A morphological database for 606 Colombian bird species.

Colombia is the country with the highest bird diversity in the world. Despite active research in ornithology, compelling morphological information of most bird species is still sparse. However, morphological information is the baseline to understand how species respond to environmental variation and how ecosystems respond to species loss. As part of a national initiative, the Instituto Alexander von Humboldt in collaboration with 12 Colombian institutions and seven biological collections, measured up to 15 morphological traits of 9,892 individuals corresponding to 606 species: 3,492 from individuals captured in field and 6,400 from museum specimens. Species measured are mainly distributed in high Andean forest, páramo, and wetland ecosystems. Seven ornithological collections in Colombia and 18 páramo complexes throughout Colombia were visited from 2013 to 2015. The morphological traits involved measurements from bill (total and exposed culmen, bill width and depth), wing (length, area, wingspan, and the distance between longest primary and longest secondary), tail (length and shape), tarsus (length), hallux (length and claw hallux), and mass. The number of measured specimens per species was variable, ranging from 1 to 321 individuals with a median of four individuals per species. Overall, this database gathered morphological information for >30% of Colombian bird diversity. No copyright, proprietary, or cost restrictions apply; the data should be cited appropriately when used.

Toxinological profile and histopathological alterations induced by Bothrocophias campbelli venom from Colombia.

Snakebite envenomings most frequently reported in Colombia are caused by snakes of the genera Bothrops, Bothriechis, Bothrocophias, and Porthidium. Their venoms induce local and systemic pathophysiological effects, sometimes leading to permanent sequelae such as reduced mobility of the limbs, amputations, besides the risk of death. The genus Bothrocophias includes nine species, among which B. campbelli has a distribution restricted to the department of Nariño in Colombia. In this work we determined the toxinological profile its venom, by performing assays for the lethal, hemorrhagic, edematogenic, and myotoxic activities in mouse models, as well as for in vitro coagulant activity on human plasma. The lethal toxicity of the venom was 142.7 µg venom/mouse (111.4-179.8 µg/mouse; 6.6-10.6 µg/g body weight) by intraperitoneal route. Its hemorrhagic activity (minimum hemorrhagic dose: 12.7 ± 2.3 µg) is generally weaker compared to other South American vipers, but edematogenic (minimum edematogenic dose 1.0 ± 0.3 µg), and myotoxic (minimum myotoxic dose 3.9 ± 2.5 µg) activities are very potent. Histopathological examination of the injected mouse gastrocnemius muscle showed prominent disorganization of the myofibrils, myonecrosis, and an intense inflammatory leukocyte infiltrate. In vitro, the minimal coagulant dose was 12.3 ± 0.5 µg. Overall, this toxinological profile would predict that the clinical picture of envenomings by B. campbelli might be characterized by moderate disturbances in the coagulation cascade, mild local hemorrhage, and, conversely, severe myonecrosis and edema, which could potentially lead to compartment syndrome and gangrene.

Ecología de murciélagos en el bosque seco tropical de Nariño (Colombia) y algunos comentarios sobre su conservación / Bats ecology in the Dry Tropical Forest of Nariño (Colombia) and some commentaries about their conservation

Los bosques secos tropicales son considerados como ecosistemas amenazados en Colombia, porque están localizados en áreas con actividades humanas intensivas. Sin embargo, los efectos de la pérdida de hábitat sobre la distribución y abundancia de murciélagos en esta región es poco conocida. En este estudio se analizó la riqueza de especies, composición y abundancia relativa de los murciélagos en tres tipos de vegetación con diferente grado de intervención en el Bosque Seco Tropical de Nariño (Mesi: Matorral espinoso seco intervenido, Mesc: Matorral espinoso seco conservado, Bsi: Bosque semideciduo intervenido), Colombia. Para ello se capturaron ejemplares con 10 redes de neblina durante ocho noches en cada tipo de vegetación, para un total de 24 noches. Se registraron nueve especies a partir de la captura de 60 ejemplares. El Mesc (6 especies) presentó la mayor riqueza, mientras que Mesi presentó la menor riqueza de especies (4 especies), lo cual puede estar relacionado con el grado de perturbación de la zona. El índice de Sorensen (0,33-0,38) indicó que las tres poblaciones podrían representar un solo ensamblaje. Las especies de mayor abundancia fueron Artibeus lituratus (Mesi), A. planirostris (Bsi) y Carollia perspicillata (Mesc), las cuales se han relacionado con vegetación que presentan algún grado de intervención o en regeneración. Criterios como la baja riqueza de especies, la dominancia de las tres especies mencionadas y la presencia de Desmodus rotundus sugieren que el grado de intervención es similar en los tres tipos de vegetación. Por lo tanto es necesario establecer programas de conservación de murciélagos y proyectos de restauración en el área.

Tropical dry forests are considered as threatened ecosystems in Colombia, because they are located in areas with intensive human activities. However, the effects of habitat loss on the distribution and abundance of bats in this region are little known. The purpose of this study was to analyze species richness, composition and relative abundance of bats in three vegetation types with different degrees of intervention in the Tropical Dry Forest of Nariño (Mesi: Intervened dry thorn scrub, Mesc: Preserve dry thorn scrub, Bsi: Intervened semideciduous tropical forest), Colombia. We captured bats using 10 mist nets over 24 nights (eight nights in each vegetation type). Nine species were recorded from the capture of 60 specimens. The Mesc had the higher richness (6 species), while the Mesi had the lower richness (4 species). This is probably related with the high degree of human disturbance in the area. Sorensen index (0.33-0.38) indicated that the three populations represent the same community. A. lituratus (Dtsi), A. planirostris (Tsfi) and C. perspicillata (Dtsp) showed the lower abundance, this condition has been associated with forest in process of regeneration or forest with human intervention. Although the best preserved area is the Mesc, criteria as the low species richness, dominance of the three bat species and the presence of Desmodus rotundus suggest that the degree of human intervention is similar in the three types of vegetation. Therefore it is necessary to establish bat conservation programs and restoration projects in the area.