Lifestyle interventions with dietary strategies after breast cancer diagnosis: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: Obesity can increase mortality and morbidity in breast cancer survivors. Healthy lifestyle factors such as diet can help manage weight in this population. This systematic review examined lifestyle interventions with dietary strategies for breast cancer survivors and their effect on diet and/or weight-related outcomes. METHODS: Searches were conducted in Ovid MEDLINE® ALL (1946-February 14, 2022), Embase (Elsevier), CINAHL Complete (EBSCO), and APA PsycArticles (EBSCO), using keywords for diet, breast cancer, and intervention. The search was limited to human studies, English language, and publication processing date 2016-2023. RESULTS: The search yielded 3427 articles. After title and abstract review, 225 full-text articles were screened, and 67 articles with 61 distinct samples and interventions met inclusion criteria. Of these 61 lifestyle interventions with dietary strategies, 43 interventions also addressed physical activity. Most studies were randomized controlled trials (n = 41) and conducted post-treatment (n = 45). Mean participant age was 54 years. Of 29 studies that reported race/ethnicity, 20 (69%) reported ≥50% White participants. Of 36 that reported dietary outcomes, 29 (81%) reported significant findings. Of 57 that reported weight-related outcomes, 51 (89%) reported significant findings. CONCLUSION: This review demonstrated promising evidence for the efficacy of lifestyle interventions with dietary strategies in breast cancer survivors. However, culturally tailored interventions and interventions conducted before and during treatment are lacking.

A qualitative study of stress experiences, health behaviors, and intervention preferences in young adult cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: To inform behavioral intervention development, this study examined experiences and unmet needs related to stress, diet, and physical activity in young adult (YA) cancer survivors. METHODS: Twenty-three semi-structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of YA cancer survivors (n = 12 aged 18-29 years; n = 11 aged 30-39 years; 57% racial or ethnic minority) between May and July 2022 via Zoom. Data were analyzed using a coding reliability approach to thematic analysis. RESULTS: Stressor-related themes included health and health care, economic stability, social and community context, and balancing responsibilities. Transition to independent adulthood was discussed among younger participants (18-29 years). Coping-related themes included letting go, keeping anchored in faith, and distraction. Older participants (30-39 years) reported more diverse coping strategies. Routine and consistency and the impact of stress were themes aligning with health behaviors. Control was a cross-cutting theme regarding stressors, coping, and health behaviors. Themes related to intervention preferences included individualized approach, expert-based content, peer support, integrative self-care, and manageability. Younger participants preferred multiple intervention formats (e.g., website, tracking logs). CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlighted unmet needs regarding social and environmental stressors in YA cancer survivors and a preference for individualized, expert-based content and peer support in stress management-enhanced behavioral interventions. Such interventions may be tailored for specific age groups to account for differences in stress experiences and intervention preferences.

Sociocultural factors associated with physical activity in Black prostate cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: Prostate cancer disproportionately affects Black men. Physical activity protects long-term health and quality of life outcomes in prostate cancer survivors. This study aimed to identify sociocultural factors related to physical activity among Black prostate cancer survivors to inform culturally tailored intervention development. METHODS: This secondary analysis included data from 257 men who identified as Black or African American and were diagnosed with prostate cancer between 2013 and 2018. Participants completed validated self-report measures of perceived history of racial discrimination, religiosity, fatalism, sociodemographic (e.g., age, ethnicity, income) and clinical characteristics (e.g., years since diagnosis, comorbidity burden), and leisure-time physical activity. Regression analyses were conducted to examine the associations between sociocultural factors and mild, moderate, and vigorous physical activity. RESULTS: Participants were on average 68.7 years old (SD = 7.7), and most were non-Hispanic (97.3%), married (68.9%), reported an annual household income above $50,000 (57.1%), received at least some college education (74.1%), and were overweight or had obesity (78.5%). Participants reported on average 88.1 (SD = 208.6) min of weekly mild physical activity, and most did not meet guidelines for weekly moderate (80.5%) or vigorous (73.0%) physical activity. After adjusting for covariates, older age and greater religiosity were associated with mild physical activity (ps ≤ 0.05). Higher levels of fatalism were associated with lower odds of meeting guidelines for moderate physical activity (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.77-0.99). CONCLUSIONS: Sociocultural factors such as religiosity and fatalism may be associated with some forms of physical activity in Black prostate cancer survivors. These findings suggest that incorporating faith-based practices into health behavior interventions may be appropriate for this population.

Relationship Between Race and Gestational Weight Gain in Pregnancy and Early Life in the South Birth-Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to evaluate whether differences in gestational weight gain (GWG) and adverse perinatal outcomes exist for Black and White women who are overweight or have obesity (OW/OB) at entry to prenatal care. METHODS: We enrolled 183 pregnant women with BMI 25-45 kg/m2 (71% black, 29% white) prior to 14 weeks gestation. Data were collected on demographic, medical history, diet and physical activity during pregnancy. Relationships between race and maternal outcomes and infant outcomes were assessed using multivariable logistic regression models. RESULTS: The average age of pregnant women were 26 years (±4.8), with a mean BMI of 32.1 (±5.1) kg/m2 at the time of enrollment. At delivery, 60 women (33%) had GWG within Institute of Medicine recommendations and 69% had at least one comorbidity. No significant differences by race were found in GWG (in lbs) (11±7.5 vs. 11.4±7.3, p=0.2006) as well as other perinatal outcomes including maternal morbidity, LBW and PTB. Race differences were noted for gestational diabetes, total energy expenditure and average daily calorie intake, but these differences did not result in significant differences in GWG or maternal morbidity. CONCLUSION: The lack of racial differences in GWG and perinatal outcomes demonstrated in this study differs from prior literature and could potentially be attributed to small sample size. Findings suggest that race differences in GWG and perinatal outcomes may diminish for women with a BMI in the overweight or obese range at conception.

Rationale and study protocol for a randomized controlled trial to determine the effectiveness of a culturally relevant, stress management enhanced behavioral weight loss intervention on weight loss outcomes of black women.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is a persistent public health concern and a risk factor for many chronic diseases including at least 13 different cancers. Adult Black females have the highest prevalence of obesity (57%) compared to other racial/gender groups in the U.S. Although behavioral weight loss (BWL) interventions have demonstrated effectiveness, Black females tend to lose less weight than White counterparts. The higher prevalence of chronic psychological stress reported by Black females may contribute to their disproportionate prevalence of obesity and observed suboptimal weight loss. This study will examine the effectiveness of a 12-month culturally-targeted, stress management-enhanced BWL intervention on weight loss and stress reduction among Black females in a fully-powered randomized, controlled trial. METHODS: Adult Black females with obesity (n = 340) will be randomized to either a culturally targeted stress management-enhanced BWL intervention (BWL-Stress) or the same BWL intervention alone (BWL-alone). The primary outcome is weight change at month 6. Secondary outcomes will include changes in stress measures (e.g., perceived stress, cortisol), energy intake, and physical activity at month 6. We will also assess process measures (e.g., treatment adherence, treatment burden). Each outcome will also be evaluated at month 12 to assess longer-term effects of the intervention. DISCUSSION: This novel approach for enhancing an evidence-based BWL program with culturally-targeted stress management strategies for Black females addresses an understudied barrier to effective weight management among a population at high risk for obesity and obesity-related chronic diseases. This study will potentially elucidate psychological or behavioral mechanisms linking our novel intervention to study outcomes. If the intervention is proven to be effective, this study will have significant clinical and public health implications for weight management among Black females. TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov , identifier NCT04335799t , on April 6, 2020.

Life after breast cancer: 'Being' a young African American survivor.

Objective: In the United States, 26,534 young women (≤45 years) were diagnosed with breast cancer in 2017. Young African American (AA) women have higher incidence and mortality rates than Whites and Hispanics. Yet, few published studies describe survivorship (life after breast cancer diagnosis) experiences among this group. Here, we explore the lived experience of young AA breast cancer survivorship (via quality of life [QOL]).Design: This phenomenological study was framed by the QOL Applied to Breast Cancer model. Fifteen young AA survivors from the Southern U. S. participated in two semi-structured interviews. Methods of transcendental phenomenology were used for data collection and analysis.Results: Five themes emerged from participants' (mean age = 35 years; survivorship = 4 years) descriptions of survivorship experience: (1) actively managing spiritual self, (2) actively managing physical self, (3) actively managing psychological self, (4) actively managing social self, and (5) seeking survivorship knowledge. Participants perceived survivorship as a labile 'new normal' and 'ongoing struggle,' in which spirituality and survivorship knowledge were key to restructuring their lives.Conclusions: Survivorship among young AA survivors was more fluid and complex than the QOL model explained. Findings describe young AA breast cancer survivorship and indicate areas of potential strengths and distress. Healthcare providers and ancillary staff must exercise cultural competence to assess and anticipate young AA survivors' needs and concerns. Implementing targeted survivorship interventions, accounting for cultural contexts (e.g. high spirituality) and need for age-specific survivorship information, may improve QOL among young AA survivors.

Psychological and behavioral pathways between perceived stress and weight change in a behavioral weight loss intervention.

Black women have a higher prevalence of obesity and tend to have suboptimal outcomes in behavioral weight loss programs for reasons that are not fully understood. Studies have shown a potential relationship between perceived psychological stress and weight loss in behavioral interventions. This study sought to assess whether baseline stress was directly or indirectly associated with 6-month weight change among Black women participating in a behavioral weight loss study. Indirect pathways of interest included depressive symptoms and dietary intake. A secondary analysis of data (n = 409) collected from a cluster, randomized behavioral weight loss trial was conducted. Demographics, anthropometry, surveys, and dietary data were collected at baseline and 6 months. Path analysis was used to test for direct and indirect effects of baseline stress on 6-month weight change while controlling for sociodemographic factors and intervention group. Baseline stress was not directly associated with 6-month weight change nor was it indirectly associated via depressive symptoms in the adjusted model. However, each of the direct paths linking baseline stress to weight loss were statistically significant. Stress was not associated with 6-month weight change via dietary intake. Baseline stress was positively associated with 6-month depressive symptoms which in turn was associated with less weight change. Depressive symptoms may offer an additional psychosocial target to consider when designing behavioral weight loss interventions for Black women.

Implications of the vaginal microbiome and potential restorative strategies on maternal health: a narrative review.

The vaginal microbiome undergoes dramatic shifts before and throughout pregnancy. Although the genetic and environmental factors that regulate the vaginal microbiome have yet to be fully elucidated, high-throughput sequencing has provided an unprecedented opportunity to interrogate the vaginal microbiome as a potential source of next-generation therapeutics. Accumulating data demonstrates that vaginal health during pregnancy includes commensal bacteria such as Lactobacillus that serve to reduce pH and prevent pathogenic invasion. Vaginal microbes have been studied as contributors to several conditions occurring before and during pregnancy, and an emerging topic in women's health is finding ways to alter and restore the vaginal microbiome. Among these restorations, perhaps the most significant effect could be preterm labor (PTL) prevention. Since bacterial vaginosis (BV) is known to increase risk of PTL, and vaginal and oral probiotics are effective as supplemental treatments for BV prevention, a potential therapeutic benefit exists for pregnant women at risk of PTL. A new method of restoration, vaginal microbiome transplants (VMTs) involves transfer of one women's cervicovaginal secretions to another. New studies investigating recurrent BV will determine if VMTs can safely establish a healthy Lactobacillus-dominant vaginal microbiome. In most cases, caution must be taken in attributing a disease state and vaginal dysbiosis with a causal relationship, since the underlying reason for dysbiosis is usually unknown. This review focuses on the impact of vaginal microflora on maternal outcomes before and during pregnancy, including PTL, gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, and infertility. It then reviews the clinical evidence focused on vaginal restoration strategies, including VMTs.

Pre-diagnostic allostatic load and health-related quality of life in a cohort of Black breast cancer survivors.

PURPOSE: To determine the association of pre-diagnostic allostatic load (AL) with health-related quality of life (HRQOL) among Black women with breast cancer. METHODS: In a sample of 409 Black women with non-metastatic breast cancer enrolled in the Women's Circle of Health Follow-Up Study (WCHFS), two pre-diagnostic AL measures were estimated using medical records data from up to 12 months prior to breast cancer diagnosis: AL-lipid/metabolic profile-based measure and AL-inflammatory profile-based measure. HRQOL was assessed approximately 24 months post diagnosis, using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Breast Cancer (FACT-B) instrument, including 5 subscale scores [presented by physical well-being (PWB), social & family well-being (SFWB), emotional well-being (EWB), functional well-being (FWB), and breast cancer-specific scale (BCS)] and 3 derived total scores [presented by trial outcome index (TOI), Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-General (FACT-G) and FACT-B]. We used multivariable logistic regression models, using dichotomized AL scores (lower AL: 0-3 points, higher AL: 4-8 points), to assess the associations between the two pre-diagnostic AL measures and HRQOL. RESULTS: Higher pre-diagnostic AL was associated with poorer FWB and lower FACT-G, but these associations were statistically significant for the AL-inflammatory profile-based measure (FWB: OR 1.63, 95% CI 1.04, 2.56; FACT-G: OR 1.62, 95% CI 1.04, 2.54), but not the AL-lipid/metabolic profile-based measure (FWB: OR 1.45, 95% CI 0.81, 2.59; FACT-G: OR 1.33, 95% CI 0.75, 2.37). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that higher AL, particularly when measured using the inflammatory profile-based measure, was associated with poorer HRQOL, namely FWB and FACT-G, among Black breast cancer survivors.

Associations Between Race, Perceived Psychological Stress, and the Gut Microbiota in a Sample of Generally Healthy Black and White Women: A Pilot Study on the Role of Race and Perceived Psychological Stress.

OBJECTIVE: Racial health disparities persist among black and white women for colorectal cancer. Understanding racial differences in the gut microbiota and related covariates (e.g., stress) may yield new insight into unexplained colorectal cancer disparities. METHODS: Healthy non-Hispanic black or white women (age ≥19 years) provided survey data, anthropometrics, and stool samples. Fecal DNA was collected and isolated from a wipe. Polymerase chain reaction was used to amplify the V4 region of the 16SrRNA gene and 250 bases were sequenced using the MiSeq platform. Microbiome data were analyzed using QIIME. Operational taxonomic unit data were log transformed and normalized. Analyses were conducted using linear models in R Package "limma." RESULTS: Fecal samples were analyzed for 80 women (M (SD) age = 39.9 (14.0) years, 47 black, 33 white). Blacks had greater average body mass index (33.3 versus 27.5 kg/m, p < .01) and waist circumference (98.3 versus 86.6 cm, p = .003) than whites. Whites reported more stressful life events (p = .026) and greater distress (p = .052) than blacks. Final models accounted for these differences. There were no significant differences in dietary variables. Unadjusted comparisons revealed no racial differences in alpha diversity. Racial differences were observed in beta diversity and abundance of top 10 operational taxonomic units. Blacks had higher abundances than whites of Faecalibacterium (p = .034) and Bacteroides (p = .038). Stress was associated with abundances of Bifidobacterium. The association between race and Bacteroides (logFC = 1.72, 0 = 0.020) persisted in fully adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: Racial differences in the gut microbiota were observed including higher Bacteroides among blacks. Efforts to cultivate an "ideal" gut microbiota may help reduce colorectal cancer risk.

Longitudinal Analysis of Nut-Inclusive Diets and Body Mass Index Among Overweight and Obese African American Women Living in Rural Alabama and Mississippi, 2011-2013.

INTRODUCTION: Nuts, when eaten alongside other nutritionally rich foods, may decrease obesity and related chronic disease risks, which are high among African American women in the rural South. We monitored changes in nut intake, other obesity-related foods (fruits, vegetables, red or processed meats, added sugars), and body mass index (BMI) over a 2-year weight loss intervention among 383 overweight and obese African American women in rural Alabama and Mississippi. METHODS: Two dietary recalls were administered at 4 points over 24 months. Mann-Whitney tests compared differences in median food group intake between nut consumers and non-nut consumers, and t tests identified BMI differences between groups. Mixed linear models tested the relationship between nut intake and intake of the select food groups, and between nut intake and BMI over time. RESULTS: Overall nut consumers ate more fruits and vegetables and less red meat than non-nut consumers. Nut consumers had lower BMI values than non-nut consumers. Weight loss by the end of the intervention was significant for nut consumers but not for non-nut consumers, even after accounting for kilocalorie consumption and physical activity engagement. CONCLUSION: Nut consumption is associated with consumption of other nutritionally rich foods and lower BMI among African American women in rural Alabama and Mississippi. Future interventions should target increasing daily nut intake, decreasing added sugar intake, and identifying strategies to encourage positive dietary changes to continue after an intervention.

The Activity Support Scale for Multiple Groups (ACTS-MG): Child-reported Physical Activity Parenting in African American and Non-Hispanic White Families.

This study aimed to assess the psychometric properties of a child-report, multidimensional measure of physical activity (PA) parenting, the Activity Support Scale for Multiple Groups (ACTS-MG), in African American and non-Hispanic white families. The ACTS-MG was administered to children aged 5 to 12 years. A three factor model of PA parenting (Modeling of PA, Logistic Support, and Restricting Access to Screen-based Activities) was tested separately for mother's and fathers' PA parenting. The proposed three-factor structure was supported in both racial groups for mothers' PA parenting and in the African American sample for fathers' PA parenting. Factorial invariance between racial groups was demonstrated for mother's PA parenting. Building on a previous study examining the ACTS-MG parent-report, this study supports the use of the ACTS-MG child-report for mothers' PA parenting. However, further research is required to investigate the measurement of fathers' PA parenting across racial groups.

Assessing environmental support for better health: active living opportunity audits in rural communities in the southern United States.

OBJECTIVE: Leisure-time physical activity in the United States is lower rural areas and the South and has been linked to socioeconomic and environmental aspects of where people live. The purpose of this study is to assess the built environment and policies for physical activity in rural communities. METHODS: Eight rural communities in Alabama and Mississippi were assessed in 2011 using the Rural Active Living Assessment (RALA) street segment (SSA), town-wide (TWA), and town program and policies (PPA) assessment tools. Community Health Advisors Trained as Research Partners (CHARPS) and local staff conducted the assessments. The TWA and PPA were scored by domain and total scores. Data were analyzed using descriptive and nonparametric statistics. RESULTS: 117 segments were assessed in 22 towns in 8 counties. Built environmental barriers existed in all communities. Sidewalks were available in only 10-40% of the segments. TWA identified parks and playgrounds as the most available community feature. PPA scores indicated few policies for physical activity outside of school settings with mean scores higher in Mississippi compared to Alabama (61 vs. 49, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Multiple components of rural communities can be successfully assessed by CHARPs using RALA tools, providing information about resources and barriers for physical activity.

Relationship between social support and body mass index among overweight and obese African American women in the rural deep South, 2011-2013.

INTRODUCTION: African American women in the Deep South of the United States are disproportionately obese, a condition strongly influenced by their social environment. The objective of this study was to characterize the prevalence of social support from family and friends for healthy eating and exercise in rural communities. METHODS: This study is an analysis of a subgroup (N = 195) of overweight and obese African American women from a larger ongoing weight loss trial (N = 409) in rural communities of the Alabama Black Belt and Mississippi Delta. The Social Support and Eating Habits Survey and Social Support and Exercise Survey were used to measure support from family and friends for healthy eating and exercise, respectively. Linear regression was conducted to determine the association between social support factors and body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: Concurrently prevalent in our sample were encouraging support for healthy eating (family, median,14.0; range, 5.0-25.0; friends, median, 13.0; range 5.0-25.0) and discouraging support for healthy eating (family, median, 12.0; range, 5.0-25.0; friends, median, 11.0; range, 5.0-25.0). Median scores for support for exercise received in the form of participation from family and friends were 24.0 (range 10.0-48.0) and 24.0 (range 10.0-50.0), respectively. The median score for support for exercise in the form of rewards and punishment from family was 3.0 (range, 3.0-11.0). Social support factors were not associated with BMI. CONCLUSION: Overweight and obese African American women in the rural Deep South experience minimal social support from family and friends for healthy eating and exercise. Given the evidence that social support promotes healthy behaviors, additional research on ways to increase support from family and friends is warranted.

A case-control study of the association between the gut microbiota and colorectal cancer: exploring the roles of diet, stress, and race.

BACKGROUND: The gut microbiota is associated with risk for colorectal cancer (CRC), a chronic disease for which racial disparities persist with Black Americans having a higher risk of CRC incidence and mortality compared to other groups. Given documented racial differences, the gut microbiota may offer some insight into previously unexplained racial disparities in CRC incidence and mortality. A case-control analysis comparing 11 women newly diagnosed with CRC with 22 cancer-free women matched on age, BMI, and race in a 1:2 ratio was conducted. Information about participants' diet and perceived stress levels were obtained via 24-h Dietary Recall and Perceived Stress Scale-10 survey, respectively. Participants provided stool samples from which microbial genomic DNA was extracted to reveal the abundance of 26 genera chosen a priori based on their previously observed relevance to CRC, anxiety symptoms, and diet. RESULTS: Significantly lower alpha diversity was observed among cancer-free Black women compared to all other race-cancer status combinations. No group differences were observed when comparing beta diversity. Non-Hispanic White CRC cases tended to have higher relative abundance of Fusobacteria, Gemellaceae, and Peptostreptococcus compared to all other race-cancer combination groups. Perceived stress was inversely associated with alpha diversity and was associated with additional genera. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that microbiome-CRC associations may differ by racial group. Additional large, racially diverse population-based studies are needed to determine if previously identified associations between characteristics of the gut microbiome and CRC are generalizable to Black women and other racial, ethnic, and gender groups.

Support Through Remote Observation and Nutrition Guidance (STRONG), a digital health intervention to reduce malnutrition among pancreatic cancer patients: A study protocol for a pilot randomized controlled trial.

Background: Malnutrition is a common and distressing condition among pancreatic cancer patients. Fewer than a quarter of pancreatic cancer patients receive medical nutrition therapy (MNT), important for improving nutritional status, weight maintenance, quality of life and survival. System, provider, and patient level barriers limit access to MNT. We propose to examine the feasibility of a 12-week multi-level, digital health intervention designed to expand MNT access among pancreatic cancer patients. Methods: Individuals with advanced pancreatic cancer starting chemotherapy (N = 80) will be 1:1 randomized to the intervention or usual care. The Support Through Remote Observation and Nutrition Guidance (STRONG) intervention includes system-level (e.g., routine malnutrition and screening), provider-level (e.g., dietitian training and web-based dashboard), and patient-level strategies (e.g., individualized nutrition plan, self-monitoring of dietary intake via Fitbit, ongoing goal monitoring and feedback). Individuals receiving usual care will be referred to dietitians based on their oncologists' discretion. Study assessments will be completed at baseline, 4-, 8-, 12-, and 16-weeks. Results: Primary outcomes will be feasibility (e.g., recruitment, retention, assessment completion) and acceptability. We will collect additional implementation outcomes, such as intervention adherence, perceived usability, and feedback on intervention quality via an exit interview. We will collect preliminary data on outcomes that may be associated with the intervention including malnutrition, quality of life, treatment outcomes, and survival. Conclusion: This study will advance our knowledge on the feasibility of a digital health intervention to reduce malnutrition among individuals with advanced pancreatic cancer. Trial registration: NCT05675059, registered on December 9, 2022.

Reported Mental Health, Diet, and Physical Activity in Young Adult Cancer Survivors.

Young adult (YA) cancer survivors are at increased risk for chronic diseases and face age-dependent stressors that may hinder their ability to maintain healthy lifestyle behaviors. This study examined associations between reported mental health, eating beliefs, and health behaviors in YA cancer survivors. YA cancer survivors aged 18-39 years (n = 225) completed a self-administered REDCap® survey, including the Perceived Stress Scale 10, PROMIS® Anxiety and Depression, Eating Beliefs Questionnaire, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey Dietary Screener Questionnaire, Godin-Shephard Leisure-Time Physical Activity Questionnaire, and demographic and diagnosis-related questions. Descriptive statistics, bivariate analyses, and multiple linear regression were performed. Participants were mean 31.3 years old and 3.7 years post-treatment; 77.3% were women. Most participants reported White (78%) or Black or African American (11.2%) race and non-Hispanic ethnicity (84%). Adjusting for covariates, perceived stress, anxiety, and depression were associated with increased added sugar intake (p < 0.001) and eating beliefs (p < 0.001). Perceived stress and depression were associated with reduced vegetable intake (p < 0.05). There were no associations with fruit intake or physical activity in the adjusted models. Health behavior interventions for this population may address psychosocial needs by including a stress management or mind-body component. Further research including direct measures of health behaviors is warranted.

Lifestyle Interventions with Mind-Body or Stress-Management Practices for Cancer Survivors: A Rapid Review.

This rapid review examined current evidence on lifestyle interventions with stress-management or mind-body practices that assessed dietary and/or physical activity outcomes among cancer survivors. Searches were conducted in PubMed, Embase, and PsycINFO based on Cochrane Rapid Reviews Methods Group rapid review recommendations using the keywords "diet," "physical activity," "mind-body," "stress," and "intervention." Of the 3624 articles identified from the initial search, 100 full-text articles were screened, and 33 articles met the inclusion criteria. Most studies focused on post-treatment cancer survivors and were conducted in-person. Theoretical frameworks were reported for five studies. Only one study was tailored for adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer survivors, and none included pediatric survivors. Nine studies reported race and/or ethnicity; six reported that ≥90% participants were White. Many reported significant findings for diet and/or physical activity-related outcomes, but few used complete, validated dietary intake methods (e.g., 24-h recall; n = 5) or direct measures of physical activity (e.g., accelerometry; n = 4). This review indicated recent progress on evaluating lifestyle interventions with stress-management or mind-body practices for cancer survivors. Larger controlled trials investigating innovative, theory-based, personalized interventions that address stress and health behaviors in cancer survivors-particularly racial/ethnic minority and pediatric and AYA populations-are needed.

Gut microbiome and cancer implications: Potential opportunities for fermented foods.

There is a critical opportunity to improve response to immunotherapies and overall cancer survivorship via dietary interventions targeted to modify the gut microbiome, and in turn, potentially enhance anti-cancer immunity. A promising dietary intervention is fermented foods, which may alter gut microbiome composition and, in turn, improve immunity. In this article, we summarize the state of the literature pertaining to the gut microbiome and response to immunotherapy and other cancer treatments, potential clinical implications of utilizing a fermented foods dietary approach to improve cancer treatment outcomes, and existing gaps in the literature regarding the implementation of fermented food interventions among individuals with cancer or with a history of cancer. This review synthesizes a compelling rationale across different disciplines to lay a roadmap for future fermented food dietary intervention research aimed at modulating the gut microbiome to reduce cancer burden.