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During apoptosis, the mitochondrial outer membrane is permeabilized, leading to the release of cytochrome c that activates downstream caspases. Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization (MOMP) has historically been thought to occur synchronously and completely throughout a cell, leading to rapid caspase activation and apoptosis. Using a new imaging approach, we demonstrate that MOMP is not an all-or-nothing event. Rather, we find that a minority of mitochondria can undergo MOMP in a stress-regulated manner, a phenomenon we term "minority MOMP." Crucially, minority MOMP leads to limited caspase activation, which is insufficient to trigger cell death. Instead, this caspase activity leads to DNA damage that, in turn, promotes genomic instability, cellular transformation, and tumorigenesis. Our data demonstrate that, in contrast to its well-established tumor suppressor function, apoptosis also has oncogenic potential that is regulated by the extent of MOMP. These findings have important implications for oncogenesis following either physiological or therapeutic engagement of apoptosis.
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Apoptose/fisiologia , Dano ao DNA , Instabilidade Genômica , Membranas Mitocondriais/fisiologia , Animais , Apoptose/efeitos dos fármacos , Compostos de Bifenilo/farmacologia , Western Blotting , Caspases/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p19/deficiência , Inibidor de Quinase Dependente de Ciclina p19/genética , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Embrião de Mamíferos/citologia , Fibroblastos/efeitos dos fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Células HCT116 , Células HeLa , Histonas/metabolismo , Humanos , Células MCF-7 , Camundongos Endogâmicos C57BL , Camundongos Knockout , Microscopia Confocal , Nitrofenóis/farmacologia , Permeabilidade , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogênicas c-bcl-2/metabolismo , Estaurosporina/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Fatores de TempoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Cellular metabolism is an integral component of cellular adaptation to stress, playing a pivotal role in the resistance of cancer cells to various treatment modalities, including radiotherapy. In response to radiotherapy, cancer cells engage antioxidant and DNA repair mechanisms which mitigate and remove DNA damage, facilitating cancer cell survival. Given the reliance of these resistance mechanisms on amino acid metabolism, we hypothesised that controlling the exogenous availability of the non-essential amino acids serine and glycine would radiosensitise cancer cells. METHODS: We exposed colorectal, breast and pancreatic cancer cell lines/organoids to radiation in vitro and in vivo in the presence and absence of exogenous serine and glycine. We performed phenotypic assays for DNA damage, cell cycle, ROS levels and cell death, combined with a high-resolution untargeted LCMS metabolomics and RNA-Seq. RESULTS: Serine and glycine restriction sensitised a range of cancer cell lines, patient-derived organoids and syngeneic mouse tumour models to radiotherapy. Comprehensive metabolomic and transcriptomic analysis of central carbon metabolism revealed that amino acid restriction impacted not only antioxidant response and nucleotide synthesis but had a marked inhibitory effect on the TCA cycle. CONCLUSION: Dietary restriction of serine and glycine is a viable radio-sensitisation strategy in cancer.
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Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Serina , Camundongos , Animais , Serina/metabolismo , Glicina/farmacologia , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , AminoácidosRESUMO
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Gliomas represent a disparate group of malignancies with varying clinical outcomes despite a tremendous amount of time, effort, and resources dedicated to their management and understanding. The most aggressive entity, glioblastoma, has a dismal prognosis with poor local control despite intense local and systemic treatment, including radiation therapy. RECENT FINDINGS: Given the heterogeneity in genotype, phenotype, and patient outcomes, researchers and clinicians have turned their attention toward attacking DNA damage response and repair mechanisms in gliomas in an effort to develop novel chemo and radiosensitizers. However, despite extensive work in both the laboratory and the clinic, no sensitizers have yet to emerge as clear options in the treatment of glioma, often because of meager preclinical data or an inability to penetrate the blood-brain barrier. SUMMARY: This review will examine current understanding of molecular DNA repair targets in glioma and their potential exploitation to improve local control and, ultimately, overall survival of patients afflicted with these diseases.
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Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Glioma/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Glioma/tratamento farmacológico , HumanosRESUMO
As we mark 150 years since the birth of Marie Curie, we reflect on the global advances made in radiation oncology and the current status of radiation therapy (RT) research. Large-scale international RT clinical trials have been fundamental in driving evidence-based change and have served to improve cancer management and to reduce side effects. Radiation therapy trials have also improved practice by increasing quality assurance and consistency in treatment protocols across multiple centres. This review summarises some of the key RT practice-changing clinical trials over the last two decades, in four common cancer sites for which RT is a crucial component of curative treatment: breast, lung, urological and lower gastro-intestinal cancer. We highlight the global inequality in access to RT, and the work of international organisations, such as the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), the European SocieTy for Radiotherapy and Oncology (ESTRO), and the United Kingdom National Cancer Research Institute Clinical and Translational Radiotherapy Research Working Group (CTRad), that aim to improve access to RT and facilitate radiation research. We discuss some emerging RT technologies including proton beam therapy and magnetic resonance linear accelerators and predict likely future directions in clinical RT research.
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Acessibilidade aos Serviços de Saúde/organização & administração , Neoplasias/radioterapia , Neoplasias da Mama/radioterapia , Ensaios Clínicos como Assunto , Europa (Continente) , Feminino , Neoplasias Gastrointestinais/radioterapia , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/radioterapia , Masculino , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Neoplasias Urológicas/radioterapiaRESUMO
PURPOSE: A systematic method is proposed for optimizing a promising preclinical arterial spin labeling (ASL) sequence based on the use of a train of adiabatic radiofrequency pulses labeling successive boli of blood water. METHODS: The sequence optimization is performed and evaluated using brain imaging experiments in mice and in rats. It involves the investigation of several parameters, ranging from the number of adiabatic pulses and labeling duration to the properties of the adiabatic hyperbolic secant pulses (ie, amplitude and frequency modulation). RESULTS: Species-dependent parameters are identified, allowing for robust fast optimization protocols to be introduced. The resulting optimized multiple boli ASL (mbASL) sequence provides with significantly higher average signal-to-noise ratios (SNR) per voxel volume than currently encountered in ASL studies (278 mm-3 in mice and 172 mm-3 in rats). Comparing with the commonly used flow-sensitive alternating inversion recovery technique (FAIR), mbASL-to-FAIR SNR ratios reach 203% for mice and 725% for rats. CONCLUSION: When properly optimized, mbASL can offer a robust, high SNR ASL alternative for rodent brain perfusion studies Magn Reson Med 79:1020-1030, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
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Encéfalo/diagnóstico por imagem , Processamento de Imagem Assistida por Computador/métodos , Imageamento por Ressonância Magnética/métodos , Imagem de Perfusão/métodos , Marcadores de Spin , Animais , Encéfalo/irrigação sanguínea , Circulação Cerebrovascular/fisiologia , Camundongos , Ratos , Razão Sinal-RuídoRESUMO
The finding that most GBMs recur either near or within the primary site after radiotherapy has fueled great interest in the development of radiosensitizers to enhance local control. Unfortunately, decades of clinical trials testing a wide range of novel therapeutic approaches have failed to yield any clinically viable radiosensitizers. However, many of the previous radiosensitizing strategies were not based on clear pre-clinical evidence, and in many cases blood-barrier penetration was not considered. Furthermore, DNA repair inhibitors have only recenly arrived in the clinic, and likely represent potent agents for glioma radiosensitization. Here, we present recent progress in the use of small molecule DNA damage response inhibitors as GBM radiosensitizers. In addition, we discuss the latest progress in targeting hypoxia and oxidative stress for GBM radiosensitization.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/terapia , Glioblastoma/terapia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia , Radiossensibilizantes/uso terapêutico , Animais , Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Terapia Combinada , Dano ao DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , Dano ao DNA/efeitos da radiação , Glioblastoma/genética , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Humanos , Hipóxia/etiologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/etiologia , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/genética , Recidiva Local de Neoplasia/metabolismoRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), the most common and most aggressive type of primary adult brain tumour, responds poorly to conventional treatment. Temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy remains the most commonly used treatment, despite a large proportion of tumours displaying TMZ resistance. 60% of GBM tumours have unmethylated MGMT promoter regions, resulting in an overexpression of the DNA repair protein O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT), which is responsible for tumour resistance to TMZ chemotherapy. Tumours also often exhibit hyperactive PI3-kinase/mTOR signalling, which enables them to resynthesise proteins quickly. Since MGMT is a suicide protein that is degraded upon binding to and repairing TMZ-induced O6-methylguanine adducts, it has been hypothesized that inhibition of translation via the mTOR signalling pathway could generate a tumour-specific reduction in MGMT protein and increase TMZ sensitivity. METHODS: MGMT was monitored at the post-transcriptional, translational and protein levels, to determine what effect mTOR inhibition was having on MGMT protein expression in vitro. RESULTS: We show that inhibiting mTOR signalling is indeed associated with acute inhibition of protein synthesis. Western blots show that despite this, relative to loading control proteins, steady state levels of MGMT protein increased and MGMT mRNA was retained in heavy polysomes. Whilst TMZ treatment resulted in maintained MGMT protein levels, concomitant treatment of T98G cells with TMZ and KU0063794 resulted in increased MGMT protein levels without changes in total mRNA levels. CONCLUSIONS: These in vitro data suggest that, counterintuitively, mTOR inhibition may not be a useful adjunct to TMZ therapy and that more investigation is needed before applying mTOR inhibitors in a clinical setting.
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Antineoplásicos Alquilantes/farmacologia , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/antagonistas & inibidores , Reparo do DNA/efeitos dos fármacos , DNA de Neoplasias/antagonistas & inibidores , Dacarbazina/análogos & derivados , Morfolinas/farmacologia , Pirimidinas/farmacologia , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/antagonistas & inibidores , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/antagonistas & inibidores , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Cicloeximida/farmacologia , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/genética , Metilases de Modificação do DNA/metabolismo , Reparo do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/genética , Enzimas Reparadoras do DNA/metabolismo , DNA de Neoplasias/metabolismo , Dacarbazina/antagonistas & inibidores , Dacarbazina/farmacologia , Expressão Gênica , Humanos , Mutação , Neuroglia/efeitos dos fármacos , Neuroglia/metabolismo , Neuroglia/patologia , Biossíntese de Proteínas/efeitos dos fármacos , Transdução de Sinais , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/genética , Serina-Treonina Quinases TOR/metabolismo , Temozolomida , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/genética , Proteínas Supressoras de Tumor/metabolismoRESUMO
Small animal models are crucial to link molecular discoveries and implementation of clinically relevant therapeutics in oncology. Using these models requires noninvasive imaging techniques to monitor disease progression and therapy response. Micro-computed tomography (CT) is less studied for the in vivo monitoring of murine intracranial tumors and traditionally suffers from poor soft tissue contrast, whereas bioluminescence imaging (BLI) is known for its sensitivity but is not frequently employed for quantifying tumor volume. A widely used orthotopic glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) tumor model was applied in nude mice, and tumor growth was evaluated by BLI and contrast-enhanced microCT imaging. A strong correlation was observed between CT volume and BLI-integrated intensity (Pearson coefficient (r) â=â .85, p â=â .0002). Repeated contouring of contrast-enhanced microCT-delineated tumor volumes achieved an intraobserver average pairwise overlap ratio of 0.84 and an average tumor volume coefficient of variance of 0.11. MicroCT-delineated tumor size was found to correlate with tumor size obtained via histologic analysis (Pearson coefficient (r) â=â .88, p â=â .005). We conclude that BLI intensity can be used to derive tumor volume but that the use of both contrast-enhanced microCT and BLI provides complementary tumor growth information, which is particularly useful for modern small animal irradiation devices that make use of microCT and BLI for treatment planning, targeting, and monitoring.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Glioblastoma/patologia , Luciferases/metabolismo , Medições Luminescentes/métodos , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Animais , Neoplasias Encefálicas/diagnóstico por imagem , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Glioblastoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Luciferases/genética , Camundongos , Camundongos SCID , Imagem Multimodal , Transplante de Neoplasias , Carga TumoralRESUMO
The value of radiotherapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer has been the subject of much debate but limited preclinical research. We hypothesise that the poor translation of radiation research into clinical trials of radiotherapy in pancreatic cancer is due, in part, to inadequate preclinical study models. Here, we developed and refined methods for targeted irradiation in autochthonous mouse models of pancreatic cancer, using a small animal radiotherapy research platform. We tested and optimised strategies for administration of contrast agents, iohexol and the liver imaging agent Fenestra LC, to enable the use of computed tomography imaging in tumour localisation. We demonstrate accurate tumour targeting, negligible off-target effects and therapeutic efficacy, depending on dose, number of fractions and tumour size, and provide a proof of concept that precise radiation can be delivered effectively to mouse pancreatic tumours with a clinically relevant microenvironment. This advance will allow investigation of the radiation response in murine pancreatic cancer, discovery of mechanisms and biomarkers of radiosensitivity or resistance, and development of radiosensitising strategies to inform clinical trials for precision radiotherapy in this disease.
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Neoplasias Pancreáticas , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador , Animais , Camundongos , Dosagem Radioterapêutica , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Neoplasias Pancreáticas/radioterapia , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X/métodos , Microambiente TumoralRESUMO
PURPOSE: Glioblastoma (GBM) is a lethal brain tumor. Standard-of-care treatment comprising surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy results in median survival rates of 12 to 15 months. Molecular-targeted agents identified using conventional 2-dimensional (2D) in vitro models of GBM have failed to improve outcome in patients, rendering such models inadequate for therapeutic target identification. A previously developed 3D GBM in vitro model that recapitulates key GBM clinical features and responses to molecular therapies was investigated for utility for screening novel radiation-drug combinations using gold-standard clonogenic survival as readout. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Patient-derived GBM cell lines were optimized for inclusion in a 96-well plate 3D clonogenic screening platform, ClonoScreen3D. Radiation responses of GBM cells in this system were highly reproducible and comparable to those observed in low-throughout 3D assays. The screen methodology provided quantification of candidate drug single agent activity (half maximal effective concentration or EC50) and the interaction between drug and radiation (radiation interaction ratio). RESULTS: The poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors talazoparib, rucaparib, and olaparib each showed a significant interaction with radiation by ClonoScreen3D and were subsequently confirmed as true radiosensitizers by full clonogenic assay. Screening a panel of DNA damage response inhibitors revealed the expected propensity of these compounds to interact significantly with radiation (13/15 compounds). A second screen assessed a panel of compounds targeting pathways identified by transcriptomic analysis and demonstrated single agent activity and a previously unreported interaction with radiation of dinaciclib and cytarabine (radiation interaction ratio 1.28 and 1.90, respectively). These compounds were validated as radiosensitizers in full clonogenic assays (sensitizer enhancement ratio 1.47 and 1.35, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: The ClonoScreen3D platform was demonstrated to be a robust method to screen for single agent and radiation-drug combination activity. Using gold-standard clonogenicity, this assay is a tool for identification of radiosensitizers. We anticipate this technology will accelerate identification of novel radiation-drug combinations with genuine translational value.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Ftalazinas , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases , Radiossensibilizantes , Glioblastoma/radioterapia , Glioblastoma/patologia , Humanos , Radiossensibilizantes/farmacologia , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Ftalazinas/farmacologia , Ftalazinas/uso terapêutico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/radioterapia , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patologia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/uso terapêutico , Indóis/farmacologia , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Técnicas de Cultura de Células em Três Dimensões/métodosRESUMO
PURPOSE: Patients with glioblastoma who are older or have poor performance status (PS) experience particularly poor clinical outcomes. At the time of study initiation, these patients were treated with short-course radiation therapy (40 Gy in 15 fractions). Olaparib is an oral inhibitor of the DNA repair enzyme poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) that is well tolerated as a single agent but exacerbates acute radiation toxicity in extracranial sites. Preclinical data predicted that PARP inhibitors would enhance radiosensitivity in glioblastoma without exacerbating adverse effects on the normal brain. METHODS AND MATERIALS: Phase 1 of the PARADIGM trial was a 3+3 dose-escalation study testing olaparib in combination with radiation therapy (40 Gy 15 fractions) in patients with newly diagnosed glioblastoma who were unsuitable for radical treatment either because they were aged 70 years or older (World Health Organization PS 0-1) or aged 18 to 69 years with PS 2. The primary outcome was the recommended phase 2 dose of olaparib. Secondary endpoints included safety and tolerability, overall survival, and progression-free survival. Effects on cognitive function were assessed via the Mini Mental State Examination. RESULTS: Of 16 eligible patients (56.25% male; median age, 71.5 years [range, 44-78]; 75% PS 0-1), 1 dose-limiting toxicity was reported (grade 3 agitation). Maximum tolerated dose was not reached and the recommended phase 2 dose was determined as 200 mg twice daily. Median overall survival and progression-free survival were 10.8 months (80% CI, 7.3-11.4) and 5.5 months (80% CI, 3.9-5.9), respectively. Mini Mental State Examination plots indicated that cognitive function was not adversely affected by the olaparib-radiation therapy combination. CONCLUSIONS: Olaparib can be safely combined with hypofractionated brain radiation therapy and is well tolerated in patients unsuitable for radical chemoradiation. These results enabled initiation of a randomized phase 2 study and support future trials of PARP inhibitors in combination with radiation therapy for patients with brain tumors.
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Neoplasias Encefálicas , Glioblastoma , Piperazinas , Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Feminino , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Glioblastoma/radioterapia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias Encefálicas/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias Encefálicas/radioterapia , Ftalazinas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Glioblastomas have highly infiltrative growth patterns that contribute to recurrence and poor survival. Despite infiltration being a critical therapeutic target, no clinically useful therapies exist that counter glioblastoma invasion. Here, we report that inhibition of ataxia telangiectasia and Rad 3 related kinase (ATR) reduces invasion of glioblastoma cells through dysregulation of cytoskeletal networks and subsequent integrin trafficking. METHODS: Glioblastoma motility and invasion were assessed in vitro and in vivo in response to ATR inhibition (ATRi) and ATR overexpression using time-lapse microscopy, two orthotopic glioblastoma models, and intravital imaging. Disruption to cytoskeleton networks and endocytic processing were investigated via high-throughput, super-resolution and intravital imaging. RESULTS: High ATR expression was associated with significantly poorer survival in clinical datasets while histological, protein expression, and spatial transcriptomics using glioblastoma tumor specimens revealed higher ATR expression at infiltrative margins. Pharmacological inhibition with two different compounds and RNAi targeting of ATR opposed the invasion of glioblastoma, whereas overexpression of ATR drove migration. Subsequent investigation revealed that cytoskeletal dysregulation reduced macropinocytotic internalization of integrins at growth-cone-like structures, resulting in a tumor microtube retraction defect. The biological relevance and translational potential of these findings were confirmed using two orthotopic in vivo models of glioblastoma and intravital imaging. CONCLUSIONS: We demonstrate a novel role for ATR in determining invasion in glioblastoma cells and propose that pharmacological targeting of ATR could have far-reaching clinical benefits beyond radiosensitization.
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Glioblastoma , Humanos , Glioblastoma/patologia , Integrinas/metabolismo , Linhagem Celular Tumoral , Citoesqueleto/metabolismo , Citoesqueleto/patologia , Invasividade Neoplásica , Proteínas Mutadas de Ataxia Telangiectasia/metabolismoRESUMO
Introduction: Stroke is an established complication in cancer patients, amongst whom brain tumour patients have the highest risk of fatal stroke. Radiotherapy is an important treatment for brain tumours and is associated with increased risk of cerebrovascular disease. However, the impact of brain irradiation on stroke-related deaths in brain tumour patients is unknown, and the timing of any effect uncertain. This study investigates the relationship between radiotherapy and stroke-specific mortality (SSM) in patients with primary brain tumours. Methods: Patients of any age diagnosed with histologically confirmed primary brain tumours between 1992 and 2015 were abstracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. Primary outcome was impact of radiotherapy on 5-year SSM. Cumulative SSM rates under competing risk assumptions were estimated and stratified by intervention type. Time-dependent hazard ratios were estimated to identify when the radiotherapy impact was greatest. Results: 85,284 patients with primary brain tumour diagnoses were analysed. Overall, the 5-year cumulative SSM rate was low (0.6%) with the highest rate (0.76%) in patients receiving no treatment, in whom it mainly occurred < 1 month after diagnosis. SSM rates were lower in patients treated with radiotherapy alone (0.27%) or radiotherapy plus surgery (0.24%); stroke-related deaths also occurred later in these groups. While these patterns were observed in both glioblastoma and non-glioblastoma patients, stroke deaths tended to occur later in non-glioblastoma patients receiving radiotherapy. Relative to the 'no treatment' group, the highest risk of stroke mortality in radiotherapy treated patients occurred 3.5-4 years after diagnosis. Conclusion: The risk of SSM is low in patients with primary brain tumours and is not increased by radiotherapy. Two different patterns were observed: acute stroke mortality in patients receiving no treatment, and delayed stroke mortality in patients receiving radiotherapy (+/- surgery) with the latter peaking 3.5-4 years after diagnosis.
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BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Target delineation in glioblastoma is still a matter of extensive research and debate. This guideline aims to update the existing joint European consensus on delineation of the clinical target volume (CTV) in adult glioblastoma patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The ESTRO Guidelines Committee identified 14 European experts in close interaction with the ESTRO clinical committee and EANO who discussed and analysed the body of evidence concerning contemporary glioblastoma target delineation, then took part in a two-step modified Delphi process to address open questions. RESULTS: Several key issues were identified and are discussed including i) pre-treatment steps and immobilisation, ii) target delineation and the use of standard and novel imaging techniques, and iii) technical aspects of treatment including planning techniques and fractionation. Based on the EORTC recommendation focusing on the resection cavity and residual enhancing regions on T1-sequences with the addition of a reduced 15 mm margin, special situations are presented with corresponding potential adaptations depending on the specific clinical situation. CONCLUSIONS: The EORTC consensus recommends a single clinical target volume definition based on postoperative contrast-enhanced T1 abnormalities, using isotropic margins without the need to cone down. A PTV margin based on the individual mask system and IGRT procedures available is advised; this should usually be no greater than 3 mm when using IGRT.
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Glioblastoma , Adulto , Humanos , Glioblastoma/diagnóstico por imagem , Glioblastoma/radioterapia , Glioblastoma/tratamento farmacológico , Planejamento da Radioterapia Assistida por Computador/métodos , Fracionamento da Dose de RadiaçãoRESUMO
Background: There are no effective treatments for brain tumor-related fatigue. We studied the feasibility of two novel lifestyle coaching interventions in fatigued brain tumor patients. Methods: This phase I/feasibility multi-center RCT recruited patients with a clinically stable primary brain tumor and significant fatigue (mean Brief Fatigue Inventory [BFI] score ≥ 4/10). Participants were randomized in a 1-1-1 allocation ratio to: Control (usual care); Health Coaching ("HC", an eight-week program targeting lifestyle behaviors); or HC plus Activation Coaching ("HC + AC", further targeting self-efficacy). The primary outcome was feasibility of recruitment and retention. Secondary outcomes were intervention acceptability, which was evaluated via qualitative interview, and safety. Exploratory quantitative outcomes were measured at baseline (T0), post-interventions (T1, 10 weeks), and endpoint (T2, 16 weeks). Results: n = 46 fatigued brain tumor patients (T0 BFI mean = 6.8/10) were recruited and 34 were retained to endpoint, establishing feasibility. Engagement with interventions was sustained over time. Qualitative interviews (n = 21) suggested that coaching interventions were broadly acceptable, although mediated by participant outlook and prior lifestyle. Coaching led to significant improvements in fatigue (improvement in BFI versus control at T1: HC=2.2 points [95% CI 0.6, 3.8], HC + AC = 1.8 [0.1, 3.4], Cohen's d [HC] = 1.9; improvement in FACIT-Fatigue: HC = 4.8 points [-3.7, 13.3]; HC + AC = 12 [3.5, 20.5], d [HC and AC] = 0.9). Coaching also improved depressive and mental health outcomes. Modeling suggested a potential limiting effect of higher baseline depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Lifestyle coaching interventions are feasible to deliver to fatigued brain tumor patients. They were manageable, acceptable, and safe, with preliminary evidence of benefit on fatigue and mental health outcomes. Larger trials of efficacy are justified.
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This Roadmap paper covers the field of precision preclinical x-ray radiation studies in animal models. It is mostly focused on models for cancer and normal tissue response to radiation, but also discusses other disease models. The recent technological evolution in imaging, irradiation, dosimetry and monitoring that have empowered these kinds of studies is discussed, and many developments in the near future are outlined. Finally, clinical translation and reverse translation are discussed.
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Radiometria , Animais , Raios X , Radiometria/métodos , Radiografia , Modelos Animais , Imagens de FantasmasRESUMO
Radiation resistance remains a huge clinical problem for cancer patients and oncologists in the 21st century. In recent years, the mammalian DNA damage response (DDR) has been extensively characterized and shown to play a key role in determining cellular survival following ionizing radiation exposure. Genomic instability due to altered DDR is a hallmark of cancer, with many tumors exhibiting abnormal DNA repair or lack of redundancy in DDR. Targeting the abnormal DDR phenotype of tumor cells could lead to substantial gains in radiotherapy efficacy, improving local control and survival for patients with cancers that are refractory to current therapies. Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) are the most clinically advanced DDR inhibitors under investigation as radiosensitisers. Preclinical evidence suggests that PARPi may provide tumor specific radiosensitisation in certain contexts. In addition to inhibition of DNA single strand break repair, PARPi may offer other benefits in combination treatment including radiosensitisation of hypoxic cells and targeting of alternative repair pathways such as microhomology mediated end joining which are increasingly recognized to be upregulated in cancer. Several early phase clinical trials of PARPi with radiation have completed or are in progress. Early reports have highlighted tumor specific challenges, with tolerability dependent upon anatomical location and use of concomitant systemic therapies; these challenges were largely predicted by preclinical data. This review discusses the role of PARP in the cellular response to ionizing radiation, summarizes preclinical studies of PARPi in combination with radiotherapy and explores current early phase clinical trials that are evaluating these combinations.
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Antineoplásicos , Neoplasias , Animais , Antineoplásicos/uso terapêutico , Sobrevivência Celular , Reparo do DNA , Humanos , Mamíferos , Neoplasias/tratamento farmacológico , Neoplasias/genética , Neoplasias/radioterapia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/farmacologia , Inibidores de Poli(ADP-Ribose) Polimerases/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a highly invasive primary brain tumor in adults with a 5-year survival rate of less than 10%. Conventional radiotherapy with photons, along with concurrent and adjuvant temozolomide, is the mainstay for treatment of GBM although no significant improvement in survival rates has been observed over the last 20 years. Inherent factors such as tumor hypoxia, radioresistant GBM stem cells, and upregulated DNA damage response mechanisms are well established as contributing to treatment resistance and tumor recurrence. While it is understandable that efforts have focused on targeting these factors to overcome this phenotype, there have also been striking advances in precision radiotherapy techniques, including proton beam therapy and carbon ion radiotherapy (CIRT). These enable higher doses of radiation to be delivered precisely to the tumor, while minimizing doses to surrounding normal tissues and organs at risk. These alternative radiotherapy techniques also benefit from increased biological effectiveness, particularly in the case of CIRT. Although not researched extensively to date, combining these new radiation modalities with radio-enhancing agents may be particularly effective in improving outcomes for patients with GBM.
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Glioblastoma (GBM) accounts for over 50% of gliomas and carries the worst prognosis of all solid tumors. Owing to the limited local control afforded by surgery alone, efficacious adjuvant treatments such as radiotherapy (RT) and chemotherapy are fundamental in achieving durable disease control. The best clinical outcomes are achieved with tri-modality treatment consisting of surgery, RT and systemic therapy. While RT-chemotherapy combination regimens are well established in oncology, this approach was largely unsuccessful in GBM until the introduction of temozolomide. The success of this combination has stimulated the search for other candidate drugs for concomitant use with RT in GBM. This review seeks to collate the current evidence for these agents and synthesize possible future directions for the field.