The beneficial effects of aerobic and concurrent training on metabolic profile and body composition after detraining: a 1-year follow-up in postmenopausal women.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Aerobic and concurrent training (CT, aerobic and strength training) improves body composition and metabolic profile; however, it is not known whether these positive outcomes acquired after aerobic or CT are maintained long term (⩾6 months) after program interruption in postmenopausal women. This study investigated the changes in total and appendicular body composition, bone mineral density and metabolic profile following 16 weeks of aerobic or CT, and through 6 months and 1 year of detraining in postmenopausal women. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In total, 60 postmenopausal women were divided into the following groups: aerobic (AT), aerobic plus strength training (CT) and control group (CG), and 31 participants were assessed for the 1 year follow-up. Body composition and bone mineral density were evaluated by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triacylglycerol, glucose, insulin, leptin, adiponectin and plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) were assessed. RESULTS: There were main effects of time for arm fat mass, arm lean mass and trunk lean mass (P<0.05). There was a statistical difference between AT and CG for leg fat mass and percentage of fat (P<0.05). After 6 months of detraining, leg lean mass decreased in relation to post-intervention, and there was a statistically significant interaction for total and appendicular lean mass (P<0.05). There were differences between CT and CG in glucose and between AT and CG in glucose and triacylglycerol (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: A duration of 16 weeks of aerobic or CT improved total and appendicular body composition and metabolic profile but after 6 months of detraining, leg lean mass returned to the values obtained pre-training in CT.

Relationship between moderate-to-vigorous physical activity, abdominal fat and immunometabolic markers in postmenopausal women.

OBJECTS: To assess the burden of levels of physical activity, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), triacylglycerol and abdominal fat on the immunometabolic profile of postmenopausal women. STUDY DESIGN: Forty-nine postmenopausal women [mean age 59.43 (standard deviation 5.61) years] who did not undertake regular physical exercise participated in this study. Body composition was assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, and levels of NEFA, tumour necrosis factor-α, adiponectin, insulin and triacylglycerol were assessed using fasting blood samples. The level of physical activity was assessed using an accelerometer (Actigraph GTX3x), and reported as counts/min, time spent undertaking sedentary activities and time spent undertaking moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). The following conditions were considered to be risk factors: (i) sedentary lifestyle (<150min of MVPA per week); (ii) high level (above median) of abdominal fat; and (iii) hypertriacylglycerolaemia (<150mg/dl of triacylglycerol). RESULTS: In comparison with active women, sedentary women had higher levels of body fat (%) (p=0.041) and NEFA (p=0.064). Women with higher levels of abdominal fat had impaired insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) (p=0.016) and spent more time undertaking sedentary activities (p=0.043). Moreover, the women with two risk factors or more had high levels of NEFA and HOMA-IR (p<0.05), as well as an eight-fold higher risk of a high level of NEFA, independent of age (p<0.05). No significant relationship was found between levels of physical activity, abdominal fat, tumour necrosis factor-α and adiponectin (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Postmenopausal women with a combination of hypertriacylglycerolaemia, a high level of abdominal fat and a sedentary lifestyle are more likely to have metabolic disturbances.

Physical activity level behavior according to the day of the week in postmenopausal women / Comportamiento del nivel de actividad física de acuerdo con el día de la semana en las mujeres posmenopáusicas / Comportamento do nível da atividade física de acordo com o dia da semana em mulheres na pós-menopausa

Objective. The aim of this study was to compare the differences in the levels of physical activity practiced during the weekdays and weekends in obese postmenopausal women. Method. 117 post-menopausal women aged between 50 and 79 were evaluated. To estimate the percentage of body fat the Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry was used. The assessment of physical activity level was obtained using a tri-axial accelerometer. Results. There was a significant increase in physical activity-light and a significant decrease in physical activity moderate, vigorous, moderate-vigorous and overall number of counts at the weekend compared to the weekdays. The physical activity moderate-vigorous reduced by an average of 38.6% (p<0.001) at the weekend compared to the weekdays. Conclusion. Obese post-menopausal women presented decreasing physical activity moderate, vigorous, moderate-vigorous and overall number of counts at the weekends compared to the weekdays and an increase in physical activity light (AU)

Objetivo. Comparar las diferencias en los niveles de actividad física practicada durante los días de semana y fines de semana en las mujeres obesas posmenopáusicas. Método. Se evaluaron 117 mujeres post-menopáusicas de edades comprendidas entre 50 y 79años. Para calcular el porcentaje de grasa corporal se utilizó la absorciometría de rayos X de doble energía. Se obtuvo la evaluación del nivel de actividad física mediante un acelerómetro triaxial. Resultados. Hubo un aumento significativo en la actividad física suave y una disminución significativa en la actividad física moderada, vigorosa, moderada-vigorosa y el número total de recuentos en el fin de semana en comparación con los días de la semana. La actividad física moderada-vigorosa se redujo en un promedio del 38.6% (p<0.001) en el fin de semana en comparación con los días de la semana. Conclusión. Las mujeres obesas posmenopáusicas presentaron disminución de la actividad física moderada, vigorosa, moderada-vigorosa y el número total de recuentos en los fines de semana en comparación con los días de la semana y un aumento de actividad física suave (AU)

Objetivo. Comparar as diferenças nos níveis de atividade física feitas durante a semana e fins de semana em mulheres pós-menopáusicas com obesidade. Método. foram avaliadas 117 mulheres na pós-menopausa com idade entre 50 e 79 anos. Para o cálculo do percentual de gordura corporal foi utilizado raios-X absorciometria de dupla energia. Se obteve a evolução do nível de atividade física por um acelerómetro triaxial. Resultados. Houve um aumento significativo na atividade física leve e uma diminuição significativa na atividade física moderada, vigorosa, moderada a vigorosa e o número total de contagens no fim de semana em comparação com a semana. Atividade física moderada a vigorosa foi reduzida por uma média de 38.6% (p<0.001) no fim de semana em comparação com a semana. Conclusão. As mulheres obesas na pós menopausa apresentaram uma diminuição da atividade física moderada, vigorosa, moderada a vigorosa e o no número total de contagens nos fins de semana em comparação com a semana e aumento da atividade física suave (AU)