Consuming school meals improves Brazilian children's diets according to their social vulnerability risk.

OBJECTIVE: To estimate usual diets among Brazilian children regarding the consumption of school meals and social vulnerability risks. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. School meal consumers were considered those children who reported consuming school meals ≥3 times/week. Social vulnerability risk was classified by an index. Dietary intake was evaluated by one 24 h dietary recall for the whole sample; a second 24 h dietary recall was administered in a sub-sample (38·6 %). The National Cancer Institute's method was used to estimate children's usual intake of nutrients and food groups. SETTING: Municipal public schools from Belo Horizonte, Brazil. PARTICIPANTS: Children (n 1357) aged 8-12 years. RESULTS: Half of the sample lived in low/medium social vulnerability risk areas and 27·9 % were school meal non-consumers. School meal consumers more frequently lived in high/very high social vulnerability risk areas (76·2 v. 68·7 %). Children with low/medium social vulnerability risk had a higher mean intake of thiamin (1·13 v. 1·04 mg) and a lower mean intake of candy (1·35 v. 1·42 g). Consumption of school meals among children under high/very high social vulnerability risk was associated with higher mean consumption of vitamin C (31·9 v. 24·1 mg), unprocessed/minimally processed foods (956·3 v. 851·9 g), fruits (128·5 v. 90·9 g) and vegetables (58·2 v. 47·1 g). Ultra-processed food product consumption was lower among school meal consumers (136·2 v. 187·7 g), especially ultra-processed beverages (252·5 v. 305·7 g). CONCLUSIONS: Consuming school meals was associated with a better usual diet quality, particularly among those with higher social vulnerability risk.

Food environment, social deprivation and obesity among students from Brazilian public schools.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between social deprivation and the food environment. Furthermore, to evaluate if the food environment is associated with the prevalence of obesity among students in Brazilian public schools. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. For the classification of obesity, weight and height were measured, and the cut-off point of BMI-for-age Z-score >+2 was adopted. Social deprivation level was determined from the Health Vulnerability Index (HVI). To assess the food environment, the density of food establishments in urban residential areas was calculated. Associations between the food environment and the presence of obesity were estimated by binary logistic regression through a generalized estimating equations model. SETTING: Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. SUBJECTS: Children and adolescents (n 661) aged 7-14 years. RESULTS: The lowest social deprivation level showed a higher density of all types of establishments that sold predominantly unhealthy foods. An inverse association was found between the density of supermarkets and hypermarkets and the presence of obesity (OR=0·58; 95 % CI 0·36, 0·93). For the other categories of food retailers, no significant differences were found. CONCLUSIONS: The findings reinforce the need for public policies that promote equality in the food environments of the city. Also, further investigations into the influence of the presence of supermarkets on the nutritional status of children and adolescents are required.

Is neighbourhood social deprivation in a Brazilian city associated with the availability, variety, quality and price of food in supermarkets?

OBJECTIVE: To verify differences in the availability, variety, quality and price of unprocessed and ultra-processed foods in supermarkets and similar establishments in neighbourhoods with different social deprivation levels at Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: The Obesogenic Environment Study in São Paulo's Food Store Observation Tool (ESAO-S) was applied in thirty-three supermarket chains, wholesale and retail supermarkets. RESULTS: Fruits, vegetables and ultra-processed foods were available in almost all establishments, without differences according to Health Vulnerability Index (HVI; which varies from 0 to 1 point and the higher the worse; P > 0·05). Most establishments were concentrated in low vulnerability areas and offered healthy foods with greater variety and quality, despite higher prices. The Healthy Food Store Index (HFSI; which varies from 0 to 16 points and the higher the best) was calculated from the ESAO-S and the mean score was 8·91 (sd 1·51). The presence and variety of unprocessed foods count as positive points, as do the absence of ultra-processed products. When HFSI was stratified by HVI, low HVI neighbourhoods presented higher HFSI scores, compared with medium, high and very high HVI neighbourhoods (P = 0·001). CONCLUSIONS: Supermarkets and similar establishments are less dense in areas of greater social deprivation and have lower prices of healthy foods, but the variety and quality of those foods are worse, compared with areas of low vulnerability. We found worse HFSI for supermarkets located in areas with greater vulnerability. Those findings can guide specific public policies improving the urban food environment.

The influence of neighborhood safety and built environment on childhood obesity: isolated and combined effect of contextual factors.

This study aims to analyze the isolated and combined effect of objective measures concerning neighborhood safety, food, and physical activity environments on students' obesity. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 9- and 10-year-old children enrolled in the municipal education network of a Brazilian metropolis. Environment objective measures comprised neighborhood unsafety (annual criminality and road traffic accident rates), availability of public parks and spaces for physical activity practicing, and index of establishments that predominantly sell ultra-processed food. Euclidean buffers of 1,000m around the children's house were used as eligible geographic units. This study adopted the Principal Component Analysis and Generalized Estimation Equation models. Stratified analyses were conducted based on neighborhood unsafety and on child's family income. In total, 717 students were assessed, 12.2% of them were children with obesity. The latent variable of the obesogenic environment (deduced by environment unsafety rates and the index of establishments that predominantly sell ultra-processed food) was a risk factor for obesity in children with lower socioeconomic levels (OR = 2.37; 95%CI: 1.06-5.19). Public parks and spaces for physical activity practicing were protective factors against childhood obesity only in locations recording the lowest environment unsafety rates (OR = 0.30; 95%CI: 0.09-0.94). Based on our findings, social conditions change the effect of the environment on childhood obesity, reinforcing the relevance of inter-sectoral policies and strategies against this condition.

Analysis of the elaboration and proposal of a Brazilian intersectoral strategy for the prevention and care of childhood obesity.

The Brazilian Strategy for the Prevention and Care of Childhood Obesity (PROTEJA) aims to implement a set of actions to prevent obesity in Brazil. As such, this qualitative and descriptive documentary study presents the Strategy's stages of the operational design, general proposal, evaluation and monitoring conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health's technical coordination. After analyzing the epidemiological data on children and the existing policies aimed at obesity prevention, and reviewing the scientific literature and recommendations, PROTEJA was formulated and approved by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and 1,320 municipalities committed to implementing 20 essential and 5 complementary actions, from 41, including some structural to improve environments. Coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in partnership with subnational governments and universities, the Strategy also relies on a local team for implementation support, as well as implementation and impact evaluations. Actions will be monitored annually, and the indicators will impact financial incentives. As a strong, evidence-based and innovative strategy aiming to promote healthy environments in cities, PROTEJA has the potential to open a path to childhood obesity reversal, as well as add to the implementation science and contribute to the development and improvement of public policies for obesity prevention; however, its implementation remains a challenge.

Understanding weight regain after a nutritional weight loss intervention: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: The purpose of this systematic review was to analyze the effects of lifestyle interventions on long-term weight maintenance of weight loss. In addition, we seek to address which period is most susceptible to weight regain; and what is the time required for following-up weight maintenance after the intervention. METHODS: Articles published up to August 2020 were identified using the Medline (PubMed), Embase, Web of Science, CENTRAL and Scopus. RESULTS: After the selection process, 27 clinical trials involving 7236 individuals were included. The results showed that around 36 weeks after the end of the intervention, weight variation reduces, and a sign of continuous weight gain begin to occur with some patients (n = 208,209) presenting even a completely regain of the lost weight before one year (∼40-48 weeks). However, some strategies used during the weight loss intervention and maintenance period may impact the amount and when the weight regain happens, like intervention type;, intervention duration;, presence of dietitian on the care team;, and maintenance period with counseling by a health professional at least once a month. CONCLUSION: This systematic review and meta-analysis showed that lifestyle interventions remained effective in maintaining the mean weight (5% lower than baseline weight) after weight loss interventions were over. However, weight regain started 36 weeks after intervention conclusion. And, it turns out, some strategies used during the weight loss intervention and maintenance period may impact the amount and when the weight regain happens. Obesity complexity and chronicity should be considered, therefore constant and lifelong monitoring and support are important.

Health behavior patterns of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption among Brazilian adolescents in a nationally representative school-based study.

Studies on sugar-sweetened beverage consumption patterns can help in the individual and population level management of chronic non-communicable diseases and other conditions. This study aimed to identify the association between health behavior patterns and the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages among Brazilian adolescents from a nationally representative school-based study. A cross-sectional study analyzed data from 71,553 adolescents aged 12-17 years who attended public and private schools in Brazilian cities, from the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents. Principal component analysis was performed to identify health behavior patterns, and ordered logistic regression was performed to identify the association between health behavior patterns and sugar-sweetened beverage consumption. Sugar-sweetened beverage consumption (mL/day) was used as the dependent variable. The analyses were performed using Stata software version 14.0 with a significance level of 0.05. Patterns 2 (alcoholic beverage and smoking habit) and 3 (ultra-processed food and screen time) of health behaviors and regularly purchasing snacks in the school cafeteria increased the odds of sugar-sweetened beverage consumption, while pattern 1 (water, unprocessed and minimally processed food and physical activity) decreased these odds. The adoption of healthy habits can indirectly stimulate the adoption of other habits beneficial to health. These results indicate the importance of adopting a set of regulatory measures to reduce sugar-sweetened beverage consumption.

[Community food environment and presence of food swamps around schools in a Brazilian metropolis]. / O ambiente alimentar comunitário e a presença de pântanos alimentares no entorno das escolas de uma metrópole brasileira.

The study aimed to assess the community food environment and the existence of food swamps around schools in a Brazilian metropolis. This was an ecological study in public and private schools in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais State, Brazil, with a 250-meter buffer as the analytical unit. The study included all preschool, elementary, and middle schools. In relation to the schools, the study evaluated administrative regimen (public versus private), type of teaching, and per capita income in the schools' census tracts. Information was also compiled on the retail food establishments inside the buffer zone around the schools. The food environment was characterized only according to the establishments around the schools that sold food for immediate consumption. Analysis of the buffers revealed that 97.4% of the schools had at least one establishment in the vicinity that sold food for immediate consumption. The most available establishments around schools were snack bars, restaurants, and bars. Schools located in higher-income census tracts showed higher mean numbers of all establishments in their vicinity, except for grocery stores and supermarkets. In addition, 54.6% of the schools were in neighborhoods classified as food swamps. The results that the among the target categories, there was a predominance of establishments that mainly sell ultra-processed foods such as bars and snack bars in the vicinity of schools in Belo Horizonte, which exposes children and adolescents to an unhealthy food environment.

O objetivo foi avaliar o ambiente alimentar comunitário e a existência de pântanos alimentares no entorno das escolas de uma metrópole brasileira. Trata-se de um estudo ecológico realizado em escolas públicas e privadas de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, e teve como unidade de análise o buffer de 250m. Foram incluídas no estudo todas as escolas de Educação Infantil, de Ensinos Fundamental e Médio. Em relação às escolas, foram avaliadas a dependência administrativa e o tipo de ensino ofertado, bem como a renda per capita dos setores censitários das escolas. Contabilizou-se também as informações sobre os estabelecimentos de venda de alimentos para o consumo imediato que estavam dentro do buffer no entorno das escolas. Em relação ao ambiente alimentar foram avaliados apenas os estabelecimentos que comercializam alimentos para o consumo imediato no entorno escolar. A análise dos buffers revelou que 97,4% das escolas tinham ao menos um desses estabelecimentos no seu entorno. Os estabelecimentos mais disponíveis no entorno da escola foram lanchonetes, restaurantes e bares. As escolas localizadas em setores censitários de maior renda apresentavam maior média de todos os estabelecimentos no seu entorno, exceto das mercearias e supermercados. Ademais, 54,6% das escolas estavam em vizinhanças que são classificados como pântanos alimentares. Os resultados revelam que entre as categorias avaliadas ocorre um predomínio dos estabelecimentos que comercializam, predominantemente, alimentos ultraprocessados, como os bares e lanchonetes no entorno das escolas de Belo Horizonte, o que expõe as crianças e os adolescentes a um ambiente alimentar não saudável.

El objetivo fue evaluar el ambiente alimentario comunitario y la existencia de establecimientos de comida ultraprocesada en el entorno de las escuelas de una metrópoli brasileña. Se trata de un estudio ecológico, realizado en escuelas públicas y privadas de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brasil, y tuvo como unidad de análisis una zona de influencia de 250m. Se incluyeron en el estudio todas las escuelas de educación infantil, enseñanza fundamental y media. En relación con las escuelas, se evaluó la dependencia administrativa y el tipo de enseñanza ofertada, así como la renta per cápita de los sectores censitarios de las escuelas. Se contabilizó también información sobre establecimientos de venta de alimentos para consumo inmediato que estaban dentro de la zona de influencia en el entorno de las escuelas. En relación con el ambiente alimentario, se evaluaron solamente los establecimientos que comercializan alimentos para consumo inmediato en el entorno escolar. El análisis de las zonas de influencia reveló que un 97,4% de las escuelas poseían al menos un establecimiento en su entorno que comercializa alimentos para el consumo inmediato. Los establecimientos más disponibles en el entorno de la escuela fueron cafeterías, restaurantes y bares. Las escuelas localizadas en sectores censitarios de mayor renta presentaban mayor media de todos los establecimientos en su entorno, excepto tiendas de alimentación y supermercados. Además, un 54,6% de las escuelas estaban en vecindarios que se clasifican como zonas con abundancia de locales con comida ultraprocesada. Los resultados revelan que entre las categorías evaluadas se produce un predominio de establecimientos que comercializan, predominantemente, alimentos ultraprocesados, como bares y cafeterías, en el entorno de las escuelas de Belo Horizonte, lo que expone a niños y adolescentes a un ambiente alimentario no saludable.

School Type, Eating Habits, and Screen Time are Associated With Ultra-Processed Food Consumption Among Brazilian Adolescents.

BACKGROUND: The increasing consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPFs) may be a result of the environmental influences to which adolescents are exposed and/or habits acquired since childhood through family interactions. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to investigate whether type of school administration (public or private), eating habits, and screen time are associated with the percentage caloric contribution of UPFs to total kilocalories consumed by Brazilian adolescents. DESIGN: A cross-sectional secondary analysis of the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA) performed between March 2013 and December 2014. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING: Overall, 71,553 adolescents from 1,247 public and private schools in 124 Brazilian cities (with a population of more than 100,000) were included. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: We measured the percentage caloric contribution of UPFs to the total kilocalories consumed, obtained using one 24-hour food recall. STATISTICAL ANALYSES PERFORMED: Generalized linear models were used, guided by the hierarchical model. Sample complexity was considered using the Stata svy command, with a significance level of 5%. RESULTS: Overall, UPFs contributed an average of 28% (95% CI, 27.80%-28.15%) of total energy intake. Based on the final multivariate analysis, a significantly higher UPF diet was observed among adolescents from private schools (P < .001), those who do not consume meals offered by schools (P < .001), those who do not eat breakfast regularly (P < .05), those who eat in front of screens almost every day or every day (P < .001), and those who spend more time in front of screens (P < .001). CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study indicate that UPF consumption is associated with school type, eating habits, and screen time among Brazilian adolescents.

Spatial analysis of vaccination against Hepatitis B in pregnant women in an urban Brazilian area. / Análise espacial da vacinação contra hepatite B em gestantes em área urbana no Brasil.

The objective of this article is to analyze the spatial distribution of Hepatitis B vaccine (HBVAC) of pregnant women. This is a cross-sectional study carried with 266 puerperae. The HBVAC record was obtained through the prenatal care booklet. The spatial scanning technique was used to detect a cluster of risk for the presence or absence of an HBVAC record. After this cluster identification, the individual and environmental variables were compared between the Coverage Areas of Basic Health Units (CAs-BHUs). The mean prevalence of non-HBVAC was 88.34%. Scan spatial scan analysis observed a cluster of a high prevalence of puerperae with a HBVAC record. Comparative analyses have shown that paid work and the number of prenatal visits are positively associated with an HBVAC record. Given the above, this work brings a reflection on possible disparities with other CAs-BHUs, besides the influence of the environmental perspective. It should be emphasized that the vaccination situation is influenced not only by factors intrinsic to the individuals. However, in this study, the results indicate that individual variables are predominantly mandatory in the decision of HBVAC uptake among pregnant women.

O objetivo deste artigo é analisar a distribuição espacial da vacina contra Hepatite B (VCHB) de gestantes. Estudo transversal, realizado com 266 puérperas. O registro da VCHB foi obtido por meio da caderneta de pré-natal. Para a detecção do cluster de risco para presença de registro ou ausência de VCHB foi utilizada a técnica de varredura espacial. Posteriormente a esta identificação do cluster, procedeu-se à comparação das variáveis individuais e ambientais entre as Áreas de Abrangência da Unidade Básica de Saúde (AA-UBS). A prevalência média de não VCHB foi de 88,34%. A análise de varredura espacial Scan observou-se um cluster de alta prevalência de puérperas que apresentava o registro da VCHB em suas cadernetas. Análises comparativas demonstraram que trabalho remunerado e o número de consultas realizadas no pré-natal estão associados positivamente a VCHB. Este trabalho suscita uma reflexão de possíveis disparidades com as demais AA-UBS, além da perspectiva a nível ambiental. Ressalta-se que a situação vacinal sofre influência não somente de fatores intrínsecos aos indivíduos, entretanto, nesse estudo, os resultados apontam que as variáveis individuais são majoritariamente mandatórias na decisão das gestantes em vacinarem.

PARTICIPATION OF ULTRA-PROCESSED FOODS IN BRAZILIAN SCHOOL CHILDREN'S DIET AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the contribution of ultra-processed foods (UPF) in the schoolchildren diet and associated factors. METHODS: Cross-sectional study with children from public schools in Southeast of Brazil, aged eight to 12 years old. A questionnaire was applied to the students to investigate anthropometric data, eating and lifestyle habits and food consumption. The consumption of UPF was evaluated by two 24-hour dietary recalls (24HR) of non-consecutive days, and the NOVA method was adopted for food classification. The sample was estimated considering the percentage of total caloric value from UPF identified by a similar study (n=260). The association between variables was evaluated by Simple and Multiple Logistic Regression. RESULTS: The average energy consumption was 1992 kcal/day, 25.2% from UPF. Schoolchildren had a mean of 9.8±0.5 years of age, 53.4% were female and 32.6% were overweight. The most consumed UPF were industrialized pastas, sweet biscuits, sausages, chocolate powder and soft drinks. In the multivariate model, schoolchildren who have the habit of TV watching during meals and those with obesity presented 1.87 (95% confidence interval [95%CI] 1.03-3.39) and 2.05 (95%CI 1,01-4.20) times more chance of having higher consumption of ultra-processed foods, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The contribution of UPF was expressive in the feeding of the students and it was positively associated with the excess of weight and with the habit of eating while watching television. These findings indicate the importance of nutritional interventions to promote healthy habits, thus preventing overweight during childhood.

Hospital-acquired conditions and length of stay in the pregnancy and puerperal cycle.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of the Hospital-Acquired Conditions (HAC) in women in the puerperal and pregnancy cycle during length of stay. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 113,456 women, between July 2012 and July 2017, in Brazil's national hospitals of the supplementary healthcare networks and philanthropists accredited to the Unified Health System (SUS). Data on hospital discharges were collected using the Diagnosis-Related Groups (DRG Brasil®) system. All DRGs of the major diagnostic category 14 (MDC14), including pregnancy, childbirth and puerperium, were included. The impact of HAC on length of stay was estimated by Student's t-test, and the effect size by Cohen's d, which allows to assess clinical relevance. RESULTS: The most prevalent diagnostic categories related to MDC14 were vaginal and cesarean deliveries without complicating diagnoses, both at institutions accredited to SUS and those for supplementary health care. The prevalence of HAC was 3.8% in supplementary health and 2.5% in SUS. Hospitals providing services to supplementary health care providers had a longer length of stay considering HAC for patients classified as DRG: cesarean section with complications or comorbidities at admission (p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.74), cesarean section without complications or comorbidities at admission (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 0.31), postpartum and post abortion without listed procedure (p < 0.001, Cohen's d = 1.05), and other antepartum diagnoses with medical complications (p < 0.001; Cohen's d = 0.77). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that the prevalence of HAC was low both in the institutions accredited to attend by SUS and in those of supplementary health; however, its presence contributes to increasing the length of stay in cases of cesarean sections without complications or comorbidities in supplementary health institutions.

The influence of neighborhood safety and built environment on childhood obesity: isolated and combined effect of contextual factors / A influência da segurança da vizinhança e do ambiente construído sobre a obesidade infantil: efeitos isolado e combinado de fatores contextuais / La influencia de la seguridad del vecindario y el ambiente construido sobre la obesidad infantil: efectos aislados y combinados de los factores contextuales

Abstract: This study aims to analyze the isolated and combined effect of objective measures concerning neighborhood safety, food, and physical activity environments on students' obesity. This is a cross-sectional study conducted with 9- and 10-year-old children enrolled in the municipal education network of a Brazilian metropolis. Environment objective measures comprised neighborhood unsafety (annual criminality and road traffic accident rates), availability of public parks and spaces for physical activity practicing, and index of establishments that predominantly sell ultra-processed food. Euclidean buffers of 1,000m around the children's house were used as eligible geographic units. This study adopted the Principal Component Analysis and Generalized Estimation Equation models. Stratified analyses were conducted based on neighborhood unsafety and on child's family income. In total, 717 students were assessed, 12.2% of them were children with obesity. The latent variable of the obesogenic environment (deduced by environment unsafety rates and the index of establishments that predominantly sell ultra-processed food) was a risk factor for obesity in children with lower socioeconomic levels (OR = 2.37; 95%CI: 1.06-5.19). Public parks and spaces for physical activity practicing were protective factors against childhood obesity only in locations recording the lowest environment unsafety rates (OR = 0.30; 95%CI: 0.09-0.94). Based on our findings, social conditions change the effect of the environment on childhood obesity, reinforcing the relevance of inter-sectoral policies and strategies against this condition.

Resumo: Este artigo busca analisar os efeitos isolado e combinado de medidas objetivas relativas à segurança da vizinhança, alimentação e ambientes de atividade física sobre a obesidade de crianças em idade escolar. Este estudo transversal foi realizado com crianças de 9 e 10 anos de idade que estavam matriculadas na rede municipal de ensino de uma metrópole brasileira. As medidas objetivas ambientais incluíram a insegurança nos bairros (índices anuais de criminalidade e acidentes de trânsito), disponibilidade de logradouros e espaços públicos para a prática de atividade física e o índice de estabelecimentos que comercializam majoritariamente alimentos ultraprocessados. Um buffer euclidiano de 1.000m em torno da casa das crianças foi tomado como unidade geográfica elegível. Nossa análise englobou os modelos de Análise de Componentes Principais e de Estimação de Equação Generalizada. Análises estratificadas foram realizadas com base na insegurança da vizinhança e na renda familiar da família da criança. Avaliamos 717 estudantes, 12,2% dos quais eram obesos. A variável latente ambiente obesogênico (deduzida das taxas de insegurança ambiental e do índice de estabelecimentos que comercializam majoritariamente alimentos ultraprocessados) constituiu o fator de risco para obesidade em crianças em famílias de baixa renda (OR = 2,37; IC95%: 1,06-5,19). Parques e espaços públicos para a prática de atividade física foram fatores de proteção contra a obesidade infantil apenas nos locais que registraram as menores taxas de insegurança ambiental (OR = 0,30; IC95%: 0,09-0,94). Com base em nossos achados, a condição social modifica o efeito do ambiente sobre a obesidade infantil e reforça a relevância de políticas e estratégias intersetoriais para prevenir a obesidade infantil.

Resumen: Este artículo busca analizar los efectos aislados y combinados de medidas objetivas relacionadas con la seguridad del vecindario, la alimentación y los ambientes de actividad física sobre la obesidad de los niños en edad escolar. Este estudio transversal fue realizado con niños de 9 y 10 años de edad que estaban matriculados en la red municipal de enseñanza de una metrópoli brasileña. Las medidas objetivas ambientales incluyeron la inseguridad en los barrios (índices anuales de criminalidad y accidentes de tránsito), disponibilidad de espacios públicos para la práctica de actividad física y el índice de establecimientos que comercializan mayoritariamente alimentos ultraprocesados. Se tomó como unidad geográfica elegible un buffer euclidiano de 1.000 metros en torno a la casa de los niños. Nuestro análisis abarcó los modelos de Análisis de Componentes Principales y Estimación de Ecuaciones Generalizadas. Se realizaron análisis estratificados basados en la inseguridad del vecindario y en los ingresos de la familia del niño. Evaluamos a 717 estudiantes, de los cuales el 12,2% eran obesos. La variable latente ambiente obesogénico (deducida de las tasas de inseguridad ambiental y del índice de establecimientos que comercializan mayoritariamente alimentos ultraprocesados) constituyó el factor de riesgo de obesidad en niños de familias con bajos ingresos (OR = 2,37; IC95%: 1,06-5,19). Los parques y espacios públicos para la práctica de actividad física fueron factores de protección contra la obesidad infantil solo en los lugares que registraron las menores tasas de inseguridad ambiental (OR = 0,30; IC95%: 0,09-0,94). Sobre la base de nuestros hallazgos, la condición social modifica el efecto del ambiente sobre la obesidad infantil y refuerza la relevancia de las políticas y estrategias intersectoriales para prevenir la obesidad infantil.

OVERWEIGHT, PERCEIVED ENVIRONMENT, AND SOCIAL DEPRIVATION: A STUDY ON THE PERCEPTION OF PARENTS OR GUARDIANS. / EXCESSO DE PESO, AMBIENTE PERCEBIDO E PRIVAÇÃO SOCIAL: UM ESTUDO DA PERCEPÇÃO DE PAIS OU RESPONSÁVEIS.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate parents' or guardians' perception of their residential proximity to food retailers, leisure areas, and spaces for physical activity according to neighborhood social deprivation, and test associations between the perceived environment and their children's overweight. METHODS: Cross-sectional study conducted with 408 children and adolescents (6- to 15-year-olds) attending public schools in a medium-sized Brazilian city. Data were collected from 2011 to 2014. A telephone interview using a structured research tool determined the presence of overweight and the walking time between the participants' home and the places evaluated. The indicator of social deprivation adopted was the Health Vulnerability Index. Logistic regression models were constructed to predict the perception of proximity (social deprivation as an explanatory variable) and evaluate perceived environmental factors (explanatory variables) associated with overweight (outcome). RESULTS: Residents of areas with higher social vulnerability showed a probability of perceived proximity 50 to 71% lower to supermarkets, street/produce markets, parks, recreation areas/community centers, and gyms compared to residents of less vulnerable areas. The perceived proximity to parks reduced the chance of overweight in children and adolescents in 73%, with an odds ratio (OR) of 0.27 (95%CI 0.07-0.95; p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The perceived environment of the residential area infrastructure might be related to neighborhood social deprivation and the presence of overweight in children and adolescents.

OBJETIVO: Investigar a percepção de pais ou responsáveis sobre a proximidade residencial a locais de venda de alimentos, de lazer e de atividade física segundo a privação social da vizinhança e testar associações do ambiente percebido com o excesso de peso de seus filhos. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal conduzido com 408 crianças e adolescentes (6 a 15 anos de idade) de escolas públicas de um município de médio porte brasileiro. A coleta de dados ocorreu de 2011 a 2014. Foram determinados a presença de excesso de peso e o tempo de deslocamento da residência dos participantes aos locais avaliados, questionados durante entrevista telefônica com instrumento de pesquisa estruturado. O indicador de privação social adotado foi o Índice de Vulnerabilidade da Saúde. Modelos de regressão logística foram construídos para predizer a proximidade percebida (privação social como variável explicativa) e para avaliar os fatores do ambiente percebido (variáveis explicativas) associados ao excesso de peso (desfecho). RESULTADOS: Moradores de áreas com maior vulnerabilidade social apresentaram chances de percepção de proximidade 50 a 71% menores para supermercados, feiras/sacolões, parques, áreas de lazer/centros comunitários e academias de ginástica, quando comparados a residentes de áreas com menor vulnerabilidade. A percepção de proximidade a parques reduziu em 73% a chance de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes, com Odds Ratio (OR) de 0,27 (IC95% 0,07-0,95; p<0,05). CONCLUSÕES: A percepção ambiental sobre a infraestrutura da área residencial pode estar relacionada com a privação social da vizinhança e a presença de excesso de peso em crianças e adolescentes.

The food environment of Brazilian public and private schools.

This study's aim was to characterize the food environment of Brazilian public and private schools. This was a national school-based cross-sectional study with 1,247 schools - among which 81.09% were public and 18.91% were private - in 124 Brazilian municipalities. The data originated from the Questionnaire on Aspects of the School Environment, used in the Study of Cardiovascular Risk in Adolescents (ERICA) in 2013 and 2014. Data analysis was conducted in 2017. The chi-square test was used to compare proportions. A greater proportion of public schools offered school meals (98.15%) in comparison to private schools (8.07%) (p < 0.001). The internal sale of food and beverages was more prevalent in private schools (97.75% vs. 45.06%, p < 0.001). Also, sale and advertisement of processed and ultra-processed foods (sodas, cookies, savory snacks, sandwiches and pizza), as well as the presence of vending machines for industrialized products (18.02% vs. 4%) (p < 0.001) were more common in private schools. Street vendors at the school gate or surroundings were identified in 41.32% of the public schools and 47.75% of the private schools (p > 0.05). These findings reveal the predominance of obesogenic environments mainly in private schools, and can contribute to the design of Brazilian public policies to promote a healthy school food environment.

Analysis of the elaboration and proposal of a Brazilian intersectoral strategy for the prevention and care of childhood obesity / Análise do processo de construção e proposta de uma estratégia intersetorial brasileira para prevenção e atenção à obesidade infantil / Análisis del proceso de construcción y propuesta de una estrategia intersectorial brasileña para la prevención y atención de la obesidad infantil

Abstract: The Brazilian Strategy for the Prevention and Care of Childhood Obesity (PROTEJA) aims to implement a set of actions to prevent obesity in Brazil. As such, this qualitative and descriptive documentary study presents the Strategy's stages of the operational design, general proposal, evaluation and monitoring conducted by the Brazilian Ministry of Health's technical coordination. After analyzing the epidemiological data on children and the existing policies aimed at obesity prevention, and reviewing the scientific literature and recommendations, PROTEJA was formulated and approved by the Brazilian Ministry of Health, and 1,320 municipalities committed to implementing 20 essential and 5 complementary actions, from 41, including some structural to improve environments. Coordinated by the Brazilian Ministry of Health in partnership with subnational governments and universities, the Strategy also relies on a local team for implementation support, as well as implementation and impact evaluations. Actions will be monitored annually, and the indicators will impact financial incentives. As a strong, evidence-based and innovative strategy aiming to promote healthy environments in cities, PROTEJA has the potential to open a path to childhood obesity reversal, as well as add to the implementation science and contribute to the development and improvement of public policies for obesity prevention; however, its implementation remains a challenge.

Resumo: A Estratégia de Prevenção e Atenção à Obesidade Infantil (PROTEJA) visa promover a implementação de um pacote de ações para prevenção da obesidade no Brasil. Este estudo apresenta as etapas de desenho operacional, proposta geral, avaliação e monitoramento do PROTEJA realizadas pela coordenação técnica do Ministério da Saúde. Trata-se de um estudo qualitativo baseado em análise descritiva documental. A formulação da estratégia envolveu análise de dados epidemiológicos de crianças brasileiras, análise de políticas existentes, e uma revisão da literatura científica e das recomendações O PROTEJA foi então formulado e aprovado pelo Ministério da Saúde e 1.320 municípios se comprometeram a implementar 20 ações essenciais e 5 complementares das 41 ações, incluindo algumas estruturais para melhoria dos ambientes. A estratégia é coordenada pelo Ministério da Saúde em parceria com governos subnacionais e universidades. Sua implementação conta com apoio de uma equipe em nível local, e prevê a avaliação da implementação e de impacto. As ações serão monitoradas anualmente, e os indicadores também implicarão nos incentivos financeiros. O PROTEJA é uma estratégia forte, baseada em evidências e inovadora que visa promover ambientes saudáveis nas cidades, mas sua implementação é desafiadora. Não obstante, apresenta um possível caminho para a reversão da obesidade infantil. Também pode agregar à ciência de implementação e contribuir para o desenvolvimento e aprimoramento de políticas públicas de prevenção da obesidade.

Resumen: La Estrategia Brasileña para la Prevención y Atención de la Obesidad Infantil (PROTEJA) tiene como objetivo promover la implementación de un conjunto de acciones para prevenir la obesidad en Brasil. Este estudio presenta las etapas del diseño operativo, la propuesta general, la evaluación y el seguimiento de PROTEJA realizadas por la coordinación técnica del Ministerio de Salud brasileño. Se trata de un estudio cualitativo basado en el análisis descriptivo de documentos. La formulación de la estrategia implicó el análisis de datos epidemiológicos de niños brasileños, el análisis de las políticas existentes y una revisión de la literatura científica y de las recomendaciones. PROTEJA fue entonces formulado y aprobado por el Ministerio de Salud, y 1.320 municipios se comprometieron a implementar 20 acciones esenciales y 5 complementarias de las 41 acciones, incluidas algunas estructurales para mejorar los entornos. La estrategia es coordinada por el Ministerio de Salud en colaboración con gobiernos subnacionales y universidades. Su implementación cuenta con el apoyo de un equipo a nivel local, y prevé una evaluación de la implementación y de impacto. Las acciones se monitorearán anualmente, y los indicadores también implicarán incentivos económicos. PROTEJA es una estrategia sólida, basada en evidencias e innovadora que busca promover entornos saludables en las ciudades, pero su implementación es un desafío. Sin embargo, presenta una posible vía para revertir la obesidad infantil. También puede agregar a la ciencia de implementación y contribuir al desarrollo y a la mejora de políticas públicas para prevenir la obesidad.

Fortalecimento das ações de cuidado às pessoas com obesidade no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19: o caso do Brasil / Enhancing care measures for people with obesity in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic: the case of Brazil

Resumo O presente estudo ecológico descritivo objetivou analisar o papel indutor de um incentivo financeiro federal repassado aos municípios brasileiros em 2020, em meio à pandemia de COVID-19, no aumento do número de atendimentos individuais para a condição de obesidade na atenção primária à saúde (APS). Utilizaram-se dados secundários, obtidos no Sistema de Informação em Saúde para a Atenção Básica e no Sistema de Vigilância Alimentar e Nutricional (SISVAN). Em 2021, 74,8% dos 5.504 municípios que receberam o incentivo financeiro apresentaram aumento no número de atendimentos individuais para a condição avaliada como obesidade na APS, em relação a 2020. O número de pessoas identificadas com obesidade e o número de atendimentos individuais para esta condição foram maiores em 2021 do que nos demais anos analisados (2017 a 2020). Na comparação de 2021 com 2020 (ano de recebimento do incentivo financeiro), observou-se que o percentual de aumento de atendimentos individuais foi superior ao percentual de aumento de pessoas com obesidade registradas no SISVAN (77,6% vs. 39,1%). Em conclusão, incentivos financeiros federais, canalizados para o fortalecimento do cuidado às pessoas com obesidade no âmbito da APS, figuram como importantes mecanismos de indução de ações em nível local.

Abstract This descriptive ecological study sought to analyze the inductive role of a federal financial incentive passed on to Brazilian municipalities in 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, in increasing the number of individual consultations for the condition of obesity in primary health care (PHC). Secondary data obtained from the Health Information System for Primary Care and from the Food and Nutrition Surveillance System (SISVAN) were used. In 2021, 74.8% of the 5,504 municipalities that received the financial incentive, showed an increase in the number of individual obesity consultations in PHC, compared to 2020. The number of people identified with obesity and the number of individual visits for this condition were higher in 2021 than in the other years analyzed (2017 to 2020). Comparing 2021 with 2020 (year of receipt of the financial incentive), it was observed that the percentage of increase in the number of individual consultations for the condition of obesity was higher than the increase in the number of people identified with obesity in the SISVAN (77.6 % vs. 39.1%). In conclusion, federal financial incentives for municipalities, channeled to enhance care for people with obesity within the scope of PHC, are important mechanisms for inducing actions at the local level.

Excesso de peso e qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática / Overweight and health-related quality of life in adolescents: a systematic review / Sobrepeso y calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

Objetivo: avaliar criticamente e conduzir uma síntese dos resultados de diversos estudos primários no que se refere àassociação entre excesso de peso e qualidade de vida entre adolescentes. Método:revisão sistemática de literatura, cuja pergunta foi definida através da estratégia PECO e a elaboração do manuscrito foi baseada no PRISMA. As bases de dados pesquisadas foram PubMed (US National Library of Medicine National Institutes of Health), Lilacs (Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde), Scopuse Science Direct.Resultados:um total de 34 artigos foram selecionados, sendo que97% delesapresentaram amostras internacionais. O excesso de peso esteve associado ao declínio da qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em 94% das publicações, predominantemente nos domínios físico e psicossocial. Conclusão:o excesso de peso impacta negativamente na qualidade de vida relacionada à saúde em adolescentes. São imperativos investimentos em políticas públicas que favoreçam a prevenção daobesidade entre adolescentes.

Objective: to critically evaluate and conduct a synthesis of the results of several primary studies regarding the association between overweight and quality of life among adolescents. Method:systematic literature review, whose question was defined using the PECO strategy and the manuscript preparation was based on PRISMA. The databases searched were PubMed (US National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health), Lilacs (Latin American and Caribbean Literature in Health Sciences), Scopus and Science Direct. Results:a total of 34 articles were selected, 97% of which had international samples. Overweight was associated with a decline in health-related quality of life in 94% of publications, predominantly in the physical and psychosocial domains. Conclusion:overweight negatively impacts health-related quality of life in adolescents. Investments in public policies that favor the prevention to obesity among adolescents are imperative.

Objetivo: evaluar críticamente y realizar una síntesis de los resultados de varios estudios primarios sobre la asociación entre sobrepeso y calidad de vida en adolescentes. Método: revisión sistemática de la literatura, cuya pregunta se definió mediante la estrategia PECO y la elaboración del manuscrito se basó en PRISMA. Las bases de datos buscadas fueron PubMed (Biblioteca Nacional de Medicina de los EE. UU., Institutos Nacionales de Salud), Lilacs (Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud), Scopus y Science Direct. Resultados: se seleccionaron un total de 34 artículos, de los cuales el 97% tenían muestras internacionales. El exceso de peso se asoció con una disminución de la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en el 94% de las publicaciones, predominantemente en los dominios físico y psicosocial. Conclusión: el sobrepeso impacta negativamente en la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud en adolescentes. Es imperativo invertir en políticas públicas que favorezcan la prevención y atención de la obesidad entre los adolescentes.

Promoção da Alimentação Adequada e Saudável no âmbito do Programa Saúde na Escola: implementação e contribuição do Programa Crescer Saudável / Promotion of Adequate and Healthy Eating within the scope of the School Health Program: implementation and contribution of the Healthy Growth Program

RESUMO O objetivo do presente estudo foi mostrar a evolução do percentual de escolas aderidas ao Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) que realizaram atividade coletiva sobre Promoção da Alimentação Adequada e Saudável (Paas) ao longo dos últimos cinco anos e verificar se há diferença desse indicador segundo adesão ao Programa Crescer Saudável (PCS). Trata-se de um estudo de delineamento ecológico, desenvolvido com dados cadastrados no Sistema de Informação em Saúde para a Atenção Básica (Sisab). Houve incremento na realização de ações coletivas sobre Paas durante o período de 2017 a 2019. Em 2020, houve redução das ações realizadas; e em 2021, houve incremento de ações realizadas em comparação com 2020. Os municípios que receberam recurso financeiro adicional por terem aderido ao PCS apresentaram os maiores percentuais de escolas que realizaram atividades coletivas sobre Paas. A realização das ações de Paas não ocorreu de forma homogênea segundo as macrorregiões brasileiras. Conclui-se que, nos últimos anos, houve o fortalecimento das ações de Paas no âmbito do PSE, com significativa redução dessa ação no contexto da pandemia da Covid-19. O recebimento do recurso adicional do PCS favoreceu o desenvolvimento das ações sobre Paas, o que reforça a importância do repasse financeiro regular.

ABSTRACT The study aims to show the evolution of the percentage of schools adhering to the School Health Program (PSE) that carried out a collective activity on the Promotion of Adequate and Healthy Eating (PAAS) over the last five years and verify if there is a difference in this indicator according to adhesion to the Healthy Growth Program (PCS). Ecological study, developed with data registered in the Health Information System for Primary Care (SISAB). The performance of collective actions on PAAS from 2017 to 2019 increased. In 2020, there was a reduction in the actions carried out; and in 2021 there was an increase in actions carried out compared to 2020. The municipalities that received additional funds from the PCS had the highest percentages of schools carrying out collective activities on PAAS. The implementation of PAAS actions did not occur homogeneously according to the Brazilian macro-regions. It is concluded that there has been a strengthening of PAAS actions within the scope of the PSE, with a significant reduction of this action in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Getting additional resources from the PCS favored the development of actions on PAAS, which reinforces the importance of regular financial transfers.

Associação entre peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e diagnósticos secundários na permanência hospitalar de recém-nascidos prematuros / Asociación entre peso al nacimiento, edad gestacional y diagnóstico secundario en estancia hospitalaria de recién nacido prematuro / Association between birth weight, gestational age and secondary diagnoses in the hospital stay of premature newborns

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a associação entre peso ao nascer, idade gestacional e diagnósticos médicos secundários no tempo de permanência hospitalar de recém-nascidos prematuros. Métodos: estudo transversal, com 1.329 prontuários de recém-nascidos no período de julho de 2012 a setembro de 2015, em dois hospitais de Belo Horizonte, que utilizam o sistema Diagnosis Related Groups Brasil. Para determinar um ponto de corte para o peso ao nascer e a idade gestacional no nascimento que melhor determinasse o tempo de internação, foi utilizada a curva Receive Operator Characteristic. Posteriormente, utilizou-se o teste de análise de variância e teste de Duncan para a comparação entre a média de tempo de permanência hospitalar. Resultados: a prematuridade sem problemas maiores (DRG 792) foi a categoria mais prevalente (43,12%). O maior tempo médio de internação foi de 34,9 dias, identificado entre os recém-nascidos prematuros ou com síndrome da angústia respiratória (DRG 790). A combinação de menor peso ao nascer e menor IG ao nascimento apresentou o maior risco de permanência hospitalar, aumentada quando comparados aos demais perfis formados para esse DRG. Conclusão: os achados poderão direcionar a assistência em relação à mobilização de recursos físicos, humanos e de bens de consumo, além da análise crítica de condições que influenciam os desfechos clínicos. A possibilidade da otimização do uso desses recursos hospitalares aliada à melhoria da qualidade dos atendimentos e da segurança dos pacientes está associada à minimização do tempo de permanência hospitalar e da carga de morbidade e mortalidade neonatal.

RESUMEN Objetivo: verificar la asociación entre el peso al nacer, la edad gestacional y los diagnósticos médicos secundarios en la duración de la estancia hospitalaria de los recién nacidos prematuros. Métodos: estudio transversal, con 1.329 registros de recién nacidos de julio de 2012 a septiembre de 2015, en dos hospitales de Belo Horizonte, que utilizan el sistema Diagnosis Related Groups Brasil. Para determinar un punto de corte para el peso al nacer y la edad gestacional al nacer que mejor determina la duración de la estadía, se utilizó la curva Receive Operator Characteristic. Posteriormente, se utilizó la prueba de análisis de varianza y la prueba de Duncan para comparar la duración media de la estancia hospitalaria. Resultados: la prematuridad sin mayores problemas (DRG 792) fue la categoría más prevalente (43,12%). La estancia media más larga fue de 34,9 días, identificada entre los recién nacidos prematuros o aquellos con síndrome de dificultad respiratoria (DRG 790). La combinación de menor peso al nacer y menor IG al nacer presentó el mayor riesgo de estancia hospitalaria, que se incrementó en comparación con los otros perfiles formados para este DRG. Conclusión: los hallazgos pueden orientar la atención en relación con la movilización de recursos físicos, humanos y de bienes de consumo, además del análisis crítico de las condiciones que influyen en los resultados clínicos. La posibilidad de optimizar el uso de estos recursos hospitalarios, aliada a mejorar la calidad de la atención y la seguridad del paciente, está asociada a minimizar la duración de la estancia hospitalaria y la carga de morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal.

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the association between birth weight, gestational age, and secondary medical diagnoses in the length of hospital stay of premature newborns. Methods: cross-sectional study, with 1,329 medical records of newborns from July 2012 to September 2015, in two hospitals in Belo Horizonte, which use the Diagnosis Related Groups Brasil system. To determine a cutoff point for birth weight and gestational age at birth that best determined the length of hospital stay, the Receive Operator Characteristic curve was used. Subsequently, the analysis of variance test and Duncan's test were used to compare the mean length of hospital stay. Results: prematurity without major problems (DRG792) was the most prevalent category (43.12%). The longest mean length of hospital stay was 34.9 days, identified among preterm infants or infants with respiratory distress syndrome (DRG 790). The combination of lower birth weight and lower GA at birth presented the highest risk of hospital stay, increased when compared to the other profiles formed for this DRG. Conclusion: the findings may direct assistance in relation to the mobilization of physical, human and consumer goods resources, in addition to the critical analysis of conditions that influence clinical outcomes. The possibility of optimizing the use of these hospital resources, allied to improving the quality of care and patient safety, is associated with minimizing the length of hospital stay and the burden of neonatal morbidity and mortality.