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1.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-39309029

RESUMO

The demand for meat and seafood products has been globally increasing for decades. To address the environmental, social, and economic impacts of this trend, there has been a surge in the development of three-dimensional (3D) food bioprinting technologies for lab-grown muscle food products and their analogues. This innovative approach is a sustainable solution to mitigate the environmental risks associated with climate change caused by the negative impacts of indiscriminative livestock production and industrial aquaculture. This review article explores the adoption of 3D bioprinting modalities to manufacture lab-grown muscle food products and their associated technologies, cells, and bioink formulations. Additionally, various processing techniques, governing the characteristics of bioprinted food products, nutritional compositions, and safety aspects as well as its relevant ethical and social considerations, were discussed. Although promising, further research and development is needed to meet standards and translate into several industrial areas, such as the food and renewable energy industries. In specific, optimization of animal cell culture conditions, development of serum-free media, and bioreactor design are essential to eliminate the risk factors but achieve the unique nutritional requirements and consumer acceptance. In short, the advancement of 3D bioprinting technologies holds great potential for transforming the food industry, but achieving widespread adoption will require continued innovation, rigorous research, and adherence to ethical standards to ensure safety, nutritional quality, and consumer acceptance.

2.
J ECT ; 40(2): 111-117, 2024 06 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38265758

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Neurostimulation interventions often face heightened barriers limiting patient access. The objective of this study is to examine different stakeholders' perceived barriers to using different neurostimulation interventions for depression. METHODS: We administered national surveys with an embedded experiment to 4 nationwide samples of psychiatrists (n = 505), people diagnosed with depression (n = 1050), caregivers of people with depression (n = 1026), and members of the general public (n = 1022). We randomly assigned respondents to 1 of 8 conditions using a full factorial experimental design: 4 neurostimulation modalities (electroconvulsive therapy [ECT], repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation [rTMS], deep brain stimulation [DBS], or adaptive brain implants [ABIs]) by 2 depression severity levels (moderate or severe). We asked participants to rank from a list what they perceived as the top 3 barriers to using their assigned intervention. We analyzed the data with analysis of variance and logistic regression. RESULTS: Nonclinicians most frequently reported "limited evidence of the treatment's effectiveness" and "lack of understanding of intervention" as their top 2 most important practical barriers to using ECT and TMS, respectively. Compared with nonclinicians, psychiatrists were more likely to identify "stigma about treatment" for ECT and "lack of insurance coverage" for TMS as the most important barriers. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, psychiatrists' perceptions of the most important barriers to using neurostimulation interventions were significantly different than those of nonclinicians. Perceived barriers were significantly different for implantable DBS and ABI) versus nonimplantable (rTMS and ECT) neurostimulation interventions. Better understanding of how these barriers vary by neurostimulation and stakeholder group could help us address structural and attitudinal barriers to effective use of these interventions.


Assuntos
Cuidadores , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda , Eletroconvulsoterapia , Psiquiatria , Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Cuidadores/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Adulto , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana , Inquéritos e Questionários , Idoso , Psiquiatras
3.
Epilepsia ; 63(9): 2338-2349, 2022 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35699675

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE: Novel and minimally invasive neurotechnologies offer the potential to reduce the burden of epilepsy while avoiding the risks of conventional resective surgery. Few neurotechnologies have been tested in randomized controlled trials with pediatric populations, leaving clinicians to face decisions about whether to recommend these treatments with insufficient evidence about the relevant risks and benefits. This study specifically explores the preferences of clinicians for treating pediatric drug-resistant epilepsy (DRE) with novel neurotechnologies. METHODS: A discrete-choice experiment (DCE) was designed to elicit the preferences of clinicians with experience in treating children with DRE using novel neurotechnological interventions. The preferences for six key attributes used when making treatment decisions (chances of clinically significant improvement in seizures, major and minor risks from intervention, availability of evidence, financial burden for the family, and access to the intervention) were estimated using a conditional logit model. The estimates from this model were then used to predict the adoption of existing novel neurotechnological interventions. RESULTS: Sixty-eight clinicians completed the survey: 33 neurosurgeons, 28 neurologists, and 7 other clinicians. Most clinicians were working in the United States (74%), and the remainder (26%) in Canada. All attributes, apart from the nearest location with access to the intervention, influenced preferences significantly. The chance of clinically significant improvement in seizures was the most positive influence on clinician preferences, but low-quality evidence and a higher risk of major complications could offset these preferences. Of the existing neurotechnological interventions, vagus nerve stimulation was predicted to have the highest likelihood of adoption; deep brain stimulation had the lowest likelihood of adoption. SIGNIFICANCE: The preferences of clinicians are drive primarily by the likelihood of achieving seizure freedom for their patients, but preferences for an intervention are largely eradicated if only low quality of evidence supporting the intervention is available. Until better evidence supporting the use of potentially effective, novel neurotechnologies becomes available, clinicians are likely to prefer more established treatments.


Assuntos
Epilepsia Resistente a Medicamentos , Epilepsia , Estimulação do Nervo Vago , Criança , Comportamento de Escolha , Tomada de Decisões , Epilepsia Resistente a Medicamentos/terapia , Humanos , Convulsões
4.
Alzheimers Dement ; 18(9): 1677-1686, 2022 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35199931

RESUMO

The Alzheimer's Association hosted the second Latinos & Alzheimer's Symposium in May 2021. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the meeting was held online over 2 days, with virtual presentations, discussions, mentoring sessions, and posters. The Latino population in the United States is projected to have the steepest increase in Alzheimer's disease (AD) in the next 40 years, compared to other ethnic groups. Latinos have increased risk for AD and other dementias, limited access to quality care, and are severely underrepresented in AD and dementia research and clinical trials. The symposium highlighted developments in AD research with Latino populations, including advances in AD biomarkers, and novel cognitive assessments for Spanish-speaking populations, as well as the need to effectively recruit and retain Latinos in clinical research, and how best to deliver health-care services and to aid caregivers of Latinos living with AD.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , COVID-19 , Doença de Alzheimer/diagnóstico , Doença de Alzheimer/epidemiologia , Doença de Alzheimer/terapia , Biomarcadores , Hispânico ou Latino , Humanos , Pandemias , Estados Unidos
5.
Qual Health Res ; 31(13): 2542-2553, 2021 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34672815

RESUMO

Responding to reports of cases of personality change following deep brain stimulation, neuroethicists have debated the nature and ethical implications of these changes. Recently, this literature has been challenged as being overblown and therefore potentially an impediment to patients accessing needed treatment. We interviewed 16 psychiatrists, 16 patients with depression, and 16 members of the public without depression, all from the Midwestern United States, about their views on how three electroceutical interventions (deep brain stimulation, electroconvulsive therapy, and transcranial magnetic stimulation) used to treat depression might affect the self. Participants were also asked to compare the electroceuticals' effects on the self with the effects of commonly used depression treatments (psychotherapy and pharmaceuticals). Using qualitative content analysis, we found that participants' views on electroceuticals' potential effects on the self mainly focused on treatment effectiveness and side effects. Our results have implications for both theoretical discussions in neuroethics and clinical practice in psychiatry.


Assuntos
Eletroconvulsoterapia , Psiquiatria , Depressão/terapia , Humanos , Percepção , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana
6.
Psychiatr Q ; 92(4): 1425-1438, 2021 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33864542

RESUMO

Recent research emphasizes the role of psychiatric electroceutical interventions (PEIs), bioelectronic treatments that employ electrical stimulation to affect and modify brain function, to effectively treat psychiatric disorders. We sought to examine attitudes about three PEIs-electroconvulsive therapy, transcranial magnetic stimulation, and deep brain stimulation-among patients with depression and members of the general public. As part of a larger study to assess different stakeholders' attitudes about PEIs, we conducted semi-structured key informant interviews with 16 individuals living with depression and 16 non-depressive members of the general public. We used a purposive sampling approach to recruit potential participants based on eligibility criteria. We performed qualitative content analysis of interview transcripts. Participants from both groups expressed an overall cautionary attitude towards PEIs, yet there were mixed attitudes in both groups. Patients commonly described electroconvulsive therapy as scary, traumatic, or intense, while members of the general public often referenced the treatment's negative portrayal in One Flew over the Cuckoo's Nest. Patients and the general public saw transcranial magnetic stimulation as a potentially viable option, but in most cases only if medication was not effective. Deep brain stimulation attitudes were predominantly negative among patients and cautionary among public. The overall cautionary attitudes towards PEIs, together with the technological features and social aspects underlying those attitudes, highlight the need for unbiased education to fill the gaps in knowledge and inform perceptions of those who may benefit from these treatments.


Assuntos
Eletroconvulsoterapia , Transtornos Mentais , Atitude , Humanos , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana
7.
J Cross Cult Gerontol ; 36(3): 265-284, 2021 Sep.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34196838

RESUMO

Clustering Latinos under a single group in Alzheimer Disease (AD) research, neglects, among other things cultural and environmental differences. To address this, we examine knowledge and attitudes about AD among two Latino groups. We held 5 focus groups and 2 interviews all in Spanish with Mexicans and Puerto Ricans between 40 and 60 years old living in the Grand Rapids area in Michigan. Using content analysis of the discussions, we identified themes related to knowledge, attitudes and concerns about AD and caregiving. A total of 20 Mexicans and 9 Puerto Ricans participated. Improving knowledge and awareness, barriers and home-based family care were important themes in both Latino groups. Puerto Rican groups raised more concerns about the disease, whereas lack of knowledge was a key theme among Mexican participants. The exploratory study is a first step in promoting research that is attentive to the commonalities and differences of Latino groups and in continuing efforts to enhance health literacy among these groups.


Assuntos
Doença de Alzheimer , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde/etnologia , Hispânico ou Latino/psicologia , Adulto , Idoso , Feminino , Grupos Focais , Humanos , Entrevistas como Assunto , Masculino , México/etnologia , Michigan/epidemiologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Porto Rico/etnologia , Pesquisa Qualitativa
8.
Stereotact Funct Neurosurg ; 97(5-6): 391-398, 2019.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31955163

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Surgical interventions such as stereotactic radiosurgery and magnetic resonance-guided focused ultrasound, and neuromodulatory interventions such as deep brain stimulation (DBS) and vagal nerve stimulation, are under investigation to remediate psychiatric conditions resistant to conventional therapies involving drugs and psychological supports. OBJECTIVE: Given the complicated history of psychiatric neurosurgery and its renaissance today, we sought to examine current perceptions and predictions about the field among practicing functional neurosurgeons. METHODS: We designed a 51-question online survey comprising Likert-type, multiple-choice, and rank-order questions and distributed it to members of the American Society for Stereotactic and Functional Neurosurgery (ASSFN). Descriptive and inferential statistical analyses were performed on the data. RESULTS: We received 38 completed surveys. Half (n = 19) of responders reported devoting at least a portion of their clinical practice to psychiatric neurosurgery, utilizing DBS and treating obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) most frequently overall. Respondents indicated that psychiatric neurosurgery is more medically effective (OR 0, p = 0.03242, two-sided Fisher's exact test) and has clearer clinical indications for the treatment of OCD than for the treatment of depression (OR 0.09775, p = 0.005137, two-sided Fisher's exact test). Seventy-one percent of all respondents (n = 27) supported the clinical utility of ablative surgery in modern neuropsychiatric practice, 87% (n = 33) agreed that ablative procedures constitute a valid treatment alternative to DBS for some patients, and 61% (n = 23) agreed that ablative surgery may be an acceptable treatment option for patients who are unlikely to comply with postoperative care. CONCLUSIONS: This up-to-date account of practices, perceptions, and predictions about psychiatric neurosurgery contributes to the knowledge about evolving attitudes over time and informs priorities for education and further surgical innovation on the psychiatric neurosurgery landscape.


Assuntos
Transtornos Mentais/cirurgia , Neurocirurgiões/tendências , Neurocirurgia/tendências , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/tendências , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Idoso , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/métodos , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/tendências , Feminino , Humanos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/tendências , Masculino , Transtornos Mentais/psicologia , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Neurocirurgiões/psicologia , Neurocirurgia/métodos , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/métodos , Radiocirurgia/métodos , Radiocirurgia/tendências , Técnicas Estereotáxicas/tendências
10.
Bioethics ; 33(9): 1050-1058, 2019 11.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31410866

RESUMO

The reporting of clinical trial data is necessary not only for doctors to determine treatment efficacy, but also to explore new questions without unnecessarily repeating trials, and to protect patients and the public from dangers when data are withheld. This issue is particularly salient in those trials involving invasive neurosurgical interventions, such as deep brain stimulation (DBS), for 'treatment refractory' psychiatric disorders. Using the federal database ClinicalTrials.gov, it was discovered that out of the completed or unknown-status trials related to psychiatric DBS up to November 2018, only two had submitted results to ClinicalTrials.gov. These results suggest that, despite federal requirements to report clinical trial data, reporting on psychiatric DBS trials is problematically minimal. It is argued that a human rights approach to this problem establishes a legal and ethical foundation for the need to report clinical trial results in this area.


Assuntos
Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/ética , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto/normas , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/ética , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/normas , Direitos Humanos/ética , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Projetos de Pesquisa/normas , Humanos
11.
Neurosurg Focus ; 45(2): E20, 2018 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30064327

RESUMO

OBJECTIVE The research required to establish that psychiatric treatments are effective often depends on collaboration between academic clinical researchers and industry. Some of the goals of clinical practice and those of commercial developers of psychiatric therapies overlap, such as developing safe and effective treatments. However, there might also be incompatible goals; physicians aim to provide the best care they can to their patients, whereas the medical industry ultimately aims to develop therapies that are commercially successful. In some cases, however, clinical research may be aiming both at improved patient care and commercial success. It is in these cases that a conflict of interest (COI) arises. The goal of this study was to identify differences and commonalities regarding COIs between 2 kinds of somatic psychiatric interventions: pharmacological and neurosurgical. METHODS The authors conducted a study focused on professional concerns regarding pharmacological and neurosurgical psychiatric interventions. They used medical and bioethics journal articles as an indicator of professionals' concerns and carried out a thematic content analysis of peer-reviewed articles published between 1960 and 2015, using PubMed and Google Scholar. RESULTS One hundred thirty-seven relevant articles were identified, of which 86 papers focused primarily on psychopharmacology and 51 on neurosurgery. The intervention most discussed in the psychiatric neurosurgery data set was deep brain stimulation (n = 42). While there were no significant differences at the level of categories, pharmacological and neurosurgical interventions differ in the underlying themes discussed. Two issues widely discussed in the articles on pharmaceutical interventions, but largely neglected in the neurosurgery articles, were medical professional issues and industry involvement. CONCLUSIONS COIs are a neglected issue in the discussion of ethics concerns regarding medical devices in psychiatry. Yet as these interventions become more common, it is important to address them in part through learning from the discussion regarding COIs in the pharmaceutical industry and by developing approaches to address those aspects of COIs that are unique to the medical device industry.


Assuntos
Pesquisa Biomédica , Conflito de Interesses , Indústria Farmacêutica , Médicos , Humanos , Neurocirurgia , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos
12.
Acta Neurochir (Wien) ; 160(3): 625-635, 2018 03.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29264778

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Surgical approaches to treat psychiatric disorders have made a comeback. News media plays an essential role in exposing the public to trends in health care such as the re-emergence of therapeutic interventions in psychiatric neurosurgery that were set aside for decades, and in shaping attitudes and acceptance to them. METHOD: We conducted an analysis of media articles covering all types of psychiatric neurosurgery published in Canada, USA, Germany, and Spain between the years 1960 and 2015. We applied both quantitative and qualitative methods to elucidate patterns of reporting for conditions, themes and tone, across geographic regions, time, and for type of intervention. RESULTS: Coverage of psychiatric neurosurgery has surged since 2001 and is largely consistent across the countries examined. It focuses on depression and deep brain stimulation, and is explicit about historical context. The tone of coverage becomes more positive for Canada, USA and Spain over time; the tone of coverage from Germany remains cautious. Identity and privacy are among the few ethical and philosophical issues raised, notably in the German press. CONCLUSIONS: The focused and optimistic attention to contemporary psychiatric neurosurgery in the media, but inattention to ethical issues, places an extra burden on functional neurosurgeons, psychiatrists, and other frontline health professionals to attend to queries from patients and policy makers about the full range of relevant emergent and emerging interventions and the mental health issues to which they may beneficially apply.


Assuntos
Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/tendências , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Procedimentos Neurocirúrgicos/tendências , Jornais como Assunto , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Implantação de Prótese/tendências , Técnicas de Ablação/tendências , Canadá , Depressão , Alemanha , Humanos , Neurocirurgiões , Neurocirurgia , Radiocirurgia/tendências , Espanha , Estados Unidos
13.
Acta Neurochir (Wien) ; 160(12): 2501-2507, 2018 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30357485

RESUMO

BACKGROUND: Comments made by readers in response to news articles about current events can provide profound insights into public understanding of and perspectives on those events. Here, in follow up to a paper published last year in this journal, we examined reader comments to articles in newspapers and magazines about neurosurgical interventions for treating psychiatric illness. METHOD: We conducted a thematic analysis of these comments (N = 662 coded units of data) posted in response to 115 newspaper and magazine articles from four countries (Canada, USA, Germany, and Spain) between 2006 and 2017. The comments were coded using an iteratively refined coding scheme that was structured around four a priori categories based on results from the parent study and two new categories that emerged. RESULTS: We found many references to historical psychosurgery and mostly negative and pessimistic comments about ablative neurosurgical interventions. Comments to deep brain stimulation were more positive, and comments to optogenetics most controversial. We also found many expressions of distrust of medical professionals in the context of interventions on the brain and concerns about social and individual control. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, results suggest there is still much work to be done to raise public awareness about re-emerging and new neurosurgical interventions. Balanced discussion is needed if these approaches are to find a place in health care for psychiatric disorders.


Assuntos
Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/psicologia , Conhecimentos, Atitudes e Prática em Saúde , Psicocirurgia/psicologia , Opinião Pública , Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/ética , Humanos , Publicações Periódicas como Assunto , Psicocirurgia/ética
14.
Sci Eng Ethics ; 24(4): 1119-1142, 2018 08.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28653164

RESUMO

Deep brain stimulation (DBS), a surgical procedure involving the implantation of electrodes in the brain, has rekindled the medical community's interest in psychosurgery. Whereas many researchers argue DBS is substantially different from psychosurgery, we argue psychiatric DBS-though a much more precise and refined treatment than its predecessors-is nevertheless a form of psychosurgery, which raises both old and new ethical and legal concerns that have not been given proper attention. Learning from the ethical and regulatory failures of older forms of psychosurgery can help shed light on how to address the regulatory gaps that exist currently in DBS research. To show why it is important to address the current regulatory gaps within psychiatric DBS, we draw on the motivations underlying the regulation of earlier forms of psychosurgery in the US. We begin by providing a brief history of psychosurgery and electrical brain stimulation in the US. Against this backdrop, we introduce psychiatric DBS, exploring current research and ongoing clinical trials. We then draw out the ethical and regulatory similarities between earlier forms of psychosurgery and psychiatric DBS. As we will show, the factors that motivated strict regulation of earlier psychosurgical procedures mirror concerns with psychiatric DBS today. We offer three recommendations for psychiatric DBS regulation, which echo earlier motivations for regulating psychosurgery, along with new considerations that reflect the novel technologies used in DBS.


Assuntos
Estimulação Encefálica Profunda , Ética Médica , Transtornos Mentais/terapia , Psiquiatria/ética , Psicocirurgia , Controle Social Formal , Encéfalo , Eletrodos , Humanos , Transtornos Mentais/cirurgia , Psiquiatria/legislação & jurisprudência , Psiquiatria/métodos
16.
Neuromodulation ; 20(5): 411-416, 2017 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28497554

RESUMO

OBJECTIVES: Deep brain stimulation (DBS) is a well-established treatment for the management of severe motor fluctuations in advanced Parkinson's disease (PD). Until recently, device regulation, medical, and insurance practices limited DBS to patients with advanced stages of PD. In February 2016 this changed, however, when the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted formal approval for the use of brain stimulator in mid-stage PD patients. In this article, we examine whether DBS in mid-stage PD can be ethically justified beyond the FDA approval. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We scrutinize the current risk-benefit profile, the costs-benefit profile, and the capacity for informed consent requirement, to ask if use of subthalamic nucleus (STN) in mid-stage DBS is ethically appropriate. RESULTS: We propose that mid-stage DBS decisions could be appropriate under a shared decision-making model, which embraces a broad quality of life perspective. CONCLUSION: Although it might be too premature to know how the FDA decision will affect medical and insurance practices, we conclude by arguing that revisions to persisting guidelines seems justified both on scientific and ethical grounds.


Assuntos
Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/ética , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/ética , Doença de Parkinson/psicologia , Doença de Parkinson/terapia , Aprovação de Equipamentos/legislação & jurisprudência , Humanos , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/legislação & jurisprudência , Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido/psicologia , Qualidade de Vida/psicologia , Medição de Risco/métodos
17.
Camb Q Healthc Ethics ; 26(4): 602-615, 2017 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28937341

RESUMO

There is growing evidence about the influence of chemical exposures on specific molecular systems and mechanisms involved in cognitive and mental function. Evidence is also emerging about the negative impact of these chemical exposures on mental health, including depression, suicide, and other risks. Despite the growing appreciation of these factors, however, little attention has been paid to the ethical and social implications of their interactions. Drawing on recent work that argues for an environmental neuroethics approach that explicitly brings together ethics, environment, and conditions of the central nervous system, this article focuses on these critical issues for pesticides specifically.


Assuntos
Encéfalo/efeitos dos fármacos , Exposição Ambiental/efeitos adversos , Neurologia/ética , Praguicidas/toxicidade , Envelhecimento , Encéfalo/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Comércio , Conflito de Interesses , Eficiência , Estilo de Vida Saudável , Direitos Humanos , Humanos , Saúde Mental/ética , Exposição Ocupacional/efeitos adversos
18.
Environ Health ; 15: 20, 2016 Feb 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26880112

RESUMO

The ways in which humans affect and are affected by their environments have been studied from many different perspectives over the past decades. However, it was not until the 1970s that the discussion of the ethical relationship between humankind and the environment formalized as an academic discipline with the emergence of environmental ethics. A few decades later, environmental health emerged as a discipline focused on the assessment and regulation of environmental factors that affect living beings. Our goal here is to begin a discussion specifically about the impact of modern environmental change on biomedical and social understandings of brain and mental health, and to align this with ethical considerations. We refer to this focus as Environmental Neuroethics, offer a case study to illustrate key themes and issues, and conclude by offering a five-tier framework as a starting point of analysis.


Assuntos
Bioética/tendências , Pesquisa Biomédica/ética , Encéfalo , Saúde Ambiental/ética , Neurociências/ética , Pesquisa Biomédica/tendências , Saúde Ambiental/tendências , Humanos , Neurociências/tendências
19.
Brain Topogr ; 27(1): 33-45, 2014 Jan.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23733209

RESUMO

In recent years, non-pharmacologic approaches to modifying human neural activity have gained increasing attention. One of these approaches is brain stimulation, which involves either the direct application of electrical current to structures in the nervous system or the indirect application of current by means of electromagnetic induction. Interventions that manipulate the brain have generally been regarded as having both the potential to alleviate devastating brain-related conditions and the capacity to create unforeseen and unwanted consequences. Hence, although brain stimulation techniques offer considerable benefits to society, they also raise a number of ethical concerns. In this paper we will address various dilemmas related to brain stimulation in the context of clinical practice and biomedical research. We will survey current work involving deep brain stimulation, transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation. We will reflect upon relevant similarities and differences between them, and consider some potentially problematic issues that may arise within the framework of established principles of medical ethics: nonmaleficence and beneficence, autonomy, and justice.


Assuntos
Estimulação Encefálica Profunda/ética , Estimulação Elétrica , Estimulação Magnética Transcraniana/ética , Encéfalo/fisiologia , Humanos
20.
AJOB Neurosci ; 15(2): 122-133, 2024.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37017379

RESUMO

The potential to collect brain data more directly, with higher resolution, and in greater amounts has heightened worries about mental and brain privacy. In order to manage the risks to individuals posed by these privacy challenges, some have suggested codifying new privacy rights, including a right to "mental privacy." In this paper, we consider these arguments and conclude that while neurotechnologies do raise significant privacy concerns, such concerns are-at least for now-no different from those raised by other well-understood data collection technologies, such as gene sequencing tools and online surveillance. To better understand the privacy stakes of brain data, we suggest the use of a conceptual framework from information ethics, Helen Nissenbaum's "contextual integrity" theory. To illustrate the importance of context, we examine neurotechnologies and the information flows they produce in three familiar contexts-healthcare and medical research, criminal justice, and consumer marketing. We argue that by emphasizing what is distinct about brain privacy issues, rather than what they share with other data privacy concerns, risks weakening broader efforts to enact more robust privacy law and policy.


Assuntos
Encéfalo , Privacidade , Humanos , Direitos Civis
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