[Cutaneous manifestations of cystic fibrosis in an infant: acrodermatitis enteropathica and gray hair]. / Manifestaciones dermatológicas de fibrosis quística en un lactante: acrodermatitis enteropática símil y pelo gris.

INTRODUCTION: Cutaneous manifestations at the time of CF diagnosis are rare. OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of an infant with an unusual cutaneous presentation of cystic fibrosis. CASE REPORT: The case is presented of an infant with delayed physical growth at two months, and at the age of four months, presented with a skin rash and gray hair. Tests revealed the presence of hypoproteinemia and anemia, with the diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis being confirmed by genetic testing. The rash was completely resolved after pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. This is the second gray hair case reported in children with this disease. CONCLUSION: Metabolic diseases such as cystic fibrosis should be suspected in malnourished children who develop skin disorders.

Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus: An uncommon manifestation in pediatric population. / Lupus eritematoso sistémico buloso: Una manifestación infrecuente en población pediátrica.

INTRODUCTION: Bullous systemic lupus erythematosus (BSLE) is an autoimmune subepidermal blistering disease se condary to the presence of autoantibodies against type VII collagen of the basement membrane zone. It is considered a variant of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) and is uncommon in the pediatric population. OBJECTIVE: To describe the case of a pediatric patient with a bullous eruption compati ble with BSLE. CLINICAL CASE: A 16-year-old female patient of Mapuche descent with history of SLE diagnosed at age 10, undergoing treatment. She consulted due to a six-week history of a generalized bullous eruption with no systemic symptoms. Biopsy for histology and direct immunofluorescence (DIF) confirmed the diagnosis of BSLE. The patient responded favorably to dapsone 100 mg/day (associated with her baseline treatment), without new reactivations after 8 years of follow-up. Con clusion: BSLE is an infrequent manifestation of SLE. The clinical presentation is similar to other bullous dermatoses, but the histopathology and DIF in correlation with the presence of SLE confirm the diagnosis. Although indigenous ancestry is associated with SLE high-risk alleles, studies regarding the association of BSLE in this ethnic group are still lacking.

[Renal compromise in HIV/AIDS in patients attended at a Chilean children hospital]. / Compromiso renal e infección por VIH/SIDA en pacientes atendidos en un hospital pediátrico chileno.

UNLABELLED: The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of renal abnormalities in HIV positive children hospitalized in one pediatric hospital in Chile. METHOD: a cross sectional study was performed during April 2007. RESULTS: A total of 18 patients were evaluated, ten male and eight female ranging in age from 4 to 19 years. The average age at the time of HIV diagnosis and nephrologic evaluations were 2,69 and 10,7 years respectively. All patients had acquired HIV infection by vertical transmission. Uriñe samples of two children had microalbuminuria; two had monosymptomatic hematuria, and ten had ¿squamous? cells. Hypercalciuria was detected in one patient, renal lithiasis in another and two patients had abnormal renal ultrasonography. All 19 patients had normal blood pressures. Overall 7 patients (39%) had a renal abnormality. CONCLUSIONS: The relatively high incidence of renal abnormalities in our series support the need for a nation-wide screening program to assess the incidence of renal impairment in pediatric HIV positive patients.

Barriers and Facilitators for the Implementation and Evaluation of Community-Based Interventions to Promote Physical Activity and Healthy Diet: A Mixed Methods Study in Argentina.

Background: Obesogenic environments promote sedentary behavior and high dietary energy intake. The objective of the study was to identify barriers and facilitators to the implementation and impact evaluation of projects oriented to promote physical activity and healthy diet at community level. We analyzed experiences of the projects implemented within the Healthy Municipalities and Communities Program (HMCP) in Argentina. Methods: A mixed methods approach included (1) in-depth semi-structured interviews, with 44 stakeholders; and (2) electronic survey completed by 206 individuals from 96 municipalities across the country. Results: The most important barriers included the lack of: adequate funding (43%); skilled personnel (42%); equipment and material resources (31%); technical support for data management and analysis (20%); training on project designs (12%); political support from local authorities (17%) and acceptance of the proposed intervention by the local community (9%). Facilitators included motivated local leaders, inter-sectorial participation and seizing local resources. Project evaluation was mostly based on process rather than outcome indicators. Conclusions: This study contributes to a better understanding of the difficulties in the implementation of community-based intervention projects. Findings may guide stakeholders on how to facilitate local initiatives. There is a need to improve project evaluation strategies by incorporating process, outcome and context specific indicators.

[Geographic information systems]. / Sistemas de información geográfica.

The aim of this study was to geospatially explore the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians in Cercado de Lima (Lima District), Peru. Car accidents involving pedestrians recorded in the 2015 National Police Station Census of the National Statistics and Information Institute were described and georeferenced. Subsequently, a Kernel Density analysis was carried out to locate areas with high, medium, and low density events. Records of 171 car accidents involving pedestrians were studied: the types of vehicles involved were automobiles (56.7%) and smaller vehicles (22.8%). The highest percentage of car accidents involving pedestrians (38.6%) took place between 12:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. There were two densely populated areas and two areas with intermediate density for car accidents involving pedestrians, locations that were previously reported as critical due to their deficiencies and high probability of traffic accidents. The use of geographic information systems offers a quick overview of the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians to make comparisons and enable the local implementation of strategies.

Hyperhomocysteinaemia in a young woman presenting with stroke, associated with methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase C677T homozygosity.

We present a case of ischaemic stroke in a 23-year-old woman, associated with homozygous methylene tetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR)-C677T and hyperhomocysteinaemia. Her other risk factors for stroke were ostium secundum atrial septal defect and use of oral contraceptives. This case illustrates the need to include plasma homocysteine (Hcy) measurement in investigations following stroke. In the presence of hyperhomocysteinaemia, the MTHFR genotype should be determined. If the index case has the polymorphism, then all first-degree relatives should also be investigated by measurement of plasma Hcy and determination of MTHFR genotype.

Hypercarotenaemia or hypercarotenoidaemia.

BACKGROUND: Serum carotenoids consist of a variety of different compounds. Xanthoderma may result from an increased concentration of any of the carotenoids. METHODS AND RESULTS: High-performance liquid chromatography of serum carotenoids shows that a normal chromatogram contains mainly beta-carotene, lutein and lycopene. Serum alpha- and beta-carotene, beta-cryptoxanthin, lycopene, lutein and zeaxanthin were found to be increased in the investigation of hypercarotenaemia. CONCLUSION: Patients presenting with possible xanthoderma should have a dietary history taken and serum sent for carotenoid analysis.

Sistemas de información geográfica: aplicación práctica para el estudio de atropellos en el Cercado de Lima, Perú / Geographic information systems: practical application to study car accidents involving pedestrians in Cercado de Lima, Peru

El objetivo del estudio fue explorar geoespacialmente los patrones de ocurrencia de atropellos en el Cercado de Lima, Perú. Se describieron y georreferenciaron los atropellos registrados en el Censo Nacional de Comisarías 2015 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis Kernel Density para localizar áreas con alta, mediana y baja densidad de eventos. Se estudiaron 171 registros de atropellos, los tipos de vehículo involucrados fueron automóvil (56,7%) y vehículos menores (22,8%). El mayor porcentaje de atropellos (38,6%) ocurrió entre las 12.00-17.00 horas. Se encontraron dos zonas de alta densidad y dos de densidad intermedia para atropellos, coincidiendo con ubicaciones reportadas previamente como críticas por sus deficiencias y mayor probabilidad de accidentes de tránsito. El empleo de sistemas de información geográfica ofrece una visión rápida y general de los patrones de ocurrencia de atropellos, permitiendo realizar comparaciones y facilitaría la implementación de respuestas a nivel local.

The aim of this study was to geospatially explore the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians in Cercado de Lima (Lima District), Peru. Car accidents involving pedestrians recorded in the 2015 National Police Station Census of the National Statistics and Information Institute were described and georeferenced. Subsequently, a Kernel Density analysis was carried out to locate areas with high, medium, and low density events. Records of 171 car accidents involving pedestrians were studied: the types of vehicles involved were automobiles (56.7%) and smaller vehicles (22.8%). The highest percentage of car accidents involving pedestrians (38.6%) took place between 12:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. There were two densely populated areas and two areas with intermediate density for car accidents involving pedestrians, locations that were previously reported as critical due to their deficiencies and high probability of traffic accidents. The use of geographic information systems offers a quick overview of the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians to make comparisons and enable the local implementation of strategies.

Sistemas de información geográfica: / Geographic information systems:

RESUMEN El objetivo del estudio fue explorar geoespacialmente los patrones de ocurrencia de atropellos en el Cercado de Lima, Perú. Se describieron y georreferenciaron los atropellos registrados en el Censo Nacional de Comisarías 2015 del Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática. Posteriormente, se realizó un análisis Kernel Density para localizar áreas con alta, mediana y baja densidad de eventos. Se estudiaron 171 registros de atropellos, los tipos de vehículo involucrados fueron automóvil (56,7%) y vehículos menores (22,8%). El mayor porcentaje de atropellos (38,6%) ocurrió entre las 12.00-17.00 horas. Se encontraron dos zonas de alta densidad y dos de densidad intermedia para atropellos, coincidiendo con ubicaciones reportadas previamente como críticas por sus deficiencias y mayor probabilidad de accidentes de tránsito. El empleo de sistemas de información geográfica ofrece una visión rápida y general de los patrones de ocurrencia de atropellos, permitiendo realizar comparaciones y facilitaría la implementación de respuestas a nivel local.

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to geospatially explore the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians in Cercado de Lima (Lima District), Peru. Car accidents involving pedestrians recorded in the 2015 National Police Station Census of the National Statistics and Information Institute were described and georeferenced. Subsequently, a Kernel Density analysis was carried out to locate areas with high, medium, and low density events. Records of 171 car accidents involving pedestrians were studied: the types of vehicles involved were automobiles (56.7%) and smaller vehicles (22.8%). The highest percentage of car accidents involving pedestrians (38.6%) took place between 12:00 p.m. and 5:00 p.m. There were two densely populated areas and two areas with intermediate density for car accidents involving pedestrians, locations that were previously reported as critical due to their deficiencies and high probability of traffic accidents. The use of geographic information systems offers a quick overview of the occurrence rates of car accidents involving pedestrians to make comparisons and enable the local implementation of strategies.

Manifestaciones dermatológicas de fibrosis quística en un lactante: acrodermatitis enteropática símil y pelo gris / Cutaneous manifestations of cystic fibrosis in an infant: acrodermatitis enteropathica and gray hair

Introducción: Las manifestaciones dermatológicas en el momento del diagnóstico de fibrosis quística son infrecuentes. Objetivo: Describir el caso de una lactante con una presentación dermatológica no habitual de fibrosis quística. Caso Clínico: Lactante que a los 2 meses de edad presenta un mal incremento pondoestatural. A los 4 meses presenta exantema cutáneo, edema y pelo gris. Dentro de su estudio se evidencia hipoproteinemia y anemia, y se confirma el diagnóstico de fibrosis quística mediante el estudio genético. Las alteraciones dermatológicas se revirtieron completamente tras la instauración de la terapia de reemplazo con enzimas pancreáticas. Este es el segundo caso reportado de pelo gris en niños con esta enfermedad. Conclusión: En niños con malnutrición que desarrollan alteraciones de la piel y fanéreos debemos sospechar enfermedades metabólicas como fibrosis quística.

Introduction: Cutaneous manifestations at the time of CF diagnosis are rare. Objective: To describe the case of an infant with an unusual cutaneous presentation of cystic fibrosis. Case report: The case is presented of an infant with delayed physical growth at two months, and at the age of four months, presented with a skin rash and gray hair. Tests revealed the presence of hypoproteinemia and anemia, with the diagnosis of Cystic Fibrosis being confirmed by genetic testing. The rash was completely resolved after pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy. This is the second gray hair case reported in children with this disease. Conclusion Metabolic diseases such as cystic fibrosis should be suspected in malnourished children who develop skin disorders.

Relación entre el signo de entrecruzamiento y el ángulo de versión acetabular en tomografía axial computada / Association between the crossover sign and the acetabular version angle in axial computed tomography

Introduction.The crossover sign (CS) is proposed in the diagnosis of pincer-type femoroacetabular impingement (FAI). CS occurs in the cranial region of the acetabulum while the acetabular version angle (AV) is measured in the region where the acetabulum becomes deeper. Objective. To determine whether AV values measured in cranial regions using the classical measures relate better to the findings for positive CS. Material and Methods. Cross sectional study in asymptomatic patients. Images were obtained by CT of the abdomen and pelvis. They were recored in anterior-posterior reconstruction the CS and in axial reconstruction the AV angle. Logistic regression models for measuring AV in 7 cephalic levels to caudal with 95 percent CI were estimated. Results. 104 patients were measured. At Level 3 an area under ROC curve 0.81 (0.74-0.87), cutoff value of 11.2 degrees with sensitivity of 80.0 percent and specificity of 73.0 percent, was obtained. Conclusion. AV at level 3 has higher diagnostic capacity for the presence of positive CS.

Introducción. El signo de entrecruzamiento (SE) es propuesto en el diagnóstico imagenológico del pinzamiento Femoroacetabular tipo Pincer. El SE se produce en la región craneal del acetábulo, mientras que el ángulo de versión acetabular (VA) se mide en la región donde el acetábulo se hace más profundo. Objetivo. Determinar si valores de VA medidos en regiones craneales a la medida clásica se relacionan mejor al hallazgo de SE positivo. Material y Método. Estudio transversal en pacientes asintomáticos. Se obtuvieron imágenes mediante TC de abdomen y pelvis. Fueron consignados en reconstrucción antero-posterior el SE y en reconstrucción axial el ángulo de VA. Se estimaron modelos de regresión logística para la medición de VA en 7 niveles de cefálico a caudal con IC 95 porciento. Resultados. Fueron medidos 104 pacientes. En nivel 3 se obtuvo un área bajo curva ROC 0.81 (0.74-0.87), valor de corte 11.2 grados con sensibilidad de 80.0 porciento y especificidad de 73.0 porciento. Conclusión. VA en nivel 3 tiene mayor capacidad diagnóstica de la presencia de SE positivo.

Procedimientos en dermatología pediátrica: anestesia y sedoanalgesia / Pediatric dermatologic procedures: anesthesia, sedoanalgesia

La dermatología pediátrica continúa desarrollándose y junto con ella aumentan el número y complejidad de procedimientos realizados en esta población. Los niños poseen un menor umbral del dolor y mayor ansiedad al someterse a estos. Por ello, sólo deben realizarse las intervenciones realmente necesarias y evaluar las características de cada paciente para definir el momento óptimo, la técnica más adecuada y estrategias de manejo de dolor y ansiedad. Los dermatólogos debemos estar familiarizados con las técnicas no farmacológicas, sedantes, analgésicos perioperatorios y anestésicos que son actualmente de uso rutinario en procedimientos pediátricos, ya que tenemos la obligación clínica, ética y moral de minimizar el dolor y sufrimiento de los niños.

Pediatric dermatology continues to evolve and with it increases the number and complexity of procedures performed in this population. Children have a lower pain threshold and increased anxiety to undergo these procedures. Therefore only really necessary interventions must be performed and assess the characteristics of each patient to define the optimal time, the most appropriate technique and management strategies of pain and anxiety. Dermatologists should be familiar with non-pharmacological techniques, sedatives, perioperative analgesics and anesthetics that are currently in routine use in pediatric procedures, because we have clinical, ethical and moral obligation to minimize the pain and suffering of children.

Edema hemorrágico agudo del lactante: reporte de un caso de presentación atípica / Acute hemorrhagic edema of infancy: case report

Acute infant hemorragic edema is a benign condition that affects children between 4 month and 2 years of age. Quick onset inflammatory edema and generalized ring shaped symmetric purpura are characteristic. Histology is of leucocitoclastic vasculitis. Clinical case: 9 month old child with a respiratory tract affection 2 weeks previous, consulting for left leg edema and fever, afterwards cutaneous and enteral mucosa purpura. Discussion: Acute hemorrhagic edema is a benign and self-limited illness. Lhe main differential diagnosis is Schonlein Henoch Purpura, and a careful evaluation and clinical follow-up is neccesary.

Introducción: El Edema Hemorrágico Agudo del Lactante (EHAL) es una condición benigna que afecta a niños entre 4 meses y 2 años, de inicio brusco, con edema inflamatorio y lesiones cutáneas del tipo purpúrico, anulares generalizadas y simétricas. A la histología los hallazgos son compatibles con una vasculitis leucocitoclástica. Caso clínico: Lactante de 9 meses de edad, que cursó con cuadro respiratorio 2 semanas previas y que consulta por aumento de volumen de la extremidad inferior izquierda y fiebre, agregándose en forma progresiva lesiones cutáneas purpúricas, compromiso de mucosas y gastrointestinal. Discusión: El EHAL es una condición benigna y autolimitada, cuyo principal diagnóstico diferencial es Púrpura de Schonlein-Henoch, la cual requiere una cuidadosa evaluación y segumiento clínico.

Enfermedad de Heck: a propósito de un caso / Heck’s disease: a case report

La Enfermedad de Heck (EH) o Hiperplasia Epitelial Focal (HEF) es una proliferación benigna poco frecuente de la mucosa oral, generalmente asintomática, causada por el Virus Papiloma Humano (VPH), en su mayoría VPH 13 y 32. Afecta principalmente a niños, predominantemente de sexo femenino. En general se resuelve en forma espontánea, pero en algunos casos por su sintomatología o extenso compromiso se requiere de tratamiento. Existen múltiples modalidades terapéuticas, destacando entre ellas el Imiquimod. Describimos el caso de una paciente de ocho años de edad con una EH que presentó buena respuesta al tratamiento con Imiquimod 5 por ciento.

Heck’s Disease (HD) or Focal Epithelial Hyperplasia (FEH) is a rare benign proliferation of the oral mucosa, usually asymptomatic, caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV), especially HPV 13 and 32. Affects mainly children, predominantly female.FEH generally resolves spontaneously, but some cases, either because of intensity or extension of symptoms may require treatment. There are several therapeutic alternatives, being Imiquimod the most successful. We report the case of a 8-year old with a HD that present good response to treatment with Imiquimod 5 percent.