In vitro eye corrosion study of agrochemicals on isolated chicken eye.

Agrochemicals must undergo numberless toxicological tests before marketing. The eye irritation test is part of this test packet. Nowadays, OECD 405 can be used to classify the irritation potential of substances, the base of the OECD 405 guideline is the Draize test, which is one of the most criticized in vivo methods because of the injuries of the test animals and subjective nature of the test in recording the results. Therefore, several in vitro tests have been developed to replace totally or partly the in vivo eye irritation testing. The isolated chicken eye test method (OECD 438), which was used, is one of these alternative methods. Five different agrochemicals were examined in the following way: All test compounds were applied in a single dose onto the cornea of isolated chicken eyes in order to potentially classify the test compounds as ocular corrosive and/or severe irritant. The damages caused by the test substances were assessed by the determination of corneal swelling, opacity, fluorescein retention and morphological effects. These parameters were evaluated pre-treatment and starting at approximately 30, 75, 120, 180, and 240 minutes after the post-treatment rinse. The endpoints evaluated were corneal opacity, swelling, fluorescein retention and morphological effects. All of the endpoints, with the exception of fluorescein retention (which was determined only at pre-treatment and 30 minutes after test substance exposure) were determined at each of the above time points. Positive and negative controls were used and they showed the expected results in each study. In these in vitro eye corrosives and severe irritants studies, using the Isolated Chicken Eye model with five different products, no ocular corrosion or severe irritation potential were observed. These results correspond to the available information about the tested agrochemicals, so these studies with isolated chicken eye are considered to be successful.

Entropic Origin of Pseudogap Physics and a Mott-Slater Transition in Cuprates.

We propose a new approach to understand the origin of the pseudogap in the cuprates, in terms of bosonic entropy. The near-simultaneous softening of a large number of different q-bosons yields an extended range of short-range order, wherein the growth of magnetic correlations with decreasing temperature T is anomalously slow. These entropic effects cause the spectral weight associated with the Van Hove singularity (VHS) to shift rapidly and nearly linearly toward half filling at higher T, consistent with a picture of the VHS driving the pseudogap transition at a temperature ~T*. As a byproduct, we develop an order-parameter classification scheme that predicts supertransitions between families of order parameters. As one example, we find that by tuning the hopping parameters, it is possible to drive the cuprates across a transition between Mott and Slater physics, where a spin-frustrated state emerges at the crossover.

Characterization of Thin Film Materials using SCAN meta-GGA, an Accurate Nonempirical Density Functional.

We discuss self-consistently obtained ground-state electronic properties of monolayers of graphene and a number of 'beyond graphene' compounds, including films of transition-metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), using the recently proposed strongly constrained and appropriately normed (SCAN) meta-generalized gradient approximation (meta-GGA) to the density functional theory. The SCAN meta-GGA results are compared with those based on the local density approximation (LDA) as well as the generalized gradient approximation (GGA). As expected, the GGA yields expanded lattices and softened bonds in relation to the LDA, but the SCAN meta-GGA systematically improves the agreement with experiment. Our study suggests the efficacy of the SCAN functional for accurate modeling of electronic structures of layered materials in high-throughput calculations more generally.

Insulin-like growth factor system gene expression in women with type 2 diabetes and breast cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: A twofold increased risk for breast cancer has been reported recently for women with late onset diabetes. Most studies showed that there were differences in serum concentrations of insulin-like growth factors and related proteins between women with and without diabetes who have breast cancer. This study investigated the expression of these markers at the cellular level in a cohort of women with and without type 2 diabetes who underwent biopsy because of a breast lump. METHODS: Relative quantitative analysis of specific mRNA sequences was performed after extraction and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction amplification from formalin fixed and paraffin wax embedded tissues. Sixty seven breast surgical specimens from women with and without diabetes who did not have cancer and from women with and without diabetes who did have cancer were studied for insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I), the IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP-3), and oestrogen receptor 1 gene expression. RESULTS: The expression of IGF-I and IGF-IR was significantly lower in the cancer groups, whereas there was no significant difference for IGFBP-3 between women with and without cancer. Moreover, there was a good correlation between the expression of IGF-I and IGF-IR in women without cancer: this link was still present in breast tissue from patients with diabetes and cancer, whereas it was lost in patients without diabetes but with cancer. CONCLUSIONS: These differences in IGF-I/IGF-IR expression could contribute to the increased risk for breast cancer in women with type 2 diabetes.

[Myotomia laminae globalis--a surgical method in correcting strabismus]. / "Myotomia laminae globalis"--metoda chirurgicala în corectarea strabismului.

The authors describe the surgical technique "myotomia laminae globalis", applied during 1990 and May 1994 in the Ophthalmological Clinic of Târgu-Mures, on 39 patients. The method was applied as singular intervention in 4 cases for completing the intervention through muscle resection. The proposed method proved to be simple, without danger and leading to good results.