Using Wearable Sensors to Measure Goal Achievement in Older Veterans with Dementia.

Aligning treatment with patients' self-determined goals and health priorities is challenging in dementia care. Wearable-based remote health monitoring may facilitate determining the active participation of individuals with dementia towards achieving the determined goals. The present study aimed to demonstrate the feasibility of using wearables to assess healthcare goals set by older adults with cognitive impairment. We present four specific cases that assess (1) the feasibility of using wearables to monitor healthcare goals, (2) differences in function after goal-setting visits, and (3) goal achievement. Older veterans (n = 17) with cognitive impairment completed self-report assessments of mobility, then had an audio-recorded encounter with a geriatrician and wore a pendant sensor for 48 h. Follow-up was conducted at 4-6 months. Data obtained by wearables augments self-reported data and assessed function over time. Four patient cases illustrate the utility of combining sensors, self-report, notes from electronic health records, and visit transcripts at baseline and follow-up to assess goal achievement. Using data from multiple sources, we showed that the use of wearable devices could support clinical communication, mainly when patients, clinicians, and caregivers work to align care with the patient's priorities.

A Systematic Review of Practice Guidelines and Recommendations for Discontinuation of Cholinesterase Inhibitors in Dementia.

Cholinesterase inhibitors (ChEIs) are the primary pharmacological treatment for symptom management of Alzheimer disease (AD), but they carry known risks during long-term use, and do not guarantee clinical effects over time. The balance of risks and benefits may warrant discontinuation at different points during the disease course. Indeed, although there is limited scientific study of deprescribing ChEIs, clinicians routinely face practical decisions about whether to continue or stop medications. This review examined published practice recommendations for discontinuation of ChEIs in AD. To characterize the scientific basis for recommendations, we first summarized randomized controlled trials of ChEI discontinuation. We then identified practice guidelines by professional societies and in textbooks and classified them according to 1) whether they made a recommendation about discontinuation, 2) what the recommendation was, and 3) the proposed grounds for discontinuation. There was no consensus in guidelines and textbooks about discontinuation. Most recommended individualized discontinuation decisions, but there was essentially no agreement about what findings or situations would warrant discontinuation, or even about what domains to consider in this process. The only relevant domain identified by most guidelines and textbooks was a lack of response or a loss of effectiveness, both of which can be difficult to ascertain in the course of a progressive condition. Well-designed, long-term studies of discontinuation have not been conducted; such evidence is needed to provide a scientific basis for practice guidelines. It seems reasonable to apply an individualized approach to discontinuation while engaging patients and families in treatment decisions. .

An innovative approach to aligning healthcare with what matters most to patients: A hybrid type 1 trial protocol of patient priorities care for older adults with multiple chronic conditions.

BACKGROUND: Providing healthcare for older adults with multiple chronic conditions (MCC) is challenging. Polypharmacy and complex treatment plans can lead to high treatment burden and risk for adverse events. For clinicians, managing the complexities of patients with MCC leaves little room to identify what matters and align care options with patients' health priorities. New care approaches are needed to navigate these challenges. In this clinical trial, we evaluate implementation and effectiveness outcomes of an innovative, structured, patient-centered care approach (Patient Priorities Care; PPC) for reducing treatment burden and aligning health care decisions with the health priorities of older adults with MCC. METHODS: This is a multisite, assessor-blind, two-arm, parallel hybrid type 1 randomized controlled trial. We are enrolling 396 older (65+) Veterans with MCC who receive primary care at the Veterans Affairs Medical Center. Veterans are randomly assigned to either PPC or usual care. In the PPC arm, Veterans have a brief telephone call with a study facilitator to identify their personal health priorities. Then, primary care providers use this information to align healthcare with Veteran priorities during their established clinic appointments. Data are collected at baseline and 4-month follow up to assess for changes in treatment burden and use of home and community services. Formative and summative evaluations are also collected to assess for implementation outcomes according to Proctor's implementation framework. CONCLUSIONS: This work has the potential to significantly improve the standard of care by personalizing healthcare and helping patients achieve what is most important to them.

Aging and ESRD demographics: consequences for the practice of dialysis.

The disproportionate increase in the prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in the elderly is now recognized as a national and global reality. Among the major contributing factors are the aging of the population, a growing prevalence of CKD, greater access to care, and increased comorbidities. The utilization of renal replacement therapy in the geriatric population has concomitantly increased. It is imposing enormous challenges to the practice of ESRD care, the largest of which may be to determine the best application of clinical performance targets to a population with limitations in life expectancy. Concurrently, increased focus on quality of life will be required. The effective dialysis practitioner will need to adapt to the aging ESRD demographics with an increased focus on physical and mental well-being of the geriatric patient.

Feasibility of Clinicians Aligning Health Care with Patient Priorities in Geriatrics Ambulatory Care.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Aligning healthcare decisions with patients' priorities may improve care for older adults with multiple chronic conditions (MCCs). We conducted a pilot study to assess the feasibility of identifying patient priorities in routine geriatrics care and to compare clinicians' recommendations for patients who did or did not have their priorities identified. DESIGN: Retrospective chart review. SETTING: Veterans Administration Medical Center Geriatrics Clinic. PARTICIPANTS: Older adults with MCCs receiving Patient Priorities Care (PPC; n = 35) were matched with patients receiving usual care (UC; n = 35). Both PPC and UC patients were cared for by three primary care providers (PCPs) in an ambulatory geriatric clinic. INTERVENTION: In the PPC group, a clinician facilitator met with each patient to identify their healthcare priorities and transmitted patients' priorities in the electronic health record (EHR). Trained PCPs then sought to align healthcare decisions with patients' priorities. In the UC group, patients received usual care from the same PCPs. MEASUREMENTS: We matched patients by clinician seen, patient's age, number of active conditions, medications, hospitalizations, functional status, and prior hospitalizations. EHRs were reviewed to identify care decisions including medications added or stopped, referrals and consults added or avoided, referrals to community services and supports, self-management activities added or avoided, and total number of changes to care. Mean differences in recommended care between PPC and UC patients from the same PCPs were examined. RESULTS: Clinician facilitators could identify patient priorities during routine clinic encounters. Compared with patients in the UC group, those in the PPC group had, on average, fewer medications added (P = .05), more referrals to community services and supports (P = .03), and more priorities-aligned self-management tasks added (P = .005). CONCLUSION: These findings support the feasibility of identifying and documenting patient priorities during routine encounters. Results also suggest that clinicians use patient priorities in recommending care.

Decision-Making in Geriatric Patients with End-Stage Renal Disease: Thinking Beyond Nephrology.

Compared to younger individuals, the prevalence of end-stage renal disease (ESRD) in elders is notably higher. While renal replacement therapy, usually with hemodialysis, is accepted therapy in younger patients with ESRD, decisions regarding the treatment of advanced kidney disease in the elderly population are more complex, secondary to the physiologic changes of aging, concurrent geriatric syndromes, and varying goals of care. Evaluation for possible initiation of dialysis in geriatric patients should be multidisciplinary in nature and patient-focused, including a consideration of physical, cognitive, and social function. If renal replacement therapy is not pursued, optimization of medical management or symptom management needs to be the goal of care.

Dementia and Hospital Readmission Rates: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: Although community-dwelling persons with dementia have an increased risk of hospital readmission, no systematic review has examined the contribution of dementia to readmissions. SUMMARY: We examined articles in English, with no restrictions on publication dates, from Medline, PubMed, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and EMBASE. Keywords used were dementia, Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, elderly, frontotemporal dementia, executive function, brain atrophy, frontal lobe atrophy, cognitive impairment, readmission, readmit, rehospitalization, patient discharge, and return visit. Of 404 abstracts identified, 77 articles were retrieved; 12 were included. Four of 5 cohort studies showed significantly increased readmission rates in patients with dementia. On average the absolute increase above the comparison groups was from 3 to 13%. Dementia was not associated with readmission in 7 included case-control studies. KEY MESSAGE: Findings suggest a small increased risk of hospital readmission in individuals with dementia. More study is needed.

Impact of a Videoconference Educational Intervention on Physical Restraint and Antipsychotic Use in Nursing Homes: Results From the ECHO-AGE Pilot Study.

OBJECTIVES: US nursing homes care for increasing numbers of residents with dementia and associated behavioral problems. They often lack access to specialized clinical expertise relevant to managing these problems. Project ECHO-AGE provides this expertise through videoconference sessions between frontline nursing home staff and clinical experts at an academic medical center. We hypothesized that ECHO-AGE would result in less use of physical and chemical restraints and other quality improvements in participating facilities. DESIGN: A 2:1 matched-cohort study comparing quality of care outcomes between ECHO-AGE facilities and matched controls for the period July 2012 to December 2013. SETTING: Eleven nursing homes in Massachusetts and Maine. PARTICIPANTS: Nursing home staff and a hospital-based team of geriatrician, geropsychiatrist, and neurologist discussed anonymized residents with dementia. INTERVENTION: Biweekly online video case discussions and brief didactic sessions focused on the management of dementia and behavior disorders. MEASUREMENTS: The primary outcome variables were percentage of residents receiving antipsychotic medications and the percentage of residents who were physically restrained. Secondary outcomes included 9 other quality of care metrics from MDS 3.0. RESULTS: Residents in ECHO-AGE facilities were 75% less likely to be physically restrained compared with residents in control facilities over the 18-month intervention period (OR = 0.25, P = .05). Residents in ECHO-AGE facilities were 17% less likely to be prescribed antipsychotic medication compared with residents in control facilities (OR = 0.83, P = .07). Other outcomes were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Preliminary evidence suggests that participation in Project ECHO-AGE reduces rates of physical restraint use and may reduce rates of antipsychotic use among long-term nursing home residents.

ECHO-AGE: an innovative model of geriatric care for long-term care residents with dementia and behavioral issues.

OBJECTIVES: To design, implement, and assess the pilot phase of an innovative, remote case-based video-consultation program called ECHO-AGE that links experts in the management of behavior disorders in patients with dementia to nursing home care providers. DESIGN: Pilot study involving surveying of participating long-term care sites regarding utility of recommendations and resident outcomes. SETTING: Eleven long-term care sites in Massachusetts and Maine. PARTICIPANTS: An interprofessional specialty team at a tertiary care center and staff from 11 long-term care sites. INTERVENTION: Long-term care sites presented challenging cases regarding residents with dementia and/or delirium related behavioral issues to specialists via video-conferencing. METHODS: Baseline resident characteristics and follow-up data regarding compliance with ECHO-AGE recommendations, resident improvement, hospitalization, and mortality were collected from the long-term care sites. RESULTS: Forty-seven residents, with a mean age of 82 years, were presented during the ECHO-AGE pilot period. Eighty-three percent of residents had a history of dementia and 44% were taking antipsychotic medications. The most common reasons for presentation were agitation, intrusiveness, and paranoia. Behavioral plans were recommended in 72.3% of patients. Suggestions for medication adjustments were also frequent. ECHO-AGE recommendations were completely or partially followed in 88.6% of residents. When recommendations were followed, sites were much more likely to report clinical improvement (74% vs 20%, P < .03). Hospitalization was also less common among residents for whom recommendations were followed. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that a case-based video-consultation program can be successful in improving the care of elders with dementia and/or delirium related behavioral issues by linking specialists with long-term care providers.

A standardized, bundled approach to providing geriatric-focused acute care.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether a bundled intervention can increase detection of delirium and facilitate safer use of high-risk medications. DESIGN: Pre-post interventional trial. SETTING: Large academic medical center. PARTICIPANTS: Individuals aged 70 and older (n = 19,949) admitted between May 1, 2008, September 30, 2011. Individuals aged 80 and older admitted after April 26, 2010, received the intervention, those aged 80 and older admitted before were primary controls, and those aged 70 to 79 were concurrent controls. INTERVENTION: The intervention uses a checklist promoting delirium prevention, recognition and management, and modifies the computerized provider order entry system to provide care focused on elderly adults. MEASUREMENTS: Frequency of orders for activating the rapid response team for altered mental status, frequency of orders for haloperidol in excess of 0.5 mg or intravenous (IV) morphine in excess of 2 mg, and discharge disposition. RESULTS: Participants receiving the intervention had a mean age of 86.1 ± 4.6; 58.2% were female. The number of orders to activate the rapid response team for altered mental status increased in participants receiving the bundle and in controls (odds ratio (OR) for the difference of differences = 1.23 (95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.68-2.24, P = .49)). Participants receiving the bundle were less likely to receive more than 0.5 mg of IV, intramuscular, or oral haloperidol (OR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.39-0.91, P = .02) and more than 2 mg of IV morphine (OR = 0.52, 95% CI = 0.42-0.63, P < .001). Participants who received the bundle were more likely to be discharged home than to extended care facilities (OR = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.04-1.35, P = .01). CONCLUSION: An intervention focused on delirium prevention and recognition by bedside staff combined with computerized decision support facilitates safer prescribing of high-risk medications and possibly results in less need for extended care.

Preliminary data from an advanced dementia consult service: integrating research, education, and clinical expertise.

Hospitalized individuals with advanced dementia often receive care that is of limited clinical benefit and inconsistent with preferences. An advanced dementia consultation service was designed, and a pre and post pilot study was conducted in a Boston hospital to evaluate it. Geriatricians and a palliative care nurse practitioner conducted consultations, which consisted of structured consultation, counseling and provision of an information booklet to the family, and postdischarge follow-up with the family and primary care providers. Individuals aged 65 and older with advanced dementia who were admitted were identified, and consultations were solicited using pop-ups programmed into the computerized provider order entry (POE) system. In the initial 3-month period, 24 subjects received usual care. In the subsequent 3-month period, consultations were provided to five subjects for whom they were requested. Data were obtained from the electronic medical record and proxy interviews (admission, 1 month after discharge). Mean age of the combined sample (N = 29) was 85.4, 58.6% were from nursing homes, and 86.2% of their proxies stated that comfort was the goal of care. Nonetheless, their hospitalizations were characterized by high rates of intravenous antibiotics (86.2%), more than five venipunctures (44.8%), and radiological examinations (96.6%). Acknowledging the small sample size, there were trends toward better outcomes in the intervention group, including greater proxy knowledge of the disease, better communication between proxies and providers, more advance care planning, lower rehospitalization rates, and fewer feeding tube insertions after discharge. Targeted consultation for advanced dementia is feasible and may promote greater engagement of proxies and goal-directed care after discharge.

Identification and management of in-hospital drug-induced delirium in older patients.

Delirium, an acute confusional state with changes in attention and cognition, is a common cause of morbidity and mortality among hospitalized elders. Medications are responsible for up to 39% of delirium cases in the elderly. The incidence of drug-induced delirium is particularly high in this population due to the altered pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of aging, high prevalence of polypharmacy and occurrence of co-morbid disease. Although certain medications are more often associated with the development of delirium, including opioids, benzodiazepines, anticholinergics and antidepressants, any medication can cause delirium in the elderly. Evaluation of delirium should include a thorough medication history, which should determine if any new medications have been initiated, if medications have been discontinued, and the details of any recent dosage adjustments. It is important to understand the utility of medications in preventing and treating delirium in the elderly. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have not been found to reduce the incidence of delirium or length of hospitalization. Study results regarding the utility of antipsychotic medications in preventing delirium have been mixed. Haloperidol prophylaxis did not reduce the occurrence of delirium, but it did reduce the severity and duration. Olanzapine and risperidone were associated with a reduced incidence of delirium compared with placebo. Pharmacological therapy to treat delirium should be implemented only if patients pose a safety risk to themselves or others. Typical and atypical antipsychotics are effective in treating the symptoms of delirium, but it is important to note that they are not approved by the US FDA for this indication. Short-acting benzodiazepines are second-line therapy and are typically reserved for patients with sedative/alcohol withdrawal, Parkinson's disease or neuroleptic malignant syndrome. Study results regarding the utility of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors have been mixed.