Impact of Oral Immunonutrition on Postoperative Morbidity in Digestive Oncologic Surgery: A Nation-wide Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the present study was to assess the effect of preoperative immunonutrition on a nationwide scale. BACKGROUND: According to international guidelines, immunonutrition should be prescribed before major oncologic digestive surgery to decrease postoperative morbidity. Nevertheless, this practice remains controversial. METHODS: We used a prospective national health database named "Echantillon généraliste des Bénéficiaires." Patients were selected with ICD10 codes of cancer and digestive surgery procedures from 2012 to 2016. Two groups were identified: with reimbursement of immunonutrition 45 days before surgery (IN-group) or not (no-IN-group). Primary outcome was 90-day severe morbidity. Secondary outcomes were postoperative length of stay (LOS) and overall survival. Logistic regression and survival analysis adjusted with IPW method were performed. RESULTS: One thousand seven hundred seventy-one patients were included. The proportion of different cancers was as follows: 72% patients were included in the colorectal group, 14% in the hepato-pancreato-biliary group, and 12% in the upper gastrointestinal group. Patients from the IN-group (n = 606, 34%) were younger (67.1 ±â€Š11.8 vs 69.2 ±â€Š12.2 years, P < 0.001), with increased use of other oral nutritional supplements (49.5% vs 31.8%, P < 0.001) and had more digestive anastomoses (89.4% vs 83.0%, P < 0.001). There was no significant difference between the 2 groups for 90-day severe morbidity [odds ratio (OR): 0.91, 95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.73-1.14] or in survival (hazard ratio: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.73-1.08). LOS were shorter in the IN-group [-1.26 days, 95% CI: -2.40 to -0.10)]. CONCLUSION: The preoperative use of immunonutrition before major oncologic digestive surgery was not associated with any significant difference in morbidity or mortality. However, the LOS was significantly shorter in the IN-group.

Efficacy and Safety of the Duodeno-Jejunal Bypass Liner in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial (ENDOMETAB).

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of 12-month implantation of a duodeno-jejunal bypass liner (DJBL) with conventional medical care in patients with metabolic syndrome (MS). SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: DJBL is an endoscopic device for treating obesity and related disorders. The persistence of favorable results after 6 months has not been tested in a controlled study. METHODS: We conducted a multicenter randomized controlled trial, stratified by center and diabetes status. The primary endpoint was the remission of MS at 12 months. The secondary endpoints included body mass index (BMI), glucose control, blood pressure, and lipids, assessed at 12 months after implantation, and again, at 12 months after the removal of the DJBL. Up to 174 subjects were planned to be randomized into either the DJBL or the control arm at a 2:1 ratio, respectively. Study enrollment was discontinued by the Scientific Monitoring Committee due to the early termination of the ENDO trial (NCT01728116) by the US Food and Drug Administration. The study was terminated after withdrawal of the device's European Conformity marking by the European Medicines Agency, and an interim analysis was performed. RESULTS: A total of 82 patients were enrolled (67.5% female, 48.8% with diabetes). At 12 months after randomization, the primary endpoint was met in 6 (12%) DJBL patients and 3 (10%) controls (P = 0.72). Patients in the DJBL group experienced greater BMI loss [mean adjusted difference (95% confidence interval, CI) -3.1 kg/m (-4.4 to -1.9) kg/m, P < 0.001] and HbA1c change [mean adjusted difference -0.5% (95% CI -0.9 to -0.2); P < 0.001] than those in the control group. No difference remained statistically significant at 12 months after the removal of the DJBL. In the DJBL group, 39% of patients experienced at least one device-related serious adverse event, which was classified as Grade III Dindo-Clavien in 22%, and required premature device explantation in 16%. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed a transient clinical benefit of DJBL, which was only apparent at 1 year, when the device was still in situ, and was obtained at the risk of serious device-related adverse events in 39% of patients. These results do not support the routine use of DJBL for weight loss and glucose control in patients with MS.

Is Mini-Gastric Bypass a Rational Approach for Type-2 Diabetes?

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Morbid obesity and type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) are both major public health problems. Bariatric surgery is a proven and effective treatment for these conditions; laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is currently the gold-standard treatment. One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) is described as a simpler, safer, and non-inferior alternative to RYGB to treat morbid obesity. Concerning T2DM, experts of the OAGB procedure report promising metabolic results with good long-term remission of T2DM; however, heterogeneity within the literature prompted us to analyze this issue. RECENT FINDINGS: OAGB has gained popularity given its safety and long-term efficacy. Concerning the effect of OAGB for the treatment of T2DM, most reports involve non-controlled single-arm studies with heterogeneous methodologies and a few randomized controlled trials. However, this available literature supports the efficacy of OAGB for remission of T2DM in obese and non-obese patients. Two years after OAGB, the T2DM remission and improvement rate increased from 67 to 100%. The results were improved and stable in the long term. The 5-year T2DM remission rate increased from 82 to 84.4%. OAGB is non-inferior compared with RYGB and even superior to other accepted bariatric procedures, such as sleeve gastrectomy and adjustable gastric banding. OAGB is an efficient, safe, simple, and reversible procedure to treat T2DM. The literature reveals interesting results for T2DM remission in non-obese patients. High-level comparative studies are required to support these data.

Associations between dietary patterns and skin microcirculation in healthy subjects.

OBJECTIVE: Microvascular dysfunction is suggested to be a marker of common pathophysiological mechanisms in the development of insulin resistance, cardiovascular diseases, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Given the established relationship of diet with the macrovascular disease, the aim of this study was to investigate for the first time the possible associations between dietary patterns and microcirculation. APPROACH AND RESULTS: Two hundred ninety-one healthy men and women selected from the Supplementation en Vitamines et Mineraux Antioxydants 2' cohort were assessed for anthropometric, nutritional, biochemical, and microcirculation parameters using finger skin capillaroscopy. Dietary intake was assessed cross-sectionally using a food frequency questionnaire, and principal component analysis was used to identify dietary patterns from 40 food groups. Six dietary patterns were identified. A dietary pattern characterized by increased consumption of vegetable oils, poultry, and fish and seafood was positively associated with both functional and anatomic capillary density after adjusting for confounders (ß=0.13, P=0.05 and ß=0.20, P=0.00, respectively). A second dietary pattern with increased consumption of sweets was inversely associated with functional and anatomic capillary density in all multivariate models (ß=-0.14, P=0.03 and ß=-0.17, P=0.01). There were no associations between any of the derived dietary patterns and capillary recruitment. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy subjects, a dietary pattern characterized by an increased consumption of vegetable oils, poultry, and fish and seafood and low consumption of sweets was associated with better microvascular function. Further prospective studies are needed to confirm the present association.

Systematic Brain Natriuretic Peptide Measurement for Cardiac Screening in Patients with Severe Obesity: The OLECOEUR Study.

INTRODUCTION: Heart failure (HF) is difficult to diagnose in obese patients because of cardiovascular and pulmonary comorbidities associated with physical deconditioning, all of which lead to dyspnea. METHODS: The OLECOEUR study is a prospective screening for HF using systematic brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) measurement in ambulatory patients with obesity from a department of Nutrition (Paris, France). Clinical, biological, and echocardiographic data were extracted from electronic medical records. RESULTS: We included 1,506 patients middle-aged (mean age: 47.2 ± 14.6 years old) with severe obesity (mean body mass index: 40.4 ± 6.6 kg/m2). Patients with BNP ≥35 pg/mL had left heart remodeling including thicker interventricular septum (10.4 ± 2.0 vs. 9.6 ± 1.8 mm; p = 0.0008), higher left ventricular mass (89.9 ± 24.3 vs. 77.2 ± 20.0 g/m2; p = 0.0009), and significant changes in both left and right atria consistent with a higher proportion of prior atrial fibrillation. Markers of right heart remodeling on echocardiography were also significantly higher (pulmonary artery systolic pressure: 33.3 ± 17.3 vs. 24.5 ± 6.3 mm Hg; p = 0.0002). CONCLUSION: The OLECOEUR study shows left and right subclinical cardiac remodeling in obese patients screened for HF with systematic dosing of BNP with usual cut-off of 35 pg/mL.

Metabolically healthy obesity in adults with X-linked hypophosphatemia.

OBJECTIVES: X-linked hypophosphatemia (XLH) is characterized by increased concentrations of circulating fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF-23) resulting in phosphate wasting, hypophosphatemia, atypical growth plate and bone matrix mineralization. Epidemiologic studies suggest a relationship between FGF-23, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high in children with XLH. We aimed to evaluate the prevalence of obesity and metabolic complications in adults with XLH. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study in adult XLH patients from a single tertiary referral center. The proportion of patients with a BMI >25 kg/m2 was the main outcome measure. Body fat mass percentage (FM%) and adipose tissue surfaces were secondary outcome measures. Glucose homeostasis (plasma glucose and insulin concentrations after fasting and 2 hours after an oral glucose tolerance test) was explored in a subgroup of patients and compared with age-, sex-, and BMI-matched healthy controls. RESULTS: Among 113 evaluated patients, 85 (75%) were female and 110 (97%) carried a PHEX mutation. Sixty-three (56%) patients were overweight or obese, with a median BMI of 25.3 [IQR, 22.7; 29.2] kg/m2. BMI was correlated with FM%, abdominal and thigh subcutaneous and intra-abdominal adipose tissue surfaces. The prevalence of impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and diabetes was not different between XLH patients and matched controls. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of overweight and obesity is high among XLH patients and is associated with excess fat mass. However, the prevalence of glucose homeostasis abnormalities is not increased in patients compared to healthy controls, suggesting that metabolically healthy overweight or obesity predominates.

Factors associated with dietary practices and beliefs on food of patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases: a multicentre cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate dietary practices and beliefs of patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases (RMDs) and associated factors. METHODS: In 2019-2020, a cross-sectional multicentre study enrolled patients with inflammatory arthritis (IA) (rheumatoid arthritis [RA], axial spondyloarthritis [axSpA]) or hand osteoarthritis (HOA) from secondary- and tertiary-care centres. A self-administered questionnaire explored dietary practices and patients' perceived effects of diet, foods and beverages on symptoms. Univariable and multivariable analyses investigated factors associated with diets and patients' views. RESULTS: Of 448 included patients, data for 392 were analysed (123 with RA, 161 with axSpA, 108 with HOA), 26% were on or had been on at least one exclusion diet (mostly cow's milk- and gluten-free diets in IA, mostly cow's milk-free diet and detox/fasting in HOA). Only 5% of patients followed the Mediterranean diet. Among patients who had tried a diet, 51% reported a decrease in pain. Overall, 42% of patients identified at least one food or beverage that increased or decreased pain. On multivariable analyses, dieting or the perceived effect of food on pain was associated with health beliefs (positive or negative), the use of complementary and alternative medicines, and lack of support or information from healthcare professionals. Patients had received little dietary information from their physicians. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides insights into patients' dietary practices and factors associated with these practices, including patients' health beliefs and insufficient support by health professionals, in RMDs.

Association of Healthy Lifestyle Factors and Obesity-Related Diseases in Adults in the UK.

Importance: A healthy lifestyle is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease in adults with obesity. Little is known about the associations between a healthy lifestyle and the risk of other obesity-attributable diseases in this population. Objective: To examine the association between healthy lifestyle factors and the incidence of major obesity-related diseases in adults with obesity compared with those with normal weight. Design, Setting, and Participants: This cohort study evaluated UK Biobank participants aged 40 to 73 years and free of major obesity-attributable disease at baseline. Participants were enrolled from 2006 to 2010 and prospectively followed up for disease diagnosis. Exposures: A healthy lifestyle score was constructed using information on not smoking, exercising regularly, no or moderate alcohol consumption, and eating a healthy diet. For each lifestyle factor, participants scored 1 if they met the criterion for a healthy lifestyle and 0 otherwise. Main Outcomes and Measures: The risk of outcomes according to the healthy lifestyle score in adults with obesity compared with those with normal weight were examined using multivariable Cox proportional hazards models with Bonferroni correction for multiple testing. The data analysis was performed between December 1, 2021, and October 31, 2022. Results: A total of 438 583 adult participants in the UK Biobank were evaluated (female, 55.1%; male, 44.9%; mean [SD] age, 56.5 [8.1] years), of whom 107 041 (24.4%) had obesity. During a mean (SD) follow-up of 12.8 (1.7) years, 150 454 participants (34.3%) developed at least 1 of the studied diseases. Compared with adults with obesity and 0 healthy lifestyle factors, individuals with obesity who met all 4 healthy lifestyle factors were at lower risk of hypertension (HR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.78-0.90), ischemic heart disease (HR, 0.72; 95% CI, 0.65-0.80), arrhythmias (HR, 0.71; 95% 0.61-0.81), heart failure (HR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.53-0.80), arteriosclerosis (HR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.07-0.56), kidney failure (HR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.63-0.85), gout (HR, 0.51; 95% CI, 0.38-0.69), sleep disorders (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56-0.83), and mood disorders (HR, 0.66; 95% CI, 0.56-0.78). The lifestyle profiles associated with the lowest risks included a healthy diet and at least 1 of the 2 healthy behaviors of physical activity and never smoking. Compared with adults with normal weight, those with obesity were at higher risk of several outcomes, irrespective of the lifestyle score (adjusted HRs ranged from 1.41 [95% CI, 1.27-1.56] for arrhythmias to 7.16 [95% CI, 6.36-8.05] for diabetes for adults with obesity and 4 healthy lifestyle factors). Conclusion and Relevance: In this large cohort study, adherence to a healthy lifestyle was associated with reduced risk of a wide range of obesity-related diseases, but this association was modest in adults with obesity. The findings suggest that although a healthy lifestyle seems to be beneficial, it does not entirely offset the health risks associated with obesity.

Analysis of the Efficacy and the Long-term Metabolic and Nutritional Status of Sleeve Gastrectomy with Transit Bipartition Compared to Roux-en-Y Gastric Bypass in Obese Rats.

PURPOSE: Sleeve gastrectomy with transit bipartition (SG-TB) could be an attractive alternative to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) on weight loss and improvement of comorbidities in patients with obesity. However, there is little long-term data. Translational research on a rat model could allow long-term projection to assess efficacy and safety of SG-TB. The aim of this research was to evaluate the long-term efficacy and safety of SG-TB compared to RYGB and SHAM in rat model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ninety-four male obese Wistar rats were distributed into 3 groups: SG-TB (n = 34), RYGB (n = 32), and SHAM (control group, n = 28). The percentage of total weight loss (%TWL), coprocalorimetry, glucose and insulin tolerance test, insulin, GLP-1, PYY, and GIP before and after surgery were assessed. The animals were followed over 6 months (equivalent to 16 years in humans). RESULTS: At 6 months, %TWL was significantly greater(p = 0.025) in the SG-TB group compared to the RYGB group. There was no difference between the groups (p = 0.86) in malabsorption 15 and 120 days postoperatively. Glucose tolerance was significantly improved (p = 0.03) in the SG-TB and RYGB groups compared to the preoperative state. Insulin secretion, at 3 months, was significantly more important in the SG-TB group (p = 0.0003), compared to the RYGB and SHAM groups. GLP-1 secretion was significantly increased in the SG-TB and RYGB groups compared to the preoperative state (p = 0.001) but similar between SG-TB and RYGB animals (p = 0.72). CONCLUSION: In a rat model, at long term compared to RYGB, SG-TB provides greater and better-maintained weight loss and an increased insulin secretion without impairing nutritional status.

MyGood Trip, a Telemedicine Intervention for Physical Activity Recovery After Bariatric Surgery: Randomized Controlled Trial.

BACKGROUND: Despite bariatric surgery showing significant weight loss trajectories for many patients, a substantial proportion regain weight after the first year following surgery. The addition of telemedicine to standard care could support patients with engaging in a more active lifestyle and thus improve clinical outcomes. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to evaluate a telemedicine intervention program dedicated to the promotion of physical activity including digital devices, teleconsultation, and telemonitoring the first 6 months following bariatric surgery. METHODS: This study employed a mixed methods design based on an open-label randomized controlled trial. Patients were included during the first week after bariatric surgery; then, they were randomized into 2 intervention groups: The TelePhys group received a monthly telemedicine consultation focusing on physical activity coaching, while the TeleDiet group received a monthly telemedicine consultation involving diet coaching. Data were collected using a watch pedometer and body weight scale, both of which were connected wirelessly. The primary outcome was the difference between the 2 groups in the mean numbers of steps at the first and sixth postoperative months. Weight change was also evaluated, and focus groups and interviews were conducted to enrich the results and capture perceptions of the telemedicine provided. RESULTS: Among the 90 patients (mean age 40.6, SD 10.4 years; 73/90, 81% women; 62/90, 69% gastric bypass), 70 completed the study until the sixth month (n=38 TelePhys; n=32 TeleDiet), and 18 participants agreed to be interviewed (n=8 Telephys; n=10 TeleDiet). An increase in the mean number of steps between the first and sixth months was found in both groups, but this change was significant only in the TeleDiet group (P=.01). No difference was found when comparing both intervention groups. Interviewed participants reported having appreciated the teleconsultations, as the individualized tailored counseling helped them to make better choices about behaviors that could increase their likelihood of a daily life in better health. Weight loss followed by social factors (such as social support) were identified as the main facilitators to physical activity. Family responsibilities, professional constraints as well as poor urban policies promoting physical activity, and lack of accessibility to sport infrastructure were their major barriers to postoperative lifestyle adherence. CONCLUSIONS: Our study did not show any difference in mobility recovery after bariatric surgery related to a telemedicine intervention dedicated to physical activity. The early postoperative timing for our intervention may explain the null findings. eHealth interventions aiming to change behaviors and carried out by clinicians require support from structured public health policies that tackle patients' obesogenic environment in order to be efficient in their struggle against sedentary lifestyle-related pathologies. Further research will need to focus on long-term interventions. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02716480, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02716480.

Bariatric Surgery Should Be Proposed in Certain Septuagenarian Patients with Obesity.

Bariatric surgery (BS) is rarely performed on patients aged 70 and over, due to the fear of adverse effects, particularly related to sarcopenia. We examined the outcome of obese patients who underwent BS after the age of 69 in the French population. Operated subjects were matched with non-operated obese patients (n = 1307 in each group after matching). We showed that BS was associated with a reduction in mortality and no increase in the risks of rehospitalization or fracture events.

Patients' and caregivers' perceptions of bariatric surgery: A France and United States comparative infodemiology study using social media data mining.

Background: People are conversing about bariatric surgery on social media, but little is known about the main themes being discussed. Objective: To analyze discussions regarding bariatric surgery on social media platforms and to establish a cross-cultural comparison of posts geolocated in France and the United States. Methods: Posts were retrieved between January 2015 and April 2021 from general, publicly accessed sites and health-related forums geolocated in both countries. After processing and cleaning the data, posts of patients and caregivers about bariatric surgery were identified using a supervised machine learning algorithm. Results: The analysis dataset contained a total of 10,800 posts from 4,947 web users in France and 51,804 posts from 40,278 web users in the United States. In France, post-operative follow-up (n = 3,251, 30.1% of posts), healthcare pathways (n = 2,171, 20.1% of the posts), and complementary and alternative weight loss therapies (n = 1,652, 15.3% of the posts) were among the most discussed topics. In the United States, the experience with bariatric surgery (n = 11,138, 21.5% of the posts) and the role of physical activity and diet in weight-loss programs before surgery (n = 9,325, 18% of the posts) were among the most discussed topics. Conclusion: Social media analysis provides a valuable toolset for clinicians to help them increase patient-centered care by integrating the patients' and caregivers' needs and concerns into the management of bariatric surgery.

Early humoral response to COVID-19 vaccination in patients living with obesity and diabetes in France. The COVPOP OBEDIAB study with results from the ANRS0001S COV-POPART cohort.

BACKGROUND: Patients with diabetes and obesity are populations at high-risk for severe COVID-19 outcomes and have shown blunted immune responses when administered different vaccines. Here we used the 'ANRS0001S COV-POPART' French nationwide multicenter prospective cohort to investigate early humoral response to COVID-19 vaccination in the sub-cohort ('COVPOP OBEDIAB') of patients with obesity and diabetes. METHODS: Patients with diabetes (n = 390, type 1 or 2) or obesity (n = 357) who had received two vaccine doses and had no history of previous COVID-19 infection and negative anti-nucleocapsid (NCP) antibodies were included and compared against healthy subjects (n = 573). Humoral response was assessed at baseline, at one month post-first dose (M0) and one-month post-second dose (M1), through percentage of responders (positive anti-spike SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies (Sabs), geometric means of Sabs; BAU/mL), proportion of individuals with anti-RBD antibodies, and proportion of individuals with anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibodies (Nabs). Potential clinical and biological factors associated with weak response (defined as Sabs < 264 BAU/mL) and presence of non-reactive anti-RBD antibodies at M1 were evaluated. Univariate and multivariate regressions were performed to estimate crude and adjusted coefficients with 95 % confidence intervals. Poor glycemic control was defined as HbA1c ≥ 7.5 % at inclusion. RESULTS: Patients with diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes, and patients with obesity were less likely to have positive Sabs and anti-RBD antibodies after the first and second dose compared to controls (p < 0.001). At M1, we found Sabs seroconversion in 94.1 % of patients with diabetes versus 99.7 % in controls, anti-RBD seroconversion in 93.8 % of patients with diabetes versus 99.1 % in controls, and Nabs seroconversion in 95.7 % of patients with diabetes versus 99.6 % in controls (all p < 0.0001). Sabs and anti-RBD seroconversion at M0 and M1 were also significantly lower in obese patients than controls, at respectively 82.1 % versus 89.9 % (p = 0.001; M0 Sabs), 94.4 % versus 99.7 % (p 0.001; M1 Sabs), 79.0 % vs 86.2 % (p = 0.004 M0 anti-RBD), and 96.99 % vs 99.1 % (p = 0.012 M1 anti-RBD). The factors associated with low vaccine response (BAU < 264/mL) in patients with diabetes were chronic kidney disease (adjusted OR = 6.88 [1.77;26.77], p = 0.005) and poor glycemic control (adjusted OR = 3.92 [1.26;12.14], p = 0.018). In addition, BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 was found to be associated with a higher vaccine response (adjusted OR = 0.10 [0.01;0.91], p = 0.040) than patients with BMI < 40 kg/m2. CONCLUSION: COVID-19 vaccine humoral response was lower in patients with obesity and diabetes one month after second dose compared to controls, especially in diabetic patients with CKD or inadequate glycemic control. These findings point to the need for post-vaccination serological checks in these high-risk populations.

Risk-Benefit Balance Associated With Obstetric, Neonatal, and Child Outcomes After Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery.

Importance: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is the most efficient therapeutic option for severe obesity. Most patients who undergo MBS are women of childbearing age. Data in the scientific literature are generally of a low quality due to a lack of well-controlled prospective trials regarding obstetric, neonatal, and child outcomes. Objective: To assess the risk-benefit balance associated with MBS around obstetric, neonatal, and child outcomes. Design, Setting, and Participants: The study included 53 813 women on the French nationwide database who underwent an MBS procedure and delivered a child between January 2012 and December 2018. Each women was their own control by comparing pregnancies before and after MBS. Exposures: The women included were exposed to either gastric bypass or sleeve gastrectomy. Main Outcomes and Measures: The study team first compared prematurity and birth weights in neonates born before and after maternal MBS with each other. Then they compared the frequencies of all pregnancy and child diagnoses in the first 2 years of life before and after maternal MBS with each other. Results: A total of 53 813 women (median [IQR] age at surgery, 30 [26-35] years) were included, among 3686 women who had 1 pregnancy both before and after MBS. The study team found a significant increase in the small-for-gestational-age neonate rate after MBS (+4.4%) and a significant decrease in the large-for-gestational-age neonate rate (-12.6%). The study team highlighted that compared with pre-MBS births, after MBS births had fewer occurrences of gestational hypertension (odds ratio [OR], 0.16; 95% CI, 0.10-0.23) and gestational diabetes for the mother (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.34-0.45), as well as fewer birth injuries to the skeleton (OR, 0.27; 95% CI, 0.11-0.60), febrile convulsions (OR, 0.39; 95% CI, 0.21-0.67), viral intestinal infections (OR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.43-0.71), or carbohydrate metabolism disorders in newborns (OR, 0.54; 95% CI 0.46-0.63), but an elevated respiratory failure rate (OR, 2.42; 95% CI, 1.76-3.36) associated with bronchiolitis. Conclusions and Relevance: The risk-benefit balance associated with MBS is highly favorable for pregnancies and newborns but may cause an increased risk of respiratory failure associated with bronchiolitis. Further studies are needed to better assess the middle- and long-term benefits and risks associated with MBS.

Spin in the Scientific Literature on Bariatric Endoscopy: a Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials.

Bariatric endoscopy (BE) is an emerging treatment option for people with obesity. Spin (i.e., the practice of frequent misrepresentation or overinterpretation of study findings) may lead to imbalanced and unjustified optimism in the interpretation of the results. The aim of this systematic review was to determine the frequency and type of spin in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of endoscopic primary weight loss techniques with statistically significant and nonsignificant primary outcomes. In conclusion, spin is observed in the abstract and main text of BE reports and can lead to misinterpretation or overinterpretation of the results. Since BE challenges the available non-endoscopic treatments for obesity, further research is needed to better qualify these techniques, as being effective and safe, as well as predefined hypotheses and analyses.

Seventy years of bariatric surgery: A systematic mapping review of randomized controlled trials.

While research publications on bariatric surgery (BS) have grown significantly over the past decade, there is no mapping of the existing body of evidence on this field of research. We performed a systematic review followed by a mapping of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in BS for people with obesity. From January 2020 to December 2020, we performed a systematic review of RCTs evaluating BS, versus another surgical procedure, or versus a medical control group, through a search of Embase and PubMed. There was no restriction on outcomes for study selection. A total of 114 RCTs were included, most (73.7%) of which were based on a comparison with Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and conducted between 2010 and 2020. Only 15% of the trials were multicenter and few (3.5%) were international. The median number of patients enrolled was 61 (interquartile range [IQR]: 47.3-100). Follow-up time was 1 to 2 years in 36% and 22.8% of the trials, respectively. Weight loss was the most studied criterion (87% of RCTs), followed by obesity-related diseases, and medical and surgical complications (73%, 54%, and 47% of RCTs, respectively). Nutritional deficiency frequency, body composition, and mental health were little studied (20%, 18% and 5% of RCTs, respectively). Our literature review revealed that much research in BS is wasted because of replication of RCTs on subjects for which there is already body of evidence, with small populations and follow-up times mostly below 2 years. Yet several research questions remain unaddressed, and there are few long-term trials. Future studies should take into account the experience of the past 70 years of research in this field.

Vegetarianism and weight status: What are the differences in eating styles, impulsivity, and emotional competences? A preliminary study.

Recent studies suggest that vegetarian diets may be recommended to promote weight loss in individuals living with obesity. However, limited studies have examined psychological factors (e.g., eating styles, impulsivity) among individuals who have adopted this type of diet, even though these factors are known to play a role in being overweight. The primary objective of the present study was to compare these characteristics in participants living with obesity or those with normal-weight across diet types. Participants were recruited from two hospital nutrition departments and the general population. They completed a diagnostic interview assessing the presence of an eating disorder, followed by self-administered questionnaires measuring dysfunctional eating styles (DEBQ), impulsivity (UPPS), and emotional competence (PEC). Vegetarian participants living with obesity engaged in more dysfunctional eating styles than did normal-weight omnivores and experienced more emotional difficulties than did both normal-weight omnivores and vegetarians. In contrast, there were no significant differences between omnivore participants living with obesity and those in the other groups. Moreover, participants living with obesity had comparable emotion regulation abilities to normal-weight participants. These results suggest that emotion regulation deficits can more likely be explained by the presence of psychopathological traits than by being overweight or one's choice of diet.

Trends in prevalence of major aetiologies leading to heart failure in young patients: An integrative review.

The prevalence of Heart failure (HF) is increasing with the aging of the population but it is estimated that 10% of HF patients are younger than 50 years-old. HF development in this population is characterized with a fast-growing prevalence, and important disparities according to underlying etiologies or gender. These observations highlight the need to identify specific and preventable factors in these patients, a topic that is under-studied. Here we provide an overview of trends in prevalence of major etiologies leading to HF in young subjects, including genetic factors associated with cardiomyopathies, premature vascular dysfunction and related ischemia, metabolic stress, cardio-toxic responses to different agents, and myocarditis. We also highlight the increasing influence of major risk factors that are driving HF in younger patients, such as obesity, diabetes or arterial hypertension.