trisomies, sex chromosomal aneuploidies, microdeletion syndromes, and other large genome-wide copy number abnormalities. Testing modalities included fluorescence in situ hybridization, G-banded karyotype, and/or chromosomal microarray analysis performed on chorionic villus samples, amniotic fluid, or postnatally obtained blood samples. Positive predictive values and false-positive rates were calculated from tabulated data. RESULTS: The positive predictive values for trisomy 13, 18, and 21 were consistent with previous reports at 45%, 76%, and 84%, respectively. For the microdeletion syndrome regions, positive predictive values ranged from 0% for detection of Cri-du-Chat syndrome and Prader-Willi/Angelman syndrome to 14% for 1p36 deletion syndrome and 21% for 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. Detection of sex chromosomal aneuploidies had positive predictive values of 26% for monosomy X, 50% for 47,XXX, and 86% for 47,XXY. CONCLUSION: The positive predictive values for detection of common autosomal and sex chromosomal aneuploidies by cell-free fetal DNA screening were comparable with other studies. Identification of microdeletions was associated with lower positive predictive values and higher false-positive rates, likely because of the low prevalence of the individual targeted microdeletion syndromes in the general population. Although the obtained positive predictive values compare favorably with those seen in traditional screening approaches for common aneuploidies, they highlight the importance of educating clinicians and patients on the limitations of cell-free fetal DNA screening tests. Improvement of the cell-free fetal DNA screening technology and continued monitoring of its performance after introduction into clinical practice will be important to fully establish its clinical utility. Nonetheless, our data provide valuable information that may aid result interpretation, patient counseling, and clinical decision making/management.


Assuntos
Ácidos Nucleicos Livres/sangue , Transtornos Cromossômicos/sangue , Amniocentese , Síndrome de Angelman/sangue , Síndrome de Angelman/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Angelman/genética , Amostra da Vilosidade Coriônica , Transtornos Cromossômicos/diagnóstico , Transtornos Cromossômicos/genética , Cromossomos Humanos X/genética , Síndrome de Cri-du-Chat/sangue , Síndrome de Cri-du-Chat/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Cri-du-Chat/genética , Síndrome de Down/sangue , Síndrome de Down/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Down/genética , Feminino , Humanos , Hibridização in Situ Fluorescente , Cariotipagem , Síndrome de Klinefelter/sangue , Síndrome de Klinefelter/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Klinefelter/genética , Análise em Microsséries , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/sangue , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Prader-Willi/genética , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Gravidez , Diagnóstico Pré-Natal , Aberrações dos Cromossomos Sexuais , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/sangue , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/diagnóstico , Transtornos do Cromossomo Sexual no Desenvolvimento Sexual/genética , Trissomia/diagnóstico , Trissomia/genética , Síndrome da Trissomia do Cromossomo 13/sangue , Síndrome da Trissomia do Cromossomo 13/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Trissomia do Cromossomo 13/genética , Síndrome da Trissomía do Cromossomo 18/sangue , Síndrome da Trissomía do Cromossomo 18/diagnóstico , Síndrome da Trissomía do Cromossomo 18/genética , Síndrome de Turner/sangue , Síndrome de Turner/diagnóstico , Síndrome de Turner/genética
18.
N Engl J Med ; 369(16): 1502-11, 2013 Oct 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24088041

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Whole-exome sequencing is a diagnostic approach for the identification of molecular defects in patients with suspected genetic disorders. METHODS: We developed technical, bioinformatic, interpretive, and validation pipelines for whole-exome sequencing in a certified clinical laboratory to identify sequence variants underlying disease phenotypes in patients. RESULTS: We present data on the first 250 probands for whom referring physicians ordered whole-exome sequencing. Patients presented with a range of phenotypes suggesting potential genetic causes. Approximately 80% were children with neurologic phenotypes. Insurance coverage was similar to that for established genetic tests. We identified 86 mutated alleles that were highly likely to be causative in 62 of the 250 patients, achieving a 25% molecular diagnostic rate (95% confidence interval, 20 to 31). Among the 62 patients, 33 had autosomal dominant disease, 16 had autosomal recessive disease, and 9 had X-linked disease. A total of 4 probands received two nonoverlapping molecular diagnoses, which potentially challenged the clinical diagnosis that had been made on the basis of history and physical examination. A total of 83% of the autosomal dominant mutant alleles and 40% of the X-linked mutant alleles occurred de novo. Recurrent clinical phenotypes occurred in patients with mutations that were highly likely to be causative in the same genes and in different genes responsible for genetically heterogeneous disorders. CONCLUSIONS: Whole-exome sequencing identified the underlying genetic defect in 25% of consecutive patients referred for evaluation of a possible genetic condition. (Funded by the National Human Genome Research Institute.).


Assuntos
Exoma , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/diagnóstico , Testes Genéticos/métodos , Análise de Sequência de DNA/métodos , Adolescente , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Genes Dominantes , Genes Recessivos , Genes Ligados ao Cromossomo X , Doenças Genéticas Inatas/genética , Humanos , Mutação , Fenótipo , Adulto Jovem
19.
Am J Med Genet A ; 170A(4): 891-5, 2016 Apr.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26686323

RESUMO

Filamin A (FLNA) is known to be involved in intracellular actin binding, cell migration, scaffolding, and signaling. We report a novel X-linked syndrome characterized by cardiac valvular disease, keloid scarring and reduced joint mobility in male second cousins due to a previously unreported mutation in FLNA. Whole exome sequencing was performed using standard methods and segregation analysis was performed in affected and non-affected family members. A novel hemizygous c.4726G>A (p.G1576R) mutation in FLNA was detected. Segregation analysis performed on multiple maternal family members showed c.4726G>A (p.G1576R) segregated with disease in an X-linked inheritance pattern. The findings in these cases are distinct from previously described FLNA related disorders by virtue of decreased joint mobility and spontaneous keloid scarring. They occur in association with a novel mutation and represent a novel genetic syndrome.


Assuntos
Substituição de Aminoácidos , Filaminas/genética , Doenças Genéticas Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/diagnóstico , Doenças Genéticas Ligadas ao Cromossomo X/genética , Mutação , Fenótipo , Adulto , Alelos , Códon , Fácies , Estudos de Associação Genética , Genótipo , Humanos , Queloide/patologia , Masculino , Linhagem , Síndrome , Adulto Jovem
20.
J Genet Couns ; 24(4): 654-62, 2015 Aug.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25403901

RESUMO

The purpose of this study was to investigate how the American College of Medical Genetics and Genomics (ACMG) March 2013 recommendations for reporting incidental findings (IFs) have influenced current practices of genetic counselors involved in utilizing whole exome sequencing (WES) for clinical diagnosis. An online survey was sent to all members of the National Society of Genetic Counselors; members were eligible to participate if they currently offered WES for clinical diagnosis. Forty-six respondents completed the survey of whom 34 were in practice prior to the March 2013 ACMG recommendations. Half of respondents (N = 19, 54.9 %) in practice prior to March 2013 reported that the ACMG recommendations have had a significant impact on the content of their counseling sessions. Approximately half of respondents (N = 21, 45.5 %) report all IFs, regardless of patient age, while one third (N = 14, 30.4 %) consider factors such as age and parent preference in reporting IFs. Approximately 40 % (N = 18) of respondents reported that the testing laboratory's policy for returning IFs has an influence on their choice of laboratory; of those, 72.2 % (N = 13) reported that the option to opt out of receiving reports of IFs has a significant influence on their choice of laboratory. A majority of respondents (N = 43, 93.5 %) found that most patients want to receive reports of IFs. However, respondents report there are patients who wish to decline receiving this information. This study querying genetic counselors identified benefits and challenges that the 2013 ACMG recommendations elicited. Some challenges, such as not having the option to opt out of IFs, have been addressed by the ACMG's most recent updates to their recommendations. Further investigation into larger and more inclusive provider populations as well as patient populations will be valuable for the ongoing discussion surrounding IFs in WES.


Assuntos
Exoma/genética , Aconselhamento Genético/métodos , Estudo de Associação Genômica Ampla , Fidelidade a Diretrizes , Achados Incidentais , Registros Médicos Orientados a Problemas , Análise de Sequência , Adulto , Atitude do Pessoal de Saúde , Criança , Feminino , Testes Genéticos , Humanos , Recém-Nascido , Masculino , Gravidez , Inquéritos e Questionários
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