Childhood Trauma Associations With the Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide and Social Cognitive Biases in Psychotic Disorders.

ABSTRACT: Childhood trauma (CT) is associated with suicidal ideation and behaviors (SI/SB) in people with psychosis. The interpersonal psychological theory of suicide (IPTS) suggests that there are four factors that increase suicide risk: thwarted belongingness, perceived burdensomeness, acquired capacity for suicide, and hopelessness. The IPTS constructs and social cognitive biases are associated with SI/SB in psychotic disorders. However, the role of CT in IPTS constructs and social cognitive biases has not been examined in psychosis. In an outpatient community sample of persons with psychotic disorders (N = 96) assessed with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire, the aims of this study were to a) evaluate rates of CT in this sample, b) determine the relationship between CT types and lifetime SI/SB, and c) explore the relationship between CT types, IPTS constructs, and social cognitive biases. All participants reported experiencing CT. Emotional abuse was associated with greater SI severity and higher rates of lifetime suicide attempts, as well as with greater perceived burdensomeness and more severe negative social cognitive biases. Other CT types were minimally associated with SI/SB or IPST constructs; hopelessness was not associated. Overall, negative interpersonal beliefs and social cognitive biases may explain how CT increases suicide risk in psychosis.

Web-Based Physical Activity Intervention for Latina Adolescents: Feasibility, Acceptability, and Potential Efficacy of the Niñas Saludables Study.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity is markedly low in Latina adolescents, yet few physical activity interventions have been attempted in this population. Web-based interventions can incorporate theory-based components, be appealing to adolescents, and have potential for low-cost dissemination. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess the feasibility, acceptability, and potential efficacy of a Web-based physical activity intervention for Latina adolescents in a single-arm pilot trial. METHODS: A total of 21 Latina adolescents (aged 12-18 years) who could read and write in English and were underactive (<90 min/week) participated in a 12-week, theory-informed Web-based physical activity intervention. The intervention website was modified from a previous Web-based intervention for Latina adults. Web content was individually tailored based on the responses to monthly questionnaires. Feasibility was measured by recruitment, retention, and adherence/engagement, and acceptability was measured by satisfaction surveys. Physical activity was measured at baseline and follow-up (12 weeks) using the 7-day physical activity recall (PAR) interview and accelerometers. RESULTS: Baseline activity as measured by the 7-day PAR and accelerometers was 24.7 (SD 26.11) and 24.8 (SD 38.3) min/week, respectively. At 12 weeks, 19 participants (90%, 19/21) returned. Adherence and engagement with materials were low, but 72% (15/21) of the participants indicated that they were satisfied with the intervention. Activity at 12 weeks increased by 58.8 (SD 11.33) min/week measured by the 7-day PAR (P<.001). Accelerometer-measured activity did not increase. Activities reported at follow-up were more varied than at baseline, including some activities measured poorly by accelerometers (eg, biking and swimming). Participants suggested simplifying the website and incorporating other technologies. CONCLUSIONS: Good retention and increases in self-reported activity suggest a promising approach to delivering a physical activity intervention to Latina adolescents. Incorporating other technologies, such as smartphone apps, could make the intervention more engaging, acceptable, and effective.

Promoting Physical Activity among Underserved Populations.

Underserved populations, including racial/ethnic minorities, individuals with low socioeconomic status, and individuals with physical disabilities, are less likely to engage in sufficient moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and are thus at increased risk of morbidity and mortality. These populations face unique challenges to engaging in MVPA. Learning how to overcome these challenges is a necessary first step in achieving health equity through health promotion research. In this review of the literature, we discuss issues and strategies that have been used to promote MVPA among individuals from underserved populations, focusing on recruitment, intervention delivery, and the use of technology in interventions. Physical activity promotion research among these vulnerable populations is scarce. Nevertheless, there is preliminary evidence of efficacy in the use of certain recruitment and intervention strategies including tailoring, cultural adaptation, incorporation of new technologies, and multilevel and community-based approaches for physical activity promotion among different underserved populations.

Ecological Momentary Assessment of Social Approach and Avoidance Motivations in Serious Mental Illness: Connections to Suicidal Ideation and Symptoms.

AIM: People with serious mental illness (SMI) are at an increased risk for suicide. Social approach and avoidance motivations are linked to social functioning, and social isolation is a risk factor for suicide. This study uses ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to understand social approach and avoidance motivations in relation to symptoms and suicidal ideation (SI). METHODS: Participants (N = 128) diagnosed with schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, or a mood disorder with psychotic features completed assessments of SI and symptoms at baseline. They completed EMA surveys 3×/day for 10 days. EMA surveys included questions about approach and avoidance motivations and psychotic symptoms. Participants were split into four groups based on the median scores of approach and avoidance. RESULTS: Participants with SI at baseline had higher mean social avoidance motivation, t(126) = 2.84, p = .003, and lower mean social approach motivation, t(126) = -2.44, p = .008, than participants without baseline SI. Greater baseline positive symptoms were related to greater mean avoidance, r = .231, p = .009, but not approach motivation. The low approach/high avoidance group had significantly higher current SI than those with high approach/low avoidance (p < .001). Overall, the low approach/high avoidance group reported more EMA-measured voices than the low approach/low avoidance group (p < .001) and the high approach/low avoidance group (p < .001). Similarly, the low approach/high avoidance group reported more EMA-measured suspiciousness than the low approach/low avoidance (p < .001) and the high approach/low avoidance groups (p < .001). CONCLUSION: The results of this study point to the role of social approach and avoidance motivations in relation to SI and psychotic symptoms. Clinically, exposure therapies and cognitive behavioral therapies may help to address these social approach and avoidance processes linked to SI.

Ecological momentary assessment of interpersonal theory of suicide constructs in people experiencing psychotic symptoms.

BACKGROUND: People with psychotic disorders are at an increased risk of suicide, but there is little understanding of suicidal ideation (SI) in this population. The Interpersonal Psychological Theory of Suicide posits that perceived burdensomeness (PB) and thwarted belonginess (TB) contribute to SI. To our knowledge there are no studies using ecological momentary assessment (EMA) to assess these interpersonal risk factors in a sample of individuals with psychotic disorders. This study investigated the validity and variability of PB and TB, and whether SI, EMA-measured psychotic symptoms, mood, and social context relate to PB and TB. METHOD: Ninety-six participants with a psychotic disorder, including mood disorders with psychosis completed in-lab assessments of current SI, and then EMA surveys on a smartphone 3×/day for 10 days, answering questions about burdensomeness, belongingness, symptoms (i.e., hearing voices, experiencing suspiciousness), mood (i.e., happy, sad), and social context. RESULTS: Burdensomeness varied within-participants less than belongingness (t (95) = -3.74, p=< .001). Participants with SI had higher mean burdensomeness ratings (t (94) = -2.70, p < .01) and lower mean belongingness ratings (t (94) = 3.68, p < .001) than did participants without SI. Being with others, greater psychotic experiences, less happiness, and greater sadness related to greater burdensomeness. SI status, being alone, greater psychotic experiences, less happiness, and greater sadness related to less belongingness. CONCLUSIONS: This study examined the real-time influences of SI and psychotic symptoms on burdensomeness and belongingness. Hearing voices, suspiciousness, mood, and SI are related to interpersonal suicide-related risk factors. In this sample, social context had a differential effect on burdensomeness and belongingness.

Assessing Maternal Support for Physical Activity in Latina Adolescents.

Objectives: We developed a comprehensive measure to evaluate 11 domains of maternal social support for physical activity (PA) among Latina adolescents. Methods: The 26-item questionnaire included a version for mothers to rate how often they engaged in behaviors supporting their daughters' PA, and a version for daughters to rate how often their mothers engaged in the same behaviors. Bivariate correlations examined associations between mother-daughter perceived support for daughter's moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA), and associations between daughter's perceived support for PA and current MVPA. Results: Twenty-one Latina adolescents, which included 20 adolescent-mother dyads, enrolled in the study. Mother-daughter ratings of support showed significant positive correlations for reminders (r = .573, p = .01), watching daughters' sports (r = .566, p = .01), limit-setting (r = .564, p = .01), encouragement (r = .561, p = .01), transportation (r = .544, p = .02). We found statistically significant associations between MVPA and daughters' ratings of their mothers valuing (r = .544, p = .02) and facilitating PA (r = .48, p = .05). Conclusions: Mothers accurately perceive several supportive behaviors for PA given to daughters, but only daughters' perception of received support predicts their MVPA.

Desarrollo evolutivo infantil, patología obstétrica y repercusión sociofamiliar en nacidos antes de la semana 29 / Child development, obstetrice abnormalities and social and familial repercussions in infants born at less than 29 weeks’ gestation

Objetivos: Conocer el futuro infantil de nacidoscon edad gestacional inferior a 29 semanas y susimplicaciones obstétricas y sociofamiliares.Material y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 28niños, nacidos antes de la semana 29, derivados alPrograma de Atención Temprana del Gobierno deCantabria, entre enero de 2002 y junio de 2006.Resultados: Las causas de prematuridad másfrecuentes de este grupo son: corioamnionitis,desprendimiento prematuro de placenta normoinserta y amenaza de parto pretérmino. Un 28,57% de los niños estudiados presentan una minusvalía: retraso mental grave y parálisis cerebral infantil (37%); retraso mental moderado (24%) y, en los casos restantes, hipoacusia moderada bilateral, alteraciones respiratorias y retraso mental leve. Las principales consecuencias sociales son: la transformación de roles en la familia, la repercusión económica negativa y la gran carga emocional.Conclusiones: Un 28,57% de estos niños presentan una minusvalía documentada; no hay una patología obstétrica determinante, pero las consecuencias sociofamiliares son muy importantes

Objectives: To determine the outcomes of infantsborn at less than 29 weeks’ gestation, obstetricabnormalities, and the social and familialrepercussions of this prematurity.Material and methods: We retrospectively studied28 infants, born at less than 29 weeks’ gestation,referred to the Early Healthcare Program of theCantabrian Government between January 2002 andJune 2006.Results: The main causes of prematurity in thisgroup were chorioamnionitis, placental abruption,and preterm labor. Of the infants studied, 28.57%had a disability. Severe mental retardation andcerebral palsy was found in 37% and moderatemental retardation in 24%. Bilateral hypacusis,respiratory alterations and mild mental retardationwere found in the remainder. The main socialrepercussions were a change in family roles,negative economic effects, and heavy emotionalburden.Conclusions: A total of 28.57% of the infantsstudied had a recognized disability. No predominant obstetric abnormality was identified. However, the social and familial repercussions were substantial (AU)