Coupling Single Photons from Discrete Quantum Emitters in WSe2 to Lithographically Defined Plasmonic Slot Waveguides.

We report the observation of the generation and routing of single plasmons generated by localized excitons in a WSe2 monolayer flake exfoliated onto lithographically defined Au-plasmonic waveguides. Statistical analysis of the position of different quantum emitters shows that they are (3.3 ± 0.7) times more likely to form close to the edges of the plasmonic waveguides. By characterizing individual emitters, we confirm their single-photon character via the observation of antibunching in the signal ( g(2)(0) = 0.42) and demonstrate that specific emitters couple to modes of the proximal plasmonic waveguide. Time-resolved measurements performed on emitters close to and far away from the plasmonic nanostructures indicate that Purcell factors up to 15 ± 3 occur, depending on the precise location of the quantum emitter relative to the tightly confined plasmonic mode. Measurement of the point spread function of five quantum emitters relative to the waveguide with <50 nm precision is compared with numerical simulations to demonstrate the potential for greater increases in the coupling efficiency for ideally positioned emitters. The integration of such strain-induced quantum emitters with deterministic plasmonic routing is a step toward deep-subwavelength on-chip single quantum light sources.

Terahertz Dynamics of a Topologically Protected State: Quantum Hall Effect Plateaus near the Cyclotron Resonance of a Two-Dimensional Electron Gas.

We measure the Hall conductivity of a two-dimensional electron gas formed at a GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction in the terahertz regime close to the cyclotron resonance frequency using highly sensitive Faraday rotation measurements. The sample is electrically gated, allowing the electron density to be changed continuously by more than a factor of 3. We observe clear plateaulike and steplike features in the Faraday rotation angle vs electron density and magnetic field (Landau-level filling factor) even at fields or frequencies very close to cyclotron resonance absorption. These features are the high frequency manifestation of quantum Hall plateaus-a signature of topologically protected edge states. We observe both odd and even filling factor plateaus and explore the temperature dependence of these plateaus. Although dynamical scaling theory begins to break down in the frequency region of our measurements, we find good agreement with theory.

Terahertz response and colossal Kerr rotation from the surface states of the topological insulator Bi2Se3.

We report the THz response of thin films of the topological insulator Bi2Se3. At low frequencies, transport is essentially thickness independent showing the dominant contribution of the surface electrons. Despite their extended exposure to ambient conditions, these surfaces exhibit robust properties including narrow, almost thickness-independent Drude peaks, and an unprecedentedly large polarization rotation of linearly polarized light reflected in an applied magnetic field. This Kerr rotation can be as large as 65° and can be explained by a cyclotron resonance effect of the surface states.

Risk factors for HR- and HER2-defined breast cancer in Slovenian postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: The study aimed to investigate the influence of some generally recognized risk factors for hormone receptor (HR)- and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-defined breast cancer among Slovenian postmenopausal women. METHOD: Eligible women diagnosed with breast cancer were compared with 709 controls of the same age and ethnicity. Immunohistochemistry and FISH analyses were used to classify cases into molecular subtypes: 454 HR(+), 106 HR(-), 81 HER2(+) and 603 HER2(-). Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Overweight and obese women were at increased risk of HR(+), HER2(-) and of HR(+), HR(-), HER2(-) tumors, respectively. Women who started menstruating at the age of 11 years or earlier were at decreased risk of ER(-)PR(-) tumors. Users of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) were negatively associated with HR(+) and HER2(-) tumors. The inverse effect was most pronounced with the use of estrogen-only HRT, and longer duration of HRT use did not result in a significant change in risk. In contrast, combined HRT decreased the risk of HER2(+) tumors. Having a first-degree relative with breast and/or ovarian cancer increased the risk of HR(+) and HER2(-) tumors. CONCLUSION: We conclude that certain breast cancer risk factors may vary by molecular subtypes. According to our results, HRT use may have a greater influence on HR (+) and HER2(-) breast cancers and the risk of HER2-defined breast cancer may differ with respect to the regimen of HRT.

Hormone replacement therapy and some risk factors for breast cancer among Slovenian postmenopausal women.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to examine the influence of the use of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) and of some generally recognized risk factors on breast cancer risk among Slovenian postmenopausal women. METHODS: Eligible women diagnosed with breast cancer and a control group of women of the same age and ethnicity were invited to participate in the case-control study via a personal letter and asked to complete a written questionnaire. Adjusted odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were estimated using multivariate logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of 784 cases and 709 controls aged 50-69 years were enrolled. HRT use was inversely associated with breast cancer risk. The effect was most pronounced with the use of estrogen-only replacement therapy (odds ratio (OR) 0.51, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.30-0.87). Longer duration of HRT use did not result in a significant change in risk (1 to <5 years of HRT use: OR 0.44, 95% CI 0.26-0.73; ≥ 5 years of HRT use: OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.30-0.87). Obesity (25 ≤ body mass index <30 kg/m(2): OR 1.34, 95% CI 1.04-1.73; body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m(2): OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.36-2.63), smoking ≥ 10 cigarettes per day (OR 1.70, 95% CI 1.20-2.43), and any first-degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer (OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.11-2.08) were positively associated with breast cancer risk. CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis revealed some differences from the previously published literature, which might reflect underlying demographic changes. Comprehensive medical care in HRT users without pre-existing breast abnormalities probably reduces the incidence of new breast cancer cases in Slovenia.

Site-selectively generated photon emitters in monolayer MoS2 via local helium ion irradiation.

Quantum light sources in solid-state systems are of major interest as a basic ingredient for integrated quantum photonic technologies. The ability to tailor quantum emitters via site-selective defect engineering is essential for realizing scalable architectures. However, a major difficulty is that defects need to be controllably positioned within the material. Here, we overcome this challenge by controllably irradiating monolayer MoS2 using a sub-nm focused helium ion beam to deterministically create defects. Subsequent encapsulation of the ion exposed MoS2 flake with high-quality hBN reveals spectrally narrow emission lines that produce photons in the visible spectral range. Based on ab-initio calculations we interpret these emission lines as stemming from the recombination of highly localized electron-hole complexes at defect states generated by the local helium ion exposure. Our approach to deterministically write optically active defect states in a single transition metal dichalcogenide layer provides a platform for realizing exotic many-body systems, including coupled single-photon sources and interacting exciton lattices that may allow the exploration of Hubbard physics.

Large oxidation dependence observed in terahertz dielectric response for cytochrome c.

Far infrared dielectric response is used to characterize the collective mode density of states for cytochrome c as a function of oxidation state and hydration using terahertz time domain spectroscopy. A strong absorbance and refractive index increase was observed with the oxidation. A simple phenomenological fitting using a continuous distribution of oscillators reproduces the frequency dependence of the complex dielectric response as well as demonstrates quantitative agreement with a uniform increase in either mode density or polarizability with oxidation in the 5-80 cm(-1) frequency range. Hydration dependence measurements find that a difference in the equilibrium water content for ferri and ferro cytochrome c is not sufficient to account for the large change in terahertz response. The large dielectric increase at terahertz frequencies with oxidation suggests either a significant global softening of the potential and/or a significant increase in polarizability with oxidation.

Infrared hall effect in high- T(c) superconductors: evidence for non-fermi-liquid hall scattering

Infrared ( 20-120 and 900-1100 cm(-1)) Faraday rotation and circular dichroism are measured in high- T(c) superconductors using sensitive polarization modulation techniques. Optimally doped YBa2Cu3O7 thin films are studied at temperatures in the range ( 15

Factors associated with improved biochemical response to neoadjuvant androgen deprivation therapy before definitive radiation therapy in prostate cancer patients.

BACKGROUND: In prostate cancer patients treated with androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) and radiation therapy (RT), a pre-RT PSA level 0.5 ng ml(-1), determined after neoadjuvant ADT and before RT, predicts for worse survival measures. The present study sought to identify patient, tumor and treatment characteristics associated with the pre-RT PSA in prostate cancer patients. METHODS: We reviewed the charts of all patients diagnosed with intermediate- and high-risk prostate cancer and treated with a combination of neoadjuvant (median, 2.2 and 2.5 months, respectively), concurrent, and adjuvant ADT and RT between 1990 and 2011. RESULTS: A total of 170 intermediate- and 283 high-risk patients met inclusion criteria. On multivariate analysis, both intermediate- and high-risk patients with higher pre-treatment PSA (iPSA) were significantly less likely to achieve a pre-RT PSA <0.5 ng ml(-1) (iPSA 10.1-20 ng ml(-1): P=0.005 for intermediate risk; iPSA 10.1-20 ng ml(-1): P=0.005, iPSA >20 ng ml(-1): P<0.001 for high risk). High-risk patients undergoing total androgen blockade were more likely to achieve a pre-RT PSA <0.5 ng ml(-1) (P=0.031). We observed an interaction between race and type of neoadjuvant ADT (P=0.074); whereas African-American men on total androgen blockade reached pre-RT PSA <0.5 ng ml(-1) as frequently as other men on total androgen blockade (P=0.999), African-American men on luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LH-RH) agonist monotherapy/orchiectomy were significantly less likely to reach pre-RT PSA <0.5 ng ml(-1) compared with other men on LH-RH monotherapy/orchiectomy (P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that total androgen blockade in the neoadjuvant period may be beneficial compared with LH-RH monotherapy for achieving a pre-RT PSA <0.5 ng ml(-1) in African-American men with high-risk prostate cancer. In addition, men with higher iPSA are more likely to have a pre-RT PSA greater than 0.5 ng ml(-1) in response to neoadjuvant ADT and are therefore candidates for clinical trials testing newer, more aggressive hormone-ablative therapies.

CAG repeat polymorphism in androgen receptor gene is not directly associated with polycystic ovary syndrome but influences serum testosterone levels.

Hyperandrogenemia has been the most consistent feature of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Androgens exert their effects through androgen receptors (ARs). The expansion of the codon CAG trinucleotide repeat polymorphism in exon 1 of the AR gene represents a type of genetic alteration associated with changes in the AR gene function. The purpose of this study was to establish a possible association of the AR gene CAG repeat length polymorphism with PCOS, and its influence on clinical and biochemical androgen traits. Two hundred and fourteen Croatian women with PCOS and 209 healthy control women of reproductive age were enrolled. Phenotypic hyperandrogenism, BMI and waist to hip ratio were recorded. Hormonal profiles, fasting insulin and glucose levels were measured on cycle days 3-5. Genotyping of the CAG repeat polymorphism in the AR gene was performed. We found no significant difference in the mean CAG repeat number between the PCOS patients and controls (22.1±3.4 vs. 21.9±3.2, P=0.286). There was a positive correlation between the CAG repeat length and total testosterone (TT) in the PCOS group (R=0.225, P=0.015). A multiple linear regression model using mean CAG repeat length, BMI, age and HOMA-IR as predictors explained 8.5% (adjusted R²) of the variability in serum TT levels. In this model the CAG repeat polymorphism was found to be a significant predictor of serum TT levels in PCOS patients (P=0.015). The logistic regression analysis revealed that the CAG repeat length is not a significant predictor of hirsutism and acne status (P=0.921 and P=0.437, respectively). The model was adjusted for serum TT, free testosterone, androstendione and DHEAS levels as independent variables, which were also not found to be significant predictors of hirsutism (P=0.687, P=0.194, P=0.675 and P=0.938, respectively) or acne status (P=0.594, P=0.095, P=0.290 and P=0.151, respectively). In conclusion, the AR CAG repeat polymorphism is not a major determinant of PCOS in the Croatian population, but it is a predictor of serum TT level variability in women with PCOS.

High precision magnetic linear dichroism measurements in (Ga,Mn)As.

Investigation of magnetic materials using the first-order magneto-optical Kerr effects (MOKEs) is well established and is frequently used. On the other hand, the utilization of the second-order (or quadratic) magneto-optical (MO) effects for the material research is rather rare. This is due to the small magnitude of quadratic MO signals and the fact that the signals are even in magnetization (i.e., they do not change a sign when the magnetization orientation is reversed), which makes it difficult to separate second-order MO signals from various experimental artifacts. In 2005 a giant quadratic MO effect-magnetic linear dichroism (MLD)-was observed in the ferromagnetic semiconductor (Ga,Mn)As. This discovery not only provided a new experimental tool for the investigation of in-plane magnetization dynamics in (Ga,Mn)As using light at normal incidence, but it also motivated the development of experimental techniques for the measurement of second-order MO effects in general. In this paper we compare four different experimental techniques that can be used to measure MLD and to separate it from experimental artifacts. We show that the most reliable results are obtained when we monitor the polarization of reflected light while the magnetization of the sample is rotated by applying an external magnetic field. Using this technique we measure the MLD spectra of (Ga,Mn)As in a broad spectral range from 0.1 eV to 2.7 eV and we observe that MLD has a magnitude comparable to the polar MOKE signals in this material.

Electronic structure of ferromagnetic semiconductor Ga_{1-x}Mn_{x}As probed by subgap magneto-optical spectroscopy.

We employ Faraday and Kerr effect spectroscopy in the infrared range to investigate the electronic structure of Ga_{1-x}Mn_{x}As near the Fermi energy. The band structure of this archetypical dilute-moment ferromagnetic semiconductor has been a matter of controversy, fueled partly by previous measurements of the unpolarized infrared absorption and their phenomenological impurity-band interpretation. Unlike the unpolarized absorption, the infrared magneto-optical effects we study are intimately related to ferromagnetism, and their interpretation is much more microscopically constrained in terms of the orbital character of the relevant band states. We show that the conventional theory of the disordered valence band with an antiferromatnetic exchange term accounts semiquantitatively for the overall characteristics of the measured infrared magneto-optical spectra.

31P NMR and X-ray diffraction study of the effect of photopolymerization on lipid polymorphism.

It was recently shown that oligolamellar vesicles of 3:1 mixtures of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine (DOPE) and the photopolymerizable lipid 1,2-bis[10-(2',4'-hexadienoyloxy)decanoyl]-sn-glycero-3-phosphocho line (SorbPC) are destabilized by polymerization of the SorbPC [Lamparski, H., Liman, U., Frankel, D.A., Barry, J.A., Ramaswami, V., Brown, M.F., & O'Brien, D.F. (1992) Biochemistry 31, 685-694]. The current work describes the polymorphic phase behavior of these mixtures in extended bilayers, as studied by 31P NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. In the NMR experiments, samples with varying degrees of polymerization were slowly raised in temperature, with spectra acquired every 2.5-10 degrees C. In the unpolymerized mixiture, and in those photopolymerized samples where the monomeric SorbPC was decreased by 33% and 51%, an isotropic signal grew progressively until no signal from the lamellar liquid-crystalline (L alpha) phase remained. In the highly polymerized sample with a 90% loss of monomeric SorbPC, less than 20% of the lipids underwent this transition. In none of the samples was an inverted hexagonal phase (HII) observed, under conditions of slow heating to almost 100 degrees C. The X-ray diffraction studies indicated that samples which exhibit the isotropic NMR signal corresponded to a structure exhibiting no well-defined crystalline order, which upon thermal cycling became an inverted cubic phase belonging to either the Pn3m or Pn3 space groups. The temperature of the transition to the cubic precursor decreased as the extent of polymerization increased, demonstrating that photopolymerization of these lipid bilayers can significantly alter the composition and thermotropic phase behavior of the mixture.