Therapeutic approach and management algorithms in medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (MONJ): recommendations of a multidisciplinary group of experts.

BACKGROUND: The justification for this consensus is the absence of local protocols on Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MONJ), for prevention, evaluation, and treatment, involving physicians and dentists, leading to suspension of antiresorptive treatments, despite their benefit in the prevention of fragility fractures (40-70%). These fractures cause disability and mortality (80% and 20-30%, respectively), as opposed to the low risk associated with MONJ in osteoporotic (0.01-0.03%) and oncological patients (1.3-1.8%). PURPOSE: To provide management recommendations through algorithms that guide health professionals to prevent, diagnose, and treat MONJ in different clinical scenarios. METHOD: A technical multidisciplinary team composed of specialists with extensive experience in osteoporosis or osteonecrosis of the jaw from Fundación Santa Fé (Bogotá, Colombia) and the Asociación Colombiana de Osteoporosis y Metabolismo Mineral was selected. Three rounds were carried out: definition of questions, answers using Delphi methodology, and the discussion of questions in order to have an agreement. The whole group participated in two phases, and the developer group in the total number of rounds. A literature review was conducted to obtain academic support to design questions with clinical relevance. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The consensus group generated definitions and recommendations useful for doctors and dentists, following clinical algorithms involving four scenarios: osteoporosis patient who requires dental procedures and has not received antiresorptives, osteoporosis patient who are under treatment with antiresorptives, cancer patients, and MONJ-instituted patients. The therapeutic approach in osteoporosis and cancer patients, in invasive dental procedures, must be relied on the risk-benefit treatment.

Consensus statement: osteoporosis prevention and treatment in Latin America-current structure and future directions.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a common disorder affecting populations worldwide. In Latin America, an aging population combined with limited health care resources result in osteoporosis quickly becoming a condition of considerable magnitude with disproportionate morbidity and mortality. AIM: To review the current state of prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis in Latin America and to develop strategies and recommendations that may be adopted in the region, an expert panel of clinicians and scientists was assembled to develop a consensus statement outlining future directions. METHOD: The panel conducted a comprehensive literature review of publications mainly related to osteoporosis in Latin America, and at an in-person meeting developed a consensus position to address the relevant issues. RESULTS: The epidemiology, burden, diagnosis, and treatment of osteoporosis in the region were discussed with particular attention to issues unique to the region. A series of recommendations were developed encompassing virtually all aspects of the disease, including improved public and health professional awareness, better diagnostic processes, improved access to care, and greater engagement by health policy makers, government, and a wide variety of private organizations. CONCLUSIONS: The panel concluded that a comprehensive approach to osteoporosis prevention and treatment in Latin America is urgently needed.

Costos de fracturas en mujeres con osteoporosis en Colombia / Costs of fractures in women with osteoporosis in Colombia

Resumen Introducción: la osteoporosis posmenopáusica (OPM) es una enfermedad que reduce la densidad yla calidad de los huesos, aumentando el riesgo de sufrir fracturas. En Colombia no existe información documentada sobre los costos, ni las frecuencias de uso de recursos para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de la OPM y las fracturas asociadas. Material y métodos: se realizó un consenso con 11 expertos, mediante una metodología Delphi modificada, se aplicaron los costos utilizando el manual tarifario ISS 2001, finalmente, se estimó para 2015 qué impacto económico tendría para el país el tratamiento de las fracturas de cadera, vertebrales y de radio distal. Resultados: el costo de diagnosticar y seguir adecuadamente a una paciente con OPM por un año, es de aproximadamente $622.588,15; el costo en el momento de presentarse una fractura de cadera que requiera manejo quirúrgico, es $8.687.829,21, el costo de manejar quirúrgicamente una fractura vertebral y de radio distal es $11.348.379,90 y $2.319.111,67 respectivamente. Los pacientes con fractura vertebral que no requieren manejo quirúrgico pueden costar $5.034.055,60 en un año de seguimiento. Para el 2015 el impacto económico de tratar las fracturas de cadera en el país sería de $205.602.914.414, para las vertebrales con manejo quirúrgico sería de $1.370.947.862, y con manejo no quirúrgico sería de $11.653.771.426 y para las fracturas de radio distal sería de $122.858.360.231. Conclusiones: Se hace evidente la necesidad de priorizar la enfermedad, gestionar los riesgos asociados a sus complicaciones y darle el manejo de una patología de alto impacto en la salud pública. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 46-56).

Abstract Introduction: postmenopausal osteoporosis (PMO) is a disease that reduces the density and quality of bones, increasing the risk of fractures. In Colombia there is no documented information on the costs and frequency of use of resources for the diagnosis and treatment of OPM and associated fractures. Materials and methods: a consensus with 11 experts was conducted using a Delphi modified methodology. Costs were applied using the tariff handbook ISS 2001 and in the end was estimated what economic impact would have in 2015 for the country the treatment of hip vertebral and distal radius fractures. Results: the cost to diagnose and properly follow a patient with PMO for one year is approximately $622,588.15. The cost at the time of a hip fracture that requires surgical management is $8,687,829.21. The cost of surgical management of a spinal fracture and distal radius is $11,348,379.90 and $2,319,111.67 respectively. Patients with spinal fractures that do not require surgical management can cost $5,034,055.60 in a one year follow up. By 2015, the economic impact of treating hip fractures in the country would be $205,602,914,414, for vertebral fractures with surgical management would be $1,370,947,862, and non-surgical management would be $11,653,771,426 and for distal radius fractures it would be $122,858,360,231. Conclusions: the need to prioritize the disease, manage the risks associated with its complications and offer the management of a pathology of high impact on public health, is evident. (Acta Med Colomb 2014; 39: 46-56).

Epidemiología de las vasculitis primarias en Colombia y su relación con lo informado para Latinoamérica / Epidemiology of primary vasculitis in Colombia and its relation with reported for latin america

Propuesta: las vasculitis primarias se expresan de forma variable entre pacientes y entre regiones, con frecuencias variables a través del mundo. Su incidencia promedio está calculada en 0,3 a 20 casos por millón de habitantes. Nosotros describimos la frecuencia de las vasculitis primarias en Colombia y la comparamos con lo informado en otros países de Latinoamérica (LA). Métodos: se revisó lo publicado en la literatura de vasculitis primaria en Colombia y en LA desde 1945 hasta 2007 en OLD Medline, Pub Med, BIREME, SciELO Colombia, LILACS. FEPAFEN, incluyendo publicaciones en inglés, español y portugués. La literatura incluye la información publicada del Hospital San Juan de Dios, Bogotá, Colombia y casos sin publicación enviados directamente por los autores. Nosotros calculamos el porcentaje para todos los casos que fueron informados para Colombia. Resultados: se identificaron 857 casos de vasculitis primaria en Colombia. La arteritis de Takayasu fue la vasculitis más frecuente en un 13,3% (114 casos) seguida de la enfermedad de Buerger en 11,2% (96 casos), las vasculitis cutáneas primarias y la poliarteritis nodosa en un 10% (86 casos) cada una. En niños, la vasculitis más frecuente fue la púrpura de Henoch Schönlein en un 24% (206 casos). En Latinoamérica se publicaron 177 artículos con 1605 casos informados. Se evidenció mayor presencia de arteritis de Takayasu en México y Brasil, y de poliangeítis microscópica en Chile y Perú. Conclusión: la mayoría de publicaciones sobre vasculitis primarias provienen de Europa, Norteamérica, Japón, Kuwait y Nueva Zelanda. Existen una serie de publicaciones y experiencia con estas patologías en LA. Un número considerable de publicaciones y casos con vasculitis primarias se han informado en Colombia en los recientes años, incluyendo la reciente descripción de la variante nodular de la vasculitis cutánea. La arteritis de Takayasu fue la variante más reportada del promedio de vasculitis, al igual que en Brasil y México. En contraposición a los hallazgos realizados en Brasil, Colombia y Mexico, las vasculitis asociadas a ANCA fueron la forma más informada en países como Chile y Perú. La mayoría de casos informados en LA provienen de México, siendo Colombia el segundo país en frecuencia. Es posible que exista más información pero no la conocemos, por no estar publicada. No existen estudios de incidencia y prevalencia. A escala mundial solo existen estudios de incidencia de las vasculitis primarias, y solo se han realizado estudios de incidencia y prevalencia en la granulomatosis de Wegener.

Purpose: primary vasculitis occurs with variable expression in individual patients and regions, and variable frequency throughout the world. Their overall incidence has been calculated to be 40 cases per million populations. We sought to describe the frequency of vasculitis in Colombia and compare it with vasculitis reported from other countries of Latin America (LA). Methods: review of available published literature on vasculitis in LA from 1945 to 2007 in OLD Medline, Pub Med, BIREME, SciELO Colombia, LILACS, FEPAFEN, including publications in English, Spanish and Portuguese. The literature included published information from San Juan de Dios hospital, Bogota, Colombia, and unpublished cases submitted directly to the authors. We calculated the percentage of all cases which are reported from Colombia. Results: we identified 857 cases of primary vasculitis in Colombia. Takayasu arteritis was the most common vasculitis in 13.3% (114 cases) followed by Buerger's disease in 11.2% (96 cases), primary cutaneous vasculitis and polyarteritis nodosa in a 10% (86 cases) each. In children, the vasculitis was more frequent in Henoch Schonlein purpura in 24% (206 cases). In Latin America, 177 articles were published in 1605 reported cases. It showed increased presence of Takayasu's arteritis in Mexico and Brazil, and microscopic poliangeiitis in Peru and Chile. Conclusion: while the majority of publications on primary vasculitis are from Europe and North America, there is a substantial literature and experience with these disorders in LA. A considerable number of publications and cases have emerged from Colombia in recent years, including case descriptions of a recently described variant of nodular cutaneous vasculitis. Takayasu arteritis was the most frequently reported form of primary vasculitis overall, and also from Brazil and Mexico. However, ANCA related vasculitis were the most commonly reported forms in Chile and Peru instead. The greatest numbers of cases were reported from Mexico, the LA's most populous country, with Colombia a close second.