Microcarriers Based on Glycosaminoglycan-Like Marine Exopolysaccharide for TGF-ß1 Long-Term Protection.

Articular cartilage is an avascular, non-innervated connective tissue with limited ability to regenerate. Articular degenerative processes arising from trauma, inflammation or due to aging are thus irreversible and may induce the loss of the joint function. To repair cartilaginous defects, tissue engineering approaches are under intense development. Association of cells and signalling proteins, such as growth factors, with biocompatible hydrogel matrix may lead to the regeneration of the healthy tissue. One current strategy to enhance both growth factor bioactivity and bioavailability is based on the delivery of these signalling proteins in microcarriers. In this context, the aim of the present study was to develop microcarriers by encapsulating Transforming Growth Factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) into microparticles based on marine exopolysaccharide (EPS), namely GY785 EPS, for further applications in cartilage engineering. Using a capillary microfluidic approach, two microcarriers were prepared. The growth factor was either encapsulated directly within the microparticles based on slightly sulphated derivative or complexed firstly with the highly sulphated derivative before being incorporated within the microparticles. TGF-ß1 release, studied under in vitro model conditions, revealed that the majority of the growth factor was retained inside the microparticles. Bioactivity of released TGF-ß1 was particularly enhanced in the presence of highly sulphated derivative. It comes out from this study that GY785 EPS based microcarriers may constitute TGF-ß1 reservoirs spatially retaining the growth factor for a variety of tissue engineering applications and in particular cartilage regeneration, where the growth factor needs to remain in the target location long enough to induce robust regenerative responses.

In vitro and in vivo models define a molecular signature reference for human embryonic notochordal cells.

Understanding the emergence of human notochordal cells (NC) is essential for the development of regenerative approaches. We present a comprehensive investigation into the specification and generation of bona fide NC using a straightforward pluripotent stem cell (PSC)-based system benchmarked with human fetal notochord. By integrating in vitro and in vivo transcriptomic data at single-cell resolution, we establish an extended molecular signature and overcome the limitations associated with studying human notochordal lineage at early developmental stages. We show that TGF-ß inhibition enhances the yield and homogeneity of notochordal lineage commitment in vitro. Furthermore, this study characterizes regulators of cell-fate decision and matrisome enriched in the notochordal niche. Importantly, we identify specific cell-surface markers opening avenues for differentiation refinement, NC purification, and functional studies. Altogether, this study provides a human notochord transcriptomic reference that will serve as a resource for notochord identification in human systems, diseased-tissues modeling, and facilitating future biomedical research.

NOTO Transcription Factor Directs Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Mesendoderm Progenitors to a Notochordal Fate.

The founder cells of the Nucleus pulposus, the centre of the intervertebral disc, originate in the embryonic notochord. After birth, mature notochordal cells (NC) are identified as key regulators of disc homeostasis. Better understanding of their biology has great potential in delaying the onset of disc degeneration or as a regenerative-cell source for disc repair. Using human pluripotent stem cells, we developed a two-step method to generate a stable NC-like population with a distinct molecular signature. Time-course analysis of lineage-specific markers shows that WNT pathway activation and transfection of the notochord-related transcription factor NOTO are sufficient to induce high levels of mesendoderm progenitors and favour their commitment toward the notochordal lineage instead of paraxial and lateral mesodermal or endodermal lineages. This study results in the identification of NOTO-regulated genes including some that are found expressed in human healthy disc tissue and highlights NOTO function in coordinating the gene network to human notochord differentiation.

Controlled release of biological factors for endogenous progenitor cell migration and intervertebral disc extracellular matrix remodelling.

The recent description of resident stem/progenitor cells in degenerated intervertebral discs (IVDs) supports the notion that their regenerative capacities could be harnessed to stimulate endogenous repair of the nucleus pulposus (NP). In this study, we developed a delivery system based on pullulan microbeads (PMBs) for sequential release of the chemokine CCL-5 to recruit these disc stem/progenitor cells to the NP tissue, followed by the release of the growth factors TGF-ß1 and GDF-5 to induce the synthesis of a collagen type II- and aggrecan-rich extracellular matrix (ECM). Bioactivity of released CCL5 on human adipose-derived stem cells (hASCs), selected to mimic disc stem/progenitors, was demonstrated using a Transwell® chemotaxis assay. The regenerative effects of loaded PMBs were investigated in ex vivo spontaneously degenerated ovine IVDs. Fluorescent hASCs were seeded on the top cartilaginous endplates (CEPs); the degenerated NPs were injected with PMBs loaded with CCL5, TGF-ß1, and GDF-5; and the IVDs were then cultured for 3, 7, and 28 days to allow for cell migration and disc regeneration. The PMBs exhibited sustained release of biological factors for 21 days. Ex vivo migration of seeded hASCs from the CEP toward the NP was demonstrated, with the cells migrating a significantly greater distance when loaded PMBs were injected (5.8 ± 1.3 mm vs. 3.5 ± 1.8 mm with no injection of PMBs). In ovine IVDs, the overall NP cellularity, the collagen type II and the aggrecan staining intensities, and the Tie2+ progenitor cell density in the NP were increased at day 28 compared to the control groups. Considered together, PMBs loaded with CCL5/TGF-ß1/GDF-5 constitute an innovative and promising strategy for controlled release of growth factors to promote cell recruitment and extracellular matrix remodelling.

Pullulan microbeads/Si-HPMC hydrogel injectable system for the sustained delivery of GDF-5 and TGF-ß1: new insight into intervertebral disc regenerative medicine.

Discogenic low back pain is considered a major health concern and no etiological treatments are today available to tackle this disease. To clinically address this issue at early stages, there is a rising interest in the stimulation of local cells by in situ injection of growth factors targeting intervertebral disc (IVD) degenerative process. Despite encouraging safety and tolerability results in clinic, growth factors efficacy may be further improved. To this end, the use of a delivery system allowing a sustained release, while protecting growth factors from degradation appears of particular interest. We propose herein the design of a new injectable biphasic system, based on the association of pullulan microbeads (PMBs) into a cellulose-based hydrogel (Si-HPMC), for the TGF-ß1 and GDF-5 growth factors sustained delivery. We present for the first time the design and mechanical characterization of both the PMBs and the called biphasic system (PMBs/Si-HPMC). Their loading and release capacities were also studied and we were able to demonstrate a sustained release of both growth factors, for up to 28 days. Noteworthy, the growth factors biological activity on human cells was maintained. Altogether, these data suggest that this PMBs/Si-HPMC biphasic system may be a promising candidate for the development of an innovative bioactive delivery system for IVD regenerative medicine.