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BACKGROUND: The pathogenesis of MYBPC3-associated hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is still unresolved. In our HCM patient cohort, a large and well-characterized population carrying the MYBPC3:c772G>A variant (p.Glu258Lys, E258K) provides the unique opportunity to study the basic mechanisms of MYBPC3-HCM with a comprehensive translational approach. METHODS: We collected clinical and genetic data from 93 HCM patients carrying the MYBPC3:c772G>A variant. Functional perturbations were investigated using different biophysical techniques in left ventricular samples from 4 patients who underwent myectomy for refractory outflow obstruction, compared with samples from non-failing non-hypertrophic surgical patients and healthy donors. Human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC)-derived cardiomyocytes and engineered heart tissues (EHTs) were also investigated. RESULTS: Haplotype analysis revealed MYBPC3:c772G>A as a founder mutation in Tuscany. In ventricular myocardium, the mutation leads to reduced cMyBP-C (cardiac myosin binding protein-C) expression, supporting haploinsufficiency as the main primary disease mechanism. Mechanical studies in single myofibrils and permeabilized muscle strips highlighted faster cross-bridge cycling, and higher energy cost of tension generation. A novel approach based on tissue clearing and advanced optical microscopy supported the idea that the sarcomere energetics dysfunction is intrinsically related with the reduction in cMyBP-C. Studies in single cardiomyocytes (native and hiPSC-derived), intact trabeculae and hiPSC-EHTs revealed prolonged action potentials, slower Ca2+ transients and preserved twitch duration, suggesting that the slower excitation-contraction coupling counterbalanced the faster sarcomere kinetics. This conclusion was strengthened by in silico simulations. CONCLUSIONS: HCM-related MYBPC3:c772G>A mutation invariably impairs sarcomere energetics and cross-bridge cycling. Compensatory electrophysiological changes (eg, reduced potassium channel expression) appear to preserve twitch contraction parameters, but may expose patients to greater arrhythmic propensity and disease progression. Therapeutic approaches correcting the primary sarcomeric defects may prevent secondary cardiomyocyte remodeling.
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Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas , Humanos , Cálcio/metabolismo , Proteínas de Transporte/genética , Proteínas de Transporte/metabolismo , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/patologia , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Mutação , Cálcio da Dieta/metabolismo , Proteínas do Citoesqueleto/genéticaRESUMO
AIMS: Patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (AF) experience 50% recurrence despite pulmonary vein isolation (PVI), and no consensus is established for secondary treatments. The aim of our i-STRATIFICATION study is to provide evidence for stratifying patients with AF recurrence after PVI to optimal pharmacological and ablation therapies, through in silico trials. METHODS AND RESULTS: A cohort of 800 virtual patients, with variability in atrial anatomy, electrophysiology, and tissue structure (low-voltage areas, LVAs), was developed and validated against clinical data from ionic currents to electrocardiogram. Virtual patients presenting AF post-PVI underwent 12 secondary treatments. Sustained AF developed in 522 virtual patients after PVI. Second ablation procedures involving left atrial ablation alone showed 55% efficacy, only succeeding in the small right atria (<60â mL). When additional cavo-tricuspid isthmus ablation was considered, Marshall-PLAN sufficed (66% efficacy) for the small left atria (<90â mL). For the bigger left atria, a more aggressive ablation approach was required, such as anterior mitral line (75% efficacy) or posterior wall isolation plus mitral isthmus ablation (77% efficacy). Virtual patients with LVAs greatly benefited from LVA ablation in the left and right atria (100% efficacy). Conversely, in the absence of LVAs, synergistic ablation and pharmacotherapy could terminate AF. In the absence of ablation, the patient's ionic current substrate modulated the response to antiarrhythmic drugs, being the inward currents critical for optimal stratification to amiodarone or vernakalant. CONCLUSION: In silico trials identify optimal strategies for AF treatment based on virtual patient characteristics, evidencing the power of human modelling and simulation as a clinical assisting tool.
Assuntos
Antiarrítmicos , Fibrilação Atrial , Ablação por Cateter , Veias Pulmonares , Recidiva , Fibrilação Atrial/cirurgia , Fibrilação Atrial/tratamento farmacológico , Fibrilação Atrial/fisiopatologia , Fibrilação Atrial/diagnóstico , Humanos , Ablação por Cateter/métodos , Veias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Veias Pulmonares/fisiopatologia , Antiarrítmicos/uso terapêutico , Resultado do Tratamento , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Simulação por Computador , Potenciais de Ação , Medição de Risco , Átrios do Coração/fisiopatologia , Átrios do Coração/cirurgia , Masculino , Anisóis/uso terapêutico , Seleção de Pacientes , Feminino , Modelagem Computacional Específica para o Paciente , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Pirrolidinas/uso terapêutico , Eletrocardiografia , Tomada de Decisão ClínicaRESUMO
Spontaneous calcium release by ryanodine receptors (RyRs) due to intracellular calcium overload results in delayed afterdepolarizations, closely associated with life-threatening arrhythmias. In this regard, inhibiting lysosomal calcium release by two-pore channel 2 (TPC2) knockout has been shown to reduce the incidence of ventricular arrhythmias under ß-adrenergic stimulation. However, mechanistic investigations into the role of lysosomal function on RyR spontaneous release remain missing. We investigate the calcium handling mechanisms by which lysosome function modulates RyR spontaneous release, and determine how lysosomes are able to mediate arrhythmias by its influence on calcium loading. Mechanistic studies were conducted using a population of biophysically detailed mouse ventricular models including for the first time modeling of lysosomal function, and calibrated by experimental calcium transients modulated by TPC2. We demonstrate that lysosomal calcium uptake and release can synergistically provide a pathway for fast calcium transport, by which lysosomal calcium release primarily modulates sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium reuptake and RyR release. Enhancement of this lysosomal transport pathway promoted RyR spontaneous release by elevating RyR open probability. In contrast, blocking either lysosomal calcium uptake or release revealed an antiarrhythmic impact. Under conditions of calcium overload, our results indicate that these responses are strongly modulated by intercellular variability in L-type calcium current, RyR release, and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium-ATPase reuptake. Altogether, our investigations identify that lysosomal calcium handling directly influences RyR spontaneous release by regulating RyR open probability, suggesting antiarrhythmic strategies and identifying key modulators of lysosomal proarrhythmic action.
Assuntos
Cálcio , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina , Animais , Camundongos , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/metabolismo , Cálcio/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio/fisiologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Adrenérgicos/metabolismo , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Retículo Sarcoplasmático/metabolismo , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismoRESUMO
The best pharmacological treatment for each atrial fibrillation (AF) patient is unclear. We aim to exploit AF simulations in 800 virtual atria to identify key patient characteristics that guide the optimal selection of anti-arrhythmic drugs. The virtual cohort considered variability in electrophysiology and low voltage areas (LVA) and was developed and validated against experimental and clinical data from ionic currents to ECG. AF sustained in 494 (62%) atria, with large inward rectifier K+ current (IK1 ) and Na+ /K+ pump (INaK ) densities (IK1 0.11 ± 0.03 vs. 0.07 ± 0.03 S mF-1 ; INaK 0.68 ± 0.15 vs. 0.38 ± 26 S mF-1 ; sustained vs. un-sustained AF). In severely remodelled left atrium, with LVA extensions of more than 40% in the posterior wall, higher IK1 (median density 0.12 ± 0.02 S mF-1 ) was required for AF maintenance, and rotors localized in healthy right atrium. For lower LVA extensions, rotors could also anchor to LVA, in atria presenting short refractoriness (median L-type Ca2+ current, ICaL , density 0.08 ± 0.03 S mF-1 ). This atrial refractoriness, modulated by ICaL and fast Na+ current (INa ), determined pharmacological treatment success for both small and large LVA. Vernakalant was effective in atria presenting long refractoriness (median ICaL density 0.13 ± 0.05 S mF-1 ). For short refractoriness, atria with high INa (median density 8.92 ± 2.59 S mF-1 ) responded more favourably to amiodarone than flecainide, and the opposite was found in atria with low INa (median density 5.33 ± 1.41 S mF-1 ). In silico drug trials in 800 human atria identify inward currents as critical for optimal stratification of AF patient to pharmacological treatment and, together with the left atrial LVA extension, for accurately phenotyping AF dynamics. KEY POINTS: Atrial fibrillation (AF) maintenance is facilitated by small L-type Ca2+ current (ICaL ) and large inward rectifier K+ current (IK1 ) and Na+ /K+ pump. In severely remodelled left atrium, with low voltage areas (LVA) covering more than 40% of the posterior wall, sustained AF requires higher IK1 and rotors localize in healthy right atrium. For lower LVA extensions, rotors can also anchor to LVA, if the atria present short refractoriness (low ICaL ) Vernakalant is effective in atria presenting long refractoriness (high ICaL ). For short refractoriness, atria with fast Na+ current (INa ) up-regulation respond more favourably to amiodarone than flecainide, and the opposite is found in atria with low INa . The inward currents (ICaL and INa ) are critical for optimal stratification of AF patient to pharmacological treatment and, together with the left atrial LVA extension, for accurately phenotyping AF dynamics.
Assuntos
Amiodarona , Fibrilação Atrial , Humanos , Fibrilação Atrial/tratamento farmacológico , Flecainida/farmacologia , Flecainida/uso terapêutico , Átrios do Coração , Amiodarona/farmacologia , Amiodarona/uso terapêutico , Potenciais de Ação/fisiologiaRESUMO
[Figure: see text].
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Algoritmos , Sinalização do Cálcio , Cálcio/metabolismo , Ensaios de Triagem em Larga Escala , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador , Células-Tronco Pluripotentes Induzidas/metabolismo , Microscopia de Fluorescência , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Animais , Automação Laboratorial , Células Cultivadas , Cobaias , Humanos , Cinética , Mutação de Sentido Incorreto , Troponina I/genética , Troponina I/metabolismo , Fluxo de TrabalhoRESUMO
Computational models in cardiac electrophysiology are notorious for long runtimes, restricting the numbers of nodes and mesh elements in the numerical discretisations used for their solution. This makes it particularly challenging to incorporate structural heterogeneities on small spatial scales, preventing a full understanding of the critical arrhythmogenic effects of conditions such as cardiac fibrosis. In this work, we explore the technique of homogenisation by volume averaging for the inclusion of non-conductive micro-structures into larger-scale cardiac meshes with minor computational overhead. Importantly, our approach is not restricted to periodic patterns, enabling homogenised models to represent, for example, the intricate patterns of collagen deposition present in different types of fibrosis. We first highlight the importance of appropriate boundary condition choice for the closure problems that define the parameters of homogenised models. Then, we demonstrate the technique's ability to correctly upscale the effects of fibrotic patterns with a spatial resolution of 10 µm into much larger numerical mesh sizes of 100- 250 µm . The homogenised models using these coarser meshes correctly predict critical pro-arrhythmic effects of fibrosis, including slowed conduction, source/sink mismatch, and stabilisation of re-entrant activation patterns. As such, this approach to homogenisation represents a significant step towards whole organ simulations that unravel the effects of microscopic cardiac tissue heterogeneities.
RESUMO
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) patients often present an enhanced arrhythmogenicity that can lead to lethal arrhythmias, especially during exercise. Recent studies have indicated an abnormal response of HCM cardiomyocytes to ß-adrenergic receptor stimulation (ß-ARS), with prolongation of their action potential rather than shortening. The mechanisms underlying this aberrant response to sympathetic stimulation and its possible proarrhythmic role remain unknown. The aims of this study are to investigate the key ionic mechanisms underlying the HCM abnormal response to ß-ARS and the resultant repolarisation abnormalities using human-based experimental and computational methodologies. We integrated and calibrated the latest models of human ventricular electrophysiology and ß-ARS using experimental measurements of human adult cardiomyocytes from control and HCM patients. Our major findings include: (1) the developed in silico models of ß-ARS capture the behaviour observed in the experimental data, including the aberrant response of HCM cardiomyocytes to ß-ARS; (2) the reduced increase of potassium currents under ß-ARS was identified as the main mechanism of action potential prolongation in HCM, rather than a more sustained inward calcium current; (3) action potential duration differences between healthy and HCM cardiomyocytes were increased upon ß-ARS, while endocardial to epicardial differences in HCM cardiomyocytes were reduced; (4) models presenting repolarisation abnormalities were characterised by downregulation of the rapid delayed rectifier potassium current and the sodiumpotassium pump, while inward currents were upregulated. In conclusion, our results identify causal relationships between the HCM phenotype and its arrhythmogenic response to ß-ARS through the downregulation of potassium currents.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica , Potássio , Adulto , Humanos , Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Adrenérgicos , Miócitos Cardíacos , Arritmias Cardíacas , Receptores Adrenérgicos betaRESUMO
Providing therapies tailored to each patient is the vision of precision medicine, enabled by the increasing ability to capture extensive data about individual patients. In this position paper, we argue that the second enabling pillar towards this vision is the increasing power of computers and algorithms to learn, reason, and build the 'digital twin' of a patient. Computational models are boosting the capacity to draw diagnosis and prognosis, and future treatments will be tailored not only to current health status and data, but also to an accurate projection of the pathways to restore health by model predictions. The early steps of the digital twin in the area of cardiovascular medicine are reviewed in this article, together with a discussion of the challenges and opportunities ahead. We emphasize the synergies between mechanistic and statistical models in accelerating cardiovascular research and enabling the vision of precision medicine.
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Inteligência Artificial , Cardiologia , Algoritmos , Humanos , Medicina de PrecisãoRESUMO
Variability refers to differences in physiological function between individuals, which may translate into different disease susceptibility and treatment efficacy. Experiments in human cardiomyocytes face wide variability and restricted tissue access; under these conditions, computational models are a useful complementary tool. We conducted a computational and experimental investigation in cardiomyocytes isolated from samples of the right atrial appendage of patients undergoing cardiac surgery to evaluate the impact of variability in action potentials (APs) and subcellular ionic densities on Ca2+ transient dynamics. Results showed that 1) variability in APs and ionic densities is large, even within an apparently homogenous patient cohort, and translates into ±100% variation in ionic conductances; 2) experimentally calibrated populations of models with wide variations in ionic densities yield APs overlapping with those obtained experimentally, even if AP characteristics of the original generic model differed significantly from experimental APs; 3) model calibration with AP recordings restricts the variability in ionic densities affecting upstroke and resting potential, but redundancy in repolarization currents admits substantial variability in ionic densities; and 4) model populations constrained with experimental APs and ionic densities exhibit three Ca2+ transient phenotypes, differing in intracellular Ca2+ handling and Na+/Ca2+ membrane extrusion. These findings advance our understanding of the impact of variability in human atrial electrophysiology. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Variability in human atrial electrophysiology is investigated by integrating for the first time cellular-level and ion channel recordings in computational electrophysiological models. Ion channel calibration restricts current densities but not cellular phenotypic variability. Reduced Na+/Ca2+ exchanger is identified as a primary mechanism underlying diastolic Ca2+ fluctuations in human atrial myocytes.
Assuntos
Apêndice Atrial/metabolismo , Canais de Cálcio/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio , Simulação por Computador , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Potenciais de Ação , Idoso , Variação Biológica da População , Feminino , Humanos , Cinética , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Fenótipo , Canal de Liberação de Cálcio do Receptor de Rianodina/metabolismo , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio do Retículo Sarcoplasmático/metabolismo , Trocador de Sódio e Cálcio/metabolismoRESUMO
RATIONALE: Repolarization alternans (RA) are associated with arrhythmogenesis. Animal studies have revealed potential mechanisms, but human-focused studies are needed. RA generation and frequency dependence may be determined by cell-to-cell variability in protein expression, which is regulated by genetic and external factors. OBJECTIVE: To characterize in vivo RA in human and to investigate in silico using human models, the ionic mechanisms underlying the frequency-dependent differences in RA behavior identified in vivo. METHODS AND RESULTS: In vivo electrograms were acquired at 240 sites covering the epicardium of 41 patients at 6 cycle lengths (600-350 ms). In silico investigations were conducted using a population of biophysically detailed human models incorporating variability in protein expression and calibrated using in vivo recordings. Both in silico and in vivo, 2 types of RA were identified, with Fork- and Eye-type restitution curves, based on RA persistence or disappearance, respectively, at fast pacing rates. In silico simulations show that RA are strongly correlated with fluctuations in sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium, because of strong release and weak reuptake. Large L-type calcium current conductance is responsible for RA disappearance at fast frequencies in Eye-type (30% larger in Eye-type versus Fork-type; P<0.01), because of sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) ATPase pump potentiation caused by frequency-induced increase in intracellular calcium. Large Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger current is the main driver in translating Ca(2+) fluctuations into RA. CONCLUSIONS: In human in vivo and in silico, 2 types of RA are identified, with RA persistence/disappearance as frequency increases. In silico, L-type calcium current and Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger current determine RA human cell-to-cell differences through intracellular and sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium regulation.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação , Canais de Cálcio Tipo L/metabolismo , Sinalização do Cálcio , Técnicas Eletrofisiológicas Cardíacas , Frequência Cardíaca , Ventrículos do Coração/metabolismo , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Trocador de Sódio e Cálcio/metabolismo , Idoso , Arritmias Cardíacas/etiologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Simulação por Computador , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , ATPases Transportadoras de Cálcio do Retículo Sarcoplasmático/metabolismo , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por ComputadorRESUMO
AIMS: To identify key structural and electrophysiological features explaining distinct electrocardiogram (ECG) phenotypes in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). METHODS AND RESULTS: Human heart-torso anatomical models were constructed from cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) images of HCM patients, representative of ECG phenotypes identified previously. High performance computing simulations using bidomain models were conducted to dissect key features explaining the ECG phenotypes with increased HCM Risk-SCD scores, namely Group 1A, characterized by normal QRS but inverted T waves laterally and coexistence of apical and septal hypertrophy; and Group 3 with marked QRS abnormalities (deep and wide S waves laterally) and septal hypertrophy. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy abnormalities characterized from CMR, such as hypertrophy, tissue microstructure alterations, abnormal conduction system, and ionic remodelling, were selectively included to assess their influence on ECG morphology. Electrocardiogram abnormalities could not be explained by increased wall thickness nor by local conduction abnormalities associated with fibre disarray or fibrosis. Inverted T wave with normal QRS (Group 1A) was obtained with increased apico-basal repolarization gradient caused by ionic remodelling in septum and apex. Lateral QRS abnormalities (Group 3) were only recovered with abnormal Purkinje-myocardium coupling. CONCLUSION: Two ECG-based HCM phenotypes are explained by distinct mechanisms: ionic remodelling and action potential prolongation in hypertrophied apical and septal areas lead to T wave inversion with normal QRS complexes, whereas abnormal Purkinje-myocardial coupling causes abnormal QRS morphology in V4-V6. These findings have potential implications for patients' management as they point towards different arrhythmia mechanisms in different phenotypes.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/diagnóstico , Simulação por Computador , Eletrocardiografia , Acoplamento Excitação-Contração , Frequência Cardíaca , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Contração Miocárdica , Ramos Subendocárdicos/fisiopatologia , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/etiologia , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética , Fenótipo , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Remodelação VentricularRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a cause of sudden arrhythmic death, but the understanding of its pro-arrhythmic mechanisms and an effective pharmacological treatment are lacking. HCM electrophysiological remodelling includes both increased inward and reduced outward currents, but their role in promoting repolarisation abnormalities remains unknown. The goal of this study is to identify key ionic mechanisms driving repolarisation abnormalities in human HCM, and to evaluate anti-arrhythmic effects of single and multichannel inward current blocks. METHODS: Experimental ionic current, action potential (AP) and Ca(2+)-transient (CaT) recordings were used to construct populations of human non-diseased and HCM AP models (n=9118), accounting for inter-subject variability. Simulations were conducted for several degrees of selective and combined inward current block. RESULTS: Simulated HCM cardiomyocytes exhibited prolonged AP and CaT, diastolic Ca(2+) overload and decreased CaT amplitude, in agreement with experiments. Repolarisation abnormalities in HCM models were consistently driven by L-type Ca(2+) current (ICaL) re-activation, and ICaL block was the most effective intervention to normalise repolarisation and diastolic Ca(2+), but compromised CaT amplitude. Late Na(+) current (INaL) block partially abolished repolarisation abnormalities, with small impact on CaT. Na(+)/Ca(2+) exchanger (INCX) block effectively restored repolarisation and CaT amplitude, but increased Ca(2+) overload. Multichannel block increased efficacy in normalising repolarisation, AP biomarkers and CaT amplitude compared to selective block. CONCLUSIONS: Experimentally-calibrated populations of human AP models identify ICaL re-activation as the key mechanism for repolarisation abnormalities in HCM, and combined INCX, INaL and ICaL block as effective anti-arrhythmic therapies also able to partially reverse the HCM electrophysiological phenotype.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação , Antiarrítmicos/farmacologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/etiologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/complicações , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/metabolismo , Ventrículos do Coração/metabolismo , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Potenciais de Ação/efeitos dos fármacos , Antiarrítmicos/uso terapêutico , Arritmias Cardíacas/tratamento farmacológico , Cálcio/metabolismo , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/farmacologia , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Cálcio/uso terapêutico , Canais de Cálcio Tipo L/metabolismo , Fenômenos Eletrofisiológicos/efeitos dos fármacos , Ventrículos do Coração/efeitos dos fármacos , Humanos , Modelos Biológicos , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Trocador de Sódio e Cálcio/metabolismoRESUMO
AIMS: To investigate how variability in activation sequence and passive conduction properties translates into clinical variability in QRS biomarkers, and gain novel physiological knowledge on the information contained in the human QRS complex. METHODS AND RESULTS: Multiscale bidomain simulations using a detailed heart-torso human anatomical model are performed to investigate the impact of activation sequence characteristics on clinical QRS biomarkers. Activation sequences are built and validated against experimentally-derived ex vivo and in vivo human activation data. R-peak amplitude exhibits the largest variability in terms of QRS morphology, due to its simultaneous modulation by activation sequence speed, myocardial intracellular and extracellular conductivities, and propagation through the human torso. QRS width, however, is regulated by endocardial activation speed and intracellular myocardial conductivities, whereas QR intervals are only affected by the endocardial activation profile. Variability in the apico-basal location of activation sites on the anterior and posterior left ventricular wall is associated with S-wave progression in limb and precordial leads, respectively, and occasional notched QRS complexes in precordial derivations. Variability in the number of early activation sites successfully reproduces pathological abnormalities of the human conduction system in the QRS complex. CONCLUSION: Variability in activation sequence and passive conduction properties captures and explains a large part of the clinical variability observed in the human QRS complex. Our physiological insights allow for a deeper interpretation of human QRS biomarkers in terms of QRS morphology and location of early endocardial activation sites. This might be used to attain a better patient-specific knowledge of activation sequence from routine body-surface electrocardiograms.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação , Eletrocardiografia , Bloqueio Cardíaco/fisiopatologia , Sistema de Condução Cardíaco/fisiopatologia , Frequência Cardíaca , Ventrículos do Coração/fisiopatologia , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Modelagem Computacional Específica para o Paciente , Mapeamento Potencial de Superfície Corporal , Estudos de Casos e Controles , Feminino , Bloqueio Cardíaco/diagnóstico , Humanos , Masculino , Modelos Anatômicos , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Processamento de Sinais Assistido por Computador , Fatores de Tempo , Tronco/anatomia & histologia , Função Ventricular Esquerda , Função Ventricular DireitaRESUMO
Both biomedical research and clinical practice rely on complex datasets for the physiological and genetic characterization of human hearts in health and disease. Given the complexity and variety of approaches and recordings, there is now growing recognition of the need to embed computational methods in cardiovascular medicine and science for analysis, integration and prediction. This paper describes a Workshop on Computational Cardiovascular Science that created an international, interdisciplinary and inter-sectorial forum to define the next steps for a human-based approach to disease supported by computational methodologies. The main ideas highlighted were (i) a shift towards human-based methodologies, spurred by advances in new in silico, in vivo, in vitro, and ex vivo techniques and the increasing acknowledgement of the limitations of animal models. (ii) Computational approaches complement, expand, bridge, and integrate in vitro, in vivo, and ex vivo experimental and clinical data and methods, and as such they are an integral part of human-based methodologies in pharmacology and medicine. (iii) The effective implementation of multi- and interdisciplinary approaches, teams, and training combining and integrating computational methods with experimental and clinical approaches across academia, industry, and healthcare settings is a priority. (iv) The human-based cross-disciplinary approach requires experts in specific methodologies and domains, who also have the capacity to communicate and collaborate across disciplines and cross-sector environments. (v) This new translational domain for human-based cardiology and pharmacology requires new partnerships supported financially and institutionally across sectors. Institutional, organizational, and social barriers must be identified, understood and overcome in each specific setting.
Assuntos
Cardiologia/métodos , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/uso terapêutico , Cardiopatias , Farmacologia/métodos , Pesquisa Translacional Biomédica/métodos , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Técnicas de Imagem Cardíaca , Cardiotoxicidade , Fármacos Cardiovasculares/efeitos adversos , Comportamento Cooperativo , Difusão de Inovações , Técnicas Eletrofisiológicas Cardíacas , Cardiopatias/diagnóstico por imagem , Cardiopatias/tratamento farmacológico , Cardiopatias/metabolismo , Cardiopatias/fisiopatologia , Humanos , Comunicação Interdisciplinar , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Modelagem Computacional Específica para o Paciente , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Prognóstico , Parcerias Público-PrivadasRESUMO
Cellular and ionic causes of variability in the electrophysiological activity of hearts from individuals of the same species are unknown. However, improved understanding of this variability is key to enable prediction of the response of specific hearts to disease and therapies. Limitations of current mathematical modeling and experimental techniques hamper our ability to provide insight into variability. Here, we describe a methodology to unravel the ionic determinants of intersubject variability exhibited in experimental recordings, based on the construction and calibration of populations of models. We illustrate the methodology through its application to rabbit Purkinje preparations, because of their importance in arrhythmias and safety pharmacology assessment. We consider a set of equations describing the biophysical processes underlying rabbit Purkinje electrophysiology, and we construct a population of over 10,000 models by randomly assigning specific parameter values corresponding to ionic current conductances and kinetics. We calibrate the model population by closely comparing simulation output and experimental recordings at three pacing frequencies. We show that 213 of the 10,000 candidate models are fully consistent with the experimental dataset. Ionic properties in the 213 models cover a wide range of values, including differences up to ±100% in several conductances. Partial correlation analysis shows that particular combinations of ionic properties determine the precise shape, amplitude, and rate dependence of specific action potentials. Finally, we demonstrate that the population of models calibrated using data obtained under physiological conditions quantitatively predicts the action potential duration prolongation caused by exposure to four concentrations of the potassium channel blocker dofetilide.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Biologia Computacional/métodos , Coração/fisiologia , Modelos Biológicos , Biologia de Sistemas/métodos , Animais , Biomarcadores/metabolismo , Calibragem , Simulação por Computador , Modelos Lineares , Ramos Subendocárdicos/fisiologia , Coelhos , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
The sodium-potassium pump is widely recognized as the principal mechanism for active ion transport across the cellular membrane of cardiac tissue, being responsible for the creation and maintenance of the transarcolemmal sodium and potassium gradients, crucial for cardiac cell electrophysiology. Importantly, sodium-potassium pump activity is impaired in a number of major diseased conditions, including ischemia and heart failure. However, its subtle ways of action on cardiac electrophysiology, both directly through its electrogenic nature and indirectly via the regulation of cell homeostasis, make it hard to predict the electrophysiological consequences of reduced sodium-potassium pump activity in cardiac repolarization. In this review, we discuss how recent studies adopting the systems biology approach, through the integration of experimental and modeling methodologies, have identified the sodium-potassium pump as one of the most important ionic mechanisms in regulating key properties of cardiac repolarization and its rate dependence, from subcellular to whole organ levels. These include the role of the pump in the biphasic modulation of cellular repolarization and refractoriness, the rate control of intracellular sodium and calcium dynamics and therefore of the adaptation of repolarization to changes in heart rate, as well as its importance in regulating pro-arrhythmic substrates through modulation of dispersion of repolarization and restitution. Theoretical findings are consistent across a variety of cell types and species including human, and widely in agreement with experimental findings. The novel insights and hypotheses on the role of the pump in cardiac electrophysiology obtained through this integrative approach could eventually lead to novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação/fisiologia , Cálcio/metabolismo , Coração/fisiologia , Miocárdio/metabolismo , Potássio/metabolismo , ATPase Trocadora de Sódio-Potássio/fisiologia , Sódio/metabolismo , Potenciais de Ação/efeitos dos fármacos , Animais , Glicosídeos Cardíacos/farmacologia , Simulação por Computador , Humanos , Transporte de Íons , Biologia de SistemasRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Pseudonormal T waves may be detected on stress electrocardiograms (ECGs) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Either myocardial ischaemia or purely exercise-induced changes have been hypothesised to contribute to this phenomenon, but the precise electrophysiological mechanisms remain unknown. METHODS: Computational models of human HCM ventricles (n = 20) with apical and asymmetric septal hypertrophy phenotypes with variable severities of repolarisation impairment were used to investigate the effects of acute myocardial ischaemia on ECGs with T wave inversions at baseline. Virtual 12-lead ECGs were derived from a total of 520 biventricular simulations, for cases with regionally ischaemic K+ accumulation in hypertrophied segments, global exercise-induced serum K+ increases, and/or increased pacing frequency, to analyse effects on ECG biomarkers including ST segments, T wave amplitudes, and QT intervals. RESULTS: Regional ischaemic K+ accumulation had a greater impact on T wave pseudonormalisation than exercise-induced serum K+ increases, due to larger reductions in repolarisation gradients. Increases in serum K+ and pacing rate partially corrected T waves in some anatomical and electrophysiological phenotypes. T wave morphology was more sensitive than ST segment elevation to regional K+ increases, suggesting that T wave pseudonormalisation may sometimes be an early, or the only, ECG feature of myocardial ischaemia in HCM. CONCLUSIONS: Ischaemia-induced T wave pseudonormalisation can occur on stress ECG testing in HCM before significant ST segment changes. Some anatomical and electrophysiological phenotypes may enable T wave pseudonormalisation due to exercise-induced increased serum K+ and pacing rate. Consideration of dynamic T wave abnormalities could improve the detection of myocardial ischaemia in HCM.
Assuntos
Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica , Isquemia Miocárdica , Humanos , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/diagnóstico , Eletrocardiografia , Arritmias Cardíacas , FenótipoRESUMO
AIMS: Lethal arrhythmias in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) are widely attributed to myocardial ischaemia and fibrosis. How these factors modulate arrhythmic risk remains largely unknown, especially as invasive mapping protocols are not routinely used in these patients. By leveraging multiscale digital twin technologies, we aim to investigate ischaemic mechanisms of increased arrhythmic risk in HCM. METHODS AND RESULTS: Computational models of human HCM cardiomyocytes, tissue, and ventricles were used to simulate outcomes of Phase 1A acute myocardial ischaemia. Cellular response predictions were validated with patch-clamp studies of human HCM cardiomyocytes (n = 12 cells, N = 5 patients). Ventricular simulations were informed by typical distributions of subendocardial/transmural ischaemia as analysed in perfusion scans (N = 28 patients). S1-S2 pacing protocols were used to quantify arrhythmic risk for scenarios in which regions of septal obstructive hypertrophy were affected by (i) ischaemia, (ii) ischaemia and impaired repolarization, and (iii) ischaemia, impaired repolarization, and diffuse fibrosis. HCM cardiomyocytes exhibited enhanced action potential and abnormal effective refractory period shortening to ischaemic insults. Analysis of â¼75 000 re-entry induction cases revealed that the abnormal HCM cellular response enabled establishment of arrhythmia at milder ischaemia than otherwise possible in healthy myocardium, due to larger refractoriness gradients that promoted conduction block. Arrhythmias were more easily sustained in transmural than subendocardial ischaemia. Mechanisms of ischaemia-fibrosis interaction were strongly electrophysiology dependent. Fibrosis enabled asymmetric re-entry patterns and break-up into sustained ventricular tachycardia. CONCLUSION: HCM ventricles exhibited an increased risk to non-sustained and sustained re-entry, largely dominated by an impaired cellular response and deleterious interactions with the diffuse fibrotic substrate.
Assuntos
Potenciais de Ação , Arritmias Cardíacas , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica , Fibrose , Modelos Cardiovasculares , Isquemia Miocárdica , Miócitos Cardíacos , Humanos , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/fisiopatologia , Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica/patologia , Isquemia Miocárdica/fisiopatologia , Isquemia Miocárdica/patologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/patologia , Miócitos Cardíacos/metabolismo , Arritmias Cardíacas/fisiopatologia , Arritmias Cardíacas/etiologia , Frequência Cardíaca , Fatores de Risco , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Masculino , Estimulação Cardíaca Artificial , Feminino , Simulação por Computador , Período Refratário Eletrofisiológico , Medição de RiscoRESUMO
Introduction: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a leading cause of lethal arrhythmias in the young. Although the arrhythmic substrate has been hypothesised to be amenable to late Na+ block with ranolazine, the specific mechanisms are not fully understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the substrate mechanisms of safety and antiarrhythmic efficacy of ranolazine in HCM. Methods: Computational models of human tissue and ventricles were used to simulate the electrophysiological behaviour of diseased HCM myocardium for variable degrees of repolarisation impairment, validated against in vitro and clinical recordings. S1-S2 pacing protocols were used to quantify arrhythmic risk in scenarios of (i) untreated HCM-remodelled myocardium and (ii) myocardium treated with 3µM, 6µM and 10µM ranolazine, for variable repolarisation heterogeneity sizes and pacing rates. ECGs were derived from biventricular simulations to identify ECG biomarkers linked to antiarrhythmic effects. Results: 10µM ranolazine given to models manifesting ventricular tachycardia (VT) at baseline led to a 40% reduction in number of VT episodes on pooled analysis of >40,000 re-entry inducibility simulations. Antiarrhythmic efficacy and safety were dependent on the degree of repolarisation impairment, with optimal benefit in models with maximum JTc interval <370 ms. Ranolazine increased risk of VT only in models with severe-extreme repolarisation impairment. Conclusion: Ranolazine efficacy and safety may be critically dependent upon the degree of repolarisation impairment in HCM. For moderate repolarisation impairment, reductions in refractoriness heterogeneity by ranolazine may prevent conduction blocks and re-entry. With severe-extreme disease substrates, reductions of the refractory period can increase re-entry sustainability.
RESUMO
Cardiac in silico clinical trials can virtually assess the safety and efficacy of therapies using human-based modelling and simulation. These technologies can provide mechanistic explanations for clinically observed pathological behaviour. Designing virtual cohorts for in silico trials requires exploiting clinical data to capture the physiological variability in the human population. The clinical characterisation of ventricular activation and the Purkinje network is challenging, especially non-invasively. Our study aims to present a novel digital twinning pipeline that can efficiently generate and integrate Purkinje networks into human multiscale biventricular models based on subject-specific clinical 12-lead electrocardiogram and magnetic resonance recordings. Essential novel features of the pipeline are the human-based Purkinje network generation method, personalisation considering ECG R wave progression as well as QRS morphology, and translation from reduced-order Eikonal models to equivalent biophysically-detailed monodomain ones. We demonstrate ECG simulations in line with clinical data with clinical image-based multiscale models with Purkinje in four control subjects and two hypertrophic cardiomyopathy patients (simulated and clinical QRS complexes with Pearson's correlation coefficients > 0.7). Our methods also considered possible differences in the density of Purkinje myocardial junctions in the Eikonal-based inference as regional conduction velocities. These differences translated into regional coupling effects between Purkinje and myocardial models in the monodomain formulation. In summary, we demonstrate a digital twin pipeline enabling simulations yielding clinically consistent ECGs with clinical CMR image-based biventricular multiscale models, including personalised Purkinje in healthy and cardiac disease conditions.