Prevalence and patterns of gender disparity in workplace violence among healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVES: Despite the critical value of healthcare workers (HCWs) demonstrated during the COVID-19 pandemic, there remains a noted global surge in violence against this population. The present meta-analysis aimed to gather data on the prevalence of workplace violence (WPV) against HCWs and to determine if there is any difference based on gender. STUDY DESIGN: This was a systematic review and meta-analysis. METHODS: A thorough search of PubMed/MEDLINE, Lilacs, and Cochrane Collaboration databases was conducted from the start of the COVID-19 pandemic until March 8, 2023. Two authors independently carried out screening, data extraction, and quality assessment, followed by statistical analysis using random-effects meta-analysis and subgroup analysis to assess heterogeneity. RESULTS: We included 22 studies with 44,357 participants, of which 79.37% were women. The analysis revealed an overall prevalence of WPV similar in both women (51.86%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 41.39-62.33) and men (51.45%, 95% CI: 40.95-61.95). There were considerable differences in gender-based WPV across geographic regions. Aggressions tend to be higher toward men in Asia (odds ratio [OR] 0.79, 95% CI 0.74-0.85, P < 0.001). Conversely, in Latin America, WPV prevalence was higher in women (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.01-1.4, P = 0.035). HCWs from low- middle-income-level countries suffered a higher incidence of violence irrespective of gender compared with high- and upper-middle-income countries (72.36% vs 47.35%). CONCLUSIONS: Our data indicate that more than half of HCWs experienced WPV during the COVID-19 pandemic. In addition, women and HCWs in low-middle-income countries were notably vulnerable to WPV. A deeper understanding of the nuances behind violence against HCWs will help to facilitate tailored strategies for different demographical contexts. REGISTRATION: PROSPERO ID: CRD42023403970.

[Adrenocortical tumors in children]. / Tumores adrenocorticales en niños.

Adrenocortical tumors are uncommon in childhood. The incidence of these tumors is about 0.3-0.4% of all the solid tumors in childhood. Because of its low incidence, there are no established protocols or uniform histological classification. Most of these endocrine tumors are hormone producing, causing virilization, Cushing's syndrome, feminization, hiperaldosteronism or hipoglicemy. Only a few of these do not produce hormones. The treatment is always surgical. The efficacy of another treatments (chemotherapy or radiotherapy) has not been demonstrated in infancy. It prognosis depends on the age and the resectability.

[Early or late orchidopexy? An evaluation of germ cell proliferation by PCNA immune expression]. / Orquidopexia precoz o tardía? Valoración de la proliferación de las células germinales mediante inmunoexpresión de PCNA.

A immunocytochemical study for detection of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) in order to quantify the number of PCNA-positive spermatogonia, and cytophotometric determination of spermatogonial DNA were performed in cryptorchid and control testes. The number of PCNA-positive spermatogonia, and the average DNA content of spermatogonia in the cryptorchid testes were altered from first years of age. These precocious spermatogonial alterations suggest that the early surgical testicular descent doesn't prevent lesions of germ cells.