RESUMO
Adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a member of the Ark1/Prk1 family of serine/threonine kinases and plays a role in modulating receptor endocytosis. AAK1 was identified as a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of neuropathic pain when it was shown that AAK1 knock out (KO) mice had a normal response to the acute pain phase of the mouse formalin model, but a reduced response to the persistent pain phase. Herein we report our early work investigating a series of pyrrolo[2,1-f][1,2,4]triazines as part of our efforts to recapitulate this KO phenotype with a potent, small molecule inhibitor of AAK1. The synthesis, structure-activity relationships (SAR), and in vivo evaluation of these AAK1 inhibitors is described.
RESUMO
This letter describes the first account of the chemical optimization (SAR and DMPK profiling) of a new series of mGlu4 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs), leading to the identification of VU0652957 (VU2957, Valiglurax), a compound profiled as a preclinical development candidate. Here, we detail the challenges faced in allosteric modulator programs (e.g., steep SAR, as well as subtle structural changes affecting overall physiochemical/DMPK properties and CNS penetration).
Assuntos
Descoberta de Drogas , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/farmacologia , Isoquinolinas/farmacologia , Miotonina Proteína Quinase/antagonistas & inibidores , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Compostos Heterocíclicos com 2 Anéis/química , Humanos , Isoquinolinas/química , Estrutura Molecular , Miotonina Proteína Quinase/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Previous reports from our laboratory disclosed the structure and activity of a novel 1H-pyrazolo[4,3-b]pyridine-3-amine scaffold (VU8506) which showed excellent potency, selectivity and in vivo efficacy in preclinical rodent models of Parkinson's disease. Unfortunately, this compound suffered from significant CYP1A2 induction as measured through upstream AhR activation (125-fold) and thus was precluded from further advancement in chronic studies. Herein, we report a new scaffold developed recently which was systematically studied in order to mitigate the CYP1A2 liabilities presented in the earlier scaffolds. We have identified a novel structure that maintains the potency and selectivity of other mGlu4 PAMs, leading to 9i (hmGlu4 EC50â¯=â¯43â¯nM; AhR activationâ¯=â¯2.3-fold).
Assuntos
Indutores do Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/farmacologia , Citocromo P-450 CYP1A2/biossíntese , Descoberta de Drogas , Pirazóis/química , Pirazóis/farmacologia , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/efeitos dos fármacos , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Antiparkinsonianos/farmacologia , Indução Enzimática/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Ratos , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
(R)-3-((3S,4S)-3-fluoro-4-(4-hydroxyphenyl)piperidin-1-yl)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)pyrrolidin-2-one (BMS-986169) and the phosphate prodrug 4-((3S,4S)-3-fluoro-1-((R)-1-(4-methylbenzyl)-2-oxopyrrolidin-3-yl)piperidin-4-yl)phenyl dihydrogen phosphate (BMS-986163) were identified from a drug discovery effort focused on the development of novel, intravenous glutamate N-methyl-d-aspartate 2B receptor (GluN2B) negative allosteric modulators (NAMs) for treatment-resistant depression (TRD). BMS-986169 showed high binding affinity for the GluN2B subunit allosteric modulatory site (Ki = 4.03-6.3 nM) and selectively inhibited GluN2B receptor function in Xenopus oocytes expressing human N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor subtypes (IC50 = 24.1 nM). BMS-986169 weakly inhibited human ether-a-go-go-related gene channel activity (IC50 = 28.4 µM) and had negligible activity in an assay panel containing 40 additional pharmacological targets. Intravenous administration of BMS-986169 or BMS-986163 dose-dependently increased GluN2B receptor occupancy and inhibited in vivo [3H](+)-5-methyl-10,11-dihydro-5H-dibenzo[a,d]cyclohepten-5,10-imine ([3H]MK-801) binding, confirming target engagement and effective cleavage of the prodrug. BMS-986169 reduced immobility in the mouse forced swim test, an effect similar to intravenous ketamine treatment. Decreased novelty suppressed feeding latency, and increased ex vivo hippocampal long-term potentiation was also seen 24 hours after acute BMS-986163 or BMS-986169 administration. BMS-986169 did not produce ketamine-like hyperlocomotion or abnormal behaviors in mice or cynomolgus monkeys but did produce a transient working memory impairment in monkeys that was closely related to plasma exposure. Finally, BMS-986163 produced robust changes in the quantitative electroencephalogram power band distribution, a translational measure that can be used to assess pharmacodynamic activity in healthy humans. Due to the poor aqueous solubility of BMS-986169, BMS-986163 was selected as the lead GluN2B NAM candidate for further evaluation as a novel intravenous agent for TRD.
Assuntos
Antidepressivos/uso terapêutico , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/tratamento farmacológico , Organofosfatos/uso terapêutico , Piperidinas/uso terapêutico , Pró-Fármacos/uso terapêutico , Pirrolidinonas/uso terapêutico , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/metabolismo , Administração Intravenosa , Regulação Alostérica , Animais , Antidepressivos/efeitos adversos , Antidepressivos/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Encéfalo/fisiopatologia , Ondas Encefálicas/efeitos dos fármacos , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/fisiopatologia , Transtorno Depressivo Maior/psicologia , Transtornos Dissociativos/induzido quimicamente , Macaca fascicularis , Masculino , Memória de Curto Prazo/efeitos dos fármacos , Camundongos , Atividade Motora/efeitos dos fármacos , Organofosfatos/efeitos adversos , Organofosfatos/farmacocinética , Piperidinas/efeitos adversos , Piperidinas/farmacocinética , Pró-Fármacos/efeitos adversos , Pró-Fármacos/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinonas/efeitos adversos , Pirrolidinonas/farmacocinética , Ensaio Radioligante , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de N-Metil-D-Aspartato/antagonistas & inibidores , XenopusRESUMO
A series of phosphate and ester-based prodrugs of anilinopyrazinone 1 (BMS-665053) containing either a methylene or an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker was prepared and evaluated in rat pharmacokinetic studies with the goal of improving the oral bioavailability of the parent (1). The prodrugs, in general, had improved aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability compared to 1. Prodrug 12, which contains an (acyloxy)alkoxy linker, showed the greatest improvement in the oral bioavailability relative to the parent (1), with a seven-fold increase (from 5% to 36%) in rat pharmacokinetic studies.
Assuntos
Pró-Fármacos/síntese química , Pró-Fármacos/farmacologia , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Disponibilidade Biológica , Pró-Fármacos/farmacocinética , Pirazinas/farmacocinética , RatosRESUMO
Triazolopyridine ethers with mGlu2 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) activity are disclosed. The synthesis, in vitro activity, and metabolic stability data for a series of analogs is provided. The effort resulted in the discovery of a potent, selective, and brain penetrant lead molecule BMT-133218 ((+)-7m). After oral administration at 10mg/kg, BMT-133218 demonstrated full reversal of PCP-stimulated locomotor activity and prevented MK-801-induced working memory deficits in separate mouse models. Also, reversal of impairments in executive function were observed in rat set-shifting studies at 3 and 10mg/kg (p.o.). Extensive plasma protein binding as the result of high lipophilicity likely limited activity at lower doses. Optimized triazolopyridine ethers offer utility as mGlu2 PAMs for the treatment of schizophrenia and merit further preclinical investigation.
Assuntos
Éteres/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/antagonistas & inibidores , Esquizofrenia/tratamento farmacológico , Triazóis/farmacologia , Administração Oral , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Éteres/administração & dosagem , Éteres/química , Haplorrinos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Modelos Moleculares , Estrutura Molecular , Piridinas/administração & dosagem , Piridinas/química , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Glutamato Metabotrópico/metabolismo , Esquizofrenia/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Triazóis/administração & dosagem , Triazóis/químicaRESUMO
A series of pyrazinone-based compounds incorporating either carbamate or aryl ether groups was synthesized and evaluated as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 (CRF1) receptor antagonists. Structure-activity relationship studies led to the identification of highly potent CRF1 receptor antagonists 14a (IC50=0.74 nM) and 14b (IC50=1.9 nM). The synthesis, structure-activity relationships and in vitro metabolic stability properties of compounds in this series will be described.
Assuntos
Carbamatos/farmacologia , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Carbamatos/síntese química , Carbamatos/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Humanos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Pirazinas/síntese química , Pirazinas/metabolismo , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Herein we describe the structure activity relationships uncovered in the pursuit of an mGluR5 positive allosteric modulator (PAM) for the treatment of schizophrenia. It was discovered that certain modifications of an oxazolidinone-based chemotype afforded predictable changes in the pharmacological profile to give analogs with a wide range of functional activities. The discovery of potent silent allosteric modulators (SAMs) allowed interrogation of the mechanism-based liabilities associated with mGluR5 activation and drove our medicinal chemistry effort toward the discovery of low efficacy (fold shift) PAMs devoid of agonist activity. This work resulted in the identification of dipyridyl 22 (BMS-952048), a compound with a favorable free fraction, efficacy in a rodent-based cognition model, and low potential for convulsions in mouse.
Assuntos
Convulsivantes/química , Oxazolidinonas/química , Receptor de Glutamato Metabotrópico 5/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Convulsivantes/metabolismo , Convulsivantes/farmacologia , Humanos , Camundongos , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Oxazolidinonas/metabolismo , Oxazolidinonas/farmacologia , Ratos , Receptor de Glutamato Metabotrópico 5/agonistas , Receptor de Glutamato Metabotrópico 5/química , Reconhecimento Psicológico/efeitos dos fármacos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Schizophrenia is a serious illness that affects millions of patients and has been associated with N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) hypofunction. It has been demonstrated that activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) enhances NMDA receptor function, suggesting the potential utility of mGluR5 positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) in the treatment of schizophrenia. Herein we describe the optimization of an mGluR5 PAM by replacement of a phenyl with aliphatic heterocycles and carbocycles as a strategy to reduce bioactivation in a biaryl acetylene chemotype. Replacement with a difluorocyclobutane followed by further optimization culminated in the identification of compound 32, a low fold shift PAM with reduced bioactivation potential. Compound 32 demonstrated favorable brain uptake and robust efficacy in mouse novel object recognition (NOR) at low doses.
Assuntos
Oxazolidinonas/farmacologia , Piridinas/farmacologia , Receptor de Glutamato Metabotrópico 5/metabolismo , Regulação Alostérica/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Camundongos , Estrutura Molecular , Oxazolidinonas/síntese química , Oxazolidinonas/química , Piridinas/síntese química , Piridinas/química , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Modulating GPR88 activity is suggested to have therapeutic utility in the treatment of CNS disorders, such as schizophrenia. This Letter will describe the discovery and SAR development of a class of potent GPR88 agonists.
Assuntos
Amidas/farmacologia , Aminas/farmacologia , Doenças do Sistema Nervoso Central/tratamento farmacológico , Descoberta de Drogas , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/química , Aminas/síntese química , Aminas/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Depression is a serious illness that affects millions of patients. Current treatments are associated with a number of undesirable side effects. Neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1R) antagonists have recently been shown to potentiate the antidepressant effects of serotonin-selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) in a number of animal models. Herein we describe the optimization of a biaryl chemotype to provide a series of potent dual NK1R antagonists/serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitors. Through the choice of appropriate substituents, the SERT/NK1R ratio could be tuned to afford a range of target selectivity profiles. This effort culminated in the identification of an analog that demonstrated oral bioavailability, favorable brain uptake, and efficacy in the gerbil foot tap model. Ex vivo occupancy studies with compound 58 demonstrated the ability to maintain NK1 receptor saturation (>88% occupancy) while titrating the desired level of SERT occupancy (11-84%) via dose selection.
Assuntos
Compostos de Bifenilo/química , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Neurocinina-1/química , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Neurocinina-1/farmacologia , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/química , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacologia , Animais , Antidepressivos/química , Antidepressivos/farmacocinética , Antidepressivos/farmacologia , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacocinética , Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Depressão/metabolismo , Gerbillinae , Humanos , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Neurocinina-1/farmacocinética , Serotonina/metabolismo , Proteínas da Membrana Plasmática de Transporte de Serotonina/metabolismo , Inibidores Seletivos de Recaptação de Serotonina/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Small molecule modulators of GPR88 activity (agonists, antagonists, or modulators) are of interest as potential agents for the treatment of a variety of psychiatric disorders including schizophrenia. A series of phenylglycinol and phenylamine analogs have been prepared and evaluated for their GPR88 agonist activity and pharmacokinetic (PK) properties.
Assuntos
Aminas/farmacologia , Desenho de Fármacos , Etanolaminas/farmacologia , Receptores Acoplados a Proteínas G/agonistas , Aminas/síntese química , Aminas/química , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Etanolaminas/síntese química , Etanolaminas/química , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
As we celebrate International Women's Day 2024 with the theme "Inspire Inclusion", the women of the ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division (MEDI) want to foster a sense of belonging, relevance, and empowerment by sharing uplifting stories of what inspired them to become medicinal chemists. In this editorial, we are featuring female medicinal chemistry scientists to provide role models, encouragement, and inspiration to others. We asked women medicinal chemists to contribute a brief paragraph about what inspired them to become medicinal chemists or what inspires them today as medicinal chemists. The responses and contributions highlight their passions and motivations, such as their love of the sciences and their drive to improve human health by contributing to basic research and creating lifesaving drugs.
Assuntos
Química Farmacêutica , Poder Psicológico , Humanos , FemininoRESUMO
As we celebrate International Women's Day 2024 with the theme "Inspire Inclusion", the women of the ACS Medicinal Chemistry Division (MEDI) want to foster a sense of belonging, relevance, and empowerment by sharing uplifting stories of what inspired them to become medicinal chemists. In this editorial, we are featuring female medicinal chemistry scientists to provide role models, encouragement, and inspiration to others. We asked women medicinal chemists to contribute a brief paragraph about what inspired them to become medicinal chemists or what inspires them today as medicinal chemists. The responses and contributions highlight their passions and motivations, such as their love of the sciences and their drive to improve human health by contributing to basic research and creating lifesaving drugs.
RESUMO
A series of pyrazinones were prepared and evaluated as potential CRF(1)R PET imaging agents. Optimization of their CRF(1)R binding potencies and octanol-phosphate buffer phase distribution coefficients are discussed herein.
Assuntos
Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Pirazinas/farmacologia , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Encéfalo , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Pirazinas/química , Ratos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/químicaRESUMO
A series of substituted pyridines, ether linked to a phenylpiperidine core were optimized for dual NK(1)/SERT affinity. Optimization based on NK(1)/SERT binding affinities, and minimization of off-target ion channel activity lead to the discovery of compound 44. In vivo evaluation of 44 in the gerbil forced swim test (a depression model), and ex-vivo NK(1)/SERT receptor occupancy data support the potential of a dual acting compound for the treatment of depression.
Assuntos
Depressão/tratamento farmacológico , Desenho de Fármacos , Antagonistas dos Receptores de Neurocinina-1 , Piridinas/síntese química , Antagonistas da Serotonina , Animais , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Gerbillinae , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Estrutura Molecular , Piridinas/química , Piridinas/uso terapêutico , Antagonistas da Serotonina/síntese química , Antagonistas da Serotonina/química , Antagonistas da Serotonina/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Pyrido[3,2-b]pyrazin-3(4H)-ones and pteridin-7(8H)-ones were evaluated as corticotropin-releasing factor-1 receptor antagonists. The synthesis, SAR studies and pharmacokinetic evaluation of these analogs are described herein.
Assuntos
Pteridinas/química , Pirazinas/química , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Ansiolíticos/síntese química , Ansiolíticos/química , Ansiolíticos/farmacocinética , Meia-Vida , Pteridinas/síntese química , Pteridinas/farmacocinética , Pirazinas/síntese química , Pirazinas/farmacocinética , Ratos , Receptores de Hormônio Liberador da Corticotropina/metabolismo , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
A series of (N-benzyl-N-phenylsulfonamido)alkyl amides were developed from classic and parallel synthesis strategies. Compounds with good in vitro and in vivo γ-secretase activity were identified and described.
Assuntos
Amidas/química , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/antagonistas & inibidores , Inibidores de Proteases/química , Sulfonamidas/química , Amidas/síntese química , Amidas/metabolismo , Secretases da Proteína Precursora do Amiloide/metabolismo , Peptídeos beta-Amiloides/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Peptídeos/metabolismo , Inibidores de Proteases/síntese química , Inibidores de Proteases/metabolismo , Ligação Proteica , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Based on a favorable balance between CRF-R1 affinity, lipophilicity and metabolic stability, compound 10 was evaluated for potential development as PET radioligand. Compound [(18)F]10 was prepared with high radiochemical purity and showed promising binding properties in rat brain imaging experiments.
Assuntos
Compostos de Anilina/química , Radioisótopos de Flúor , Tomografia por Emissão de Pósitrons , Pirazinas/química , Pirazóis/química , Animais , Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Radioisótopos de Flúor/sangue , Imageamento Tridimensional , Estrutura Molecular , Pirazóis/metabolismo , Ratos , Distribuição TecidualRESUMO
Adaptor protein 2-associated kinase 1 (AAK1) is a serine/threonine kinase that was identified as a therapeutic target for the potential treatment of neuropathic pain. Inhibition of AAK1 in the central nervous system, particularly within the spinal cord, was found to be the relevant site for achieving an antinociceptive effect. We previously reported that compound 7 is a brain-penetrant, AAK1 inhibitor that showed efficacy in animal models for neuropathic pain. One approach we took to improve upon the potency of 7 involved tying the amide back into the neighboring phenyl ring to form a bicyclic heterocycle. Investigation of the structure-activity relationships (SARs) of substituents on the resultant quinazoline and quinoline ring systems led to the identification of (S)-31, a brain-penetrant, AAK1-selective inhibitor with improved enzyme and cellular potency compared to 7. The synthesis, SAR, and in vivo evaluation of a series of quinazoline and quinoline-based AAK1 inhibitors are described herein.