Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography training and education.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an advanced endoscopic technique used to diagnose and treat biliary and pancreatic diseases. It is one of the most technically demanding endoscopic procedures. ERCP training programs must ensure trainees have adequate knowledge of the anatomy and physiology associated with biliopancreatic diseases. The variety of ERCP procedures included in training programs should provide sufficient basic training for novice trainees and advanced training for experienced endoscopists. The main endoscopic procedures should be trained in ascending order of difficulty. Incorporating models capable of simulating various clinical and anatomical conditions could provide an effective means of fulfilling training requirements, although they are not easily available due to expensive facilities and void of standard assessment. Competency assessment is crucial in ERCP training to ensure trainees can independently and safely perform ERCP. Because of the rapid advancement of diagnostic and therapeutic methods, postgraduate training is critical for ERCP practitioners. Once certificates are attained, practitioners are solely responsible for maintaining their competency, credentialing, and quality.

Assessing the Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Pediatric Emergency Department Visits in Taiwan.

Background and Objectives: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has profoundly impacted healthcare systems worldwide. To assess the effects of the pandemic on pediatric emergency department (ED) visits in Taiwan, we conducted a study to evaluate changes in pediatric ED visits during the COVID-19 pandemic. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included pediatric patients (age ≤ 18) who visited the ED between 21 January 2019 and 30 April 2019, at three hospitals of the Cathay Health System, and compared them with a corresponding period in 2020. Basic information, including mode of arrival, triage level, disposition, chief complaints, and incidence rates, were analyzed before and during the pandemic. Results: A total of 10,116 patients, with 6009 in the pre-pandemic group and 4107 in the pandemic group, were included in this study. The mean number of daily pediatric ED visits decreased from 60.09 before the pandemic to 40.66 during the pandemic, while ambulance use increased significantly by 2.56%. The percentage of patients with high acuity triage levels (levels 1 and 2) was significantly lower during the pandemic period (0.63% and 10.18%, respectively) than the pre-pandemic period (0.7% and 10.9%, respectively). Additionally, a significantly higher proportion of patients were discharged during the pandemic period (89.36%) than during the pre-pandemic period (88.33%). The proportion of COVID-19-related complaints, such as fever and respiratory tract infections, as well as other complaints including gastrointestinal issues, trauma, and psychological problems, significantly increased during the pandemic. Conclusions: In preparation for future pandemics, we recommend increasing emergency medical service capacity, establishing a non-contagious route for obtaining chronic medication prescriptions, optimizing staff allocation in pediatric emergency departments, and increasing the number of hospital social workers for enhanced support.

Use of over-the-scope clip (OTSC) versus standard therapy for the prevention of rebleeding in large peptic ulcers (size ≥1.5 cm): an open-labelled, multicentre international randomised controlled trial.

INTRODUCTION: Over-the-scope clip (OTSC) has been used recently for primary haemostasis of peptic ulcers. This study aimed to compare the efficacy of OTSC to standard endoscopic therapy in primary treatment of patients with peptic ulcer bleeding that are of size ≥1.5 cm. The target population accounts for only 2.5% of all upper GI bleeders. METHODS: This was a multicentre international randomised controlled trial from July 2017 to October 2020. All patients with Forest IIa or above peptic ulcers of ≥1.5 cm were included. Primary outcome was 30-day clinical rebleeding. Secondary endpoints include 3-day all-cause mortality, transfusion requirement, hospital stay, technical and clinical success, and further interventions. 100 patients are needed to yield a power of 80% to detect a difference of -0.15 at the 0.05 significance level (alpha) using a two-sided Z-test (pooled). RESULTS: 100 patients were recruited. Success in achieving primary haemostasis was achieved in 46/50 (92%) and 48/50 (96%) in the OTSC and conventional arm, respectively. Among patients who had success in primary haemostasis, 2/46 (4.35%) patients in the OTSC arm and 9/48 (18.75%) patients in the conventional arm developed 30-day rebleeding (p=0.03). However, in an intention-to-treat analysis, there was no difference in rebleeding within 30 days (5/50 (10%) OTSC vs 9/50 (18%) standard, p=0.23) or all-cause mortality (2/50 (4%) OTSC vs 4/50 (8%) standard, p=0.68; OR=2.09, 95% CI 0.37 to 11.95). There was also no difference in transfusion requirement, hospital stay, intensive care unit admission and further interventions. CONCLUSION: The routine use of OTSC as primary haemostasis in large bleeding peptic ulcers was not associated with a significant decrease in 30-day rebleeding. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT03160911.

The impact of transpancreatic precut sphincterotomy on the quality of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography in a low-volume setting.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Although quality improvement is crucial for ERCP, a low practice volume can pose challenges to achieving high-quality bile duct cannulation. Transpancreatic precut sphincterotomy (TPS) has been proven effective for advanced cannulation. However, existing data mainly come from skilled endoscopists in large medical centers. The impact of TPS on ERCP quality in a lower-volume setting deserves investigation. METHODS: Our hospital performs approximately 200 ERCPs annually, with 1 expert endoscopist performing approximately half of them and 3 nonexpert endoscopists sharing the remaining cases. TPS was started and became our predominant advanced cannulation technique in April 2016. We retrospectively reviewed ERCP cases 3 years before and after the introduction of TPS. The primary endpoints of the study were the differences in 2 ERCP quality indicators, the bile duct cannulation rate and the incidence of post-ERCP pancreatitis (PEP). RESULTS: A total of 701 ERCP cases with naïve papilla were analyzed, with 350 patients treated before the introduction of TPS and 351 patients treated afterward. The successful cannulation rate was significantly improved (before, 87.4%; after, 92.3%, P = .032), whereas the incidence of PEP decreased, but not significantly (before, 4.0%; after, 2.8%; P = .402). All endoscopists benefited from using TPS, with nonexperts demonstrating a significantly higher improvement in the cannulation rate (before, 85.5%; after, 93.1%; P = .019). CONCLUSIONS: TPS can effectively enhance the quality of ERCP irrespective of practice volume.

Klebsiella pneumoniae invasive syndrome with liver abscess and purulent meningitis presenting as acute hemiplegia: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Klebsiella pneumoniae can infect a variety of sites, with the risk of infection being higher in the immunocompromised state such as diabetes mellitus. A distinct invasive syndrome has been detected mostly in Southeast Asia in the past two decades. A common destructive complication is pyogenic liver abscess that can be complicated by metastatic endophthalmitis as well as the involvement of the central nervous system, causing purulent meningitis or brain abscess. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a rare case of an invasive liver abscess caused by K. pneumoniae, with metastatic infections of meninges. A 68-year-old man with type 2 diabetes mellitus presented to our emergency department as sepsis. Sudden disturbed consciousness was noticed with presentation of acute hemiplegia and gaze preference mimicking a cerebrovascular accident. CONCLUSIONS: The above case adds to the scarce literature on K. pneumoniae invasive syndrome with liver abscess and purulent meningitis. K. pneumoniae is a rare cause of meningitis and should raise suspicions about the disease in febrile individuals. In particular, Asian patients with diabetes presenting with sepsis and hemiplegia prompt a more thorough evaluation with aggressive treatment.

Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical-seeking behavior in older adults by comparing the presenting complaints of the emergency department visits.

BACKGROUND: The outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused a catastrophic event worldwide. Since then, people's way of living has changed in terms of personal behavior, social interaction, and medical-seeking behavior, including change of the emergency department (ED) visiting patterns. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the ED visiting patterns of the older people to explore its variable expression with the intention of ameliorating an effective and suitable response to public health emergencies. METHODS: This was a retrospective study conducted in three hospitals of the Cathay Health System in Taiwan. Patients aged ≥ 65 years who presented to the ED between January 21, 2020, and April 30, 2020 (pandemic stage), and between January 21, 2019, and April 30, 2019 (pre-pandemic stage) were enrolled in the study. Basic demographics, including visit characteristics, disposition, and chief complaints of the patients visiting the ED between these two periods of time, were compared and analyzed. RESULTS: A total of 16,655 older people were included in this study. A 20.91% reduction in ED older adult patient visits was noted during the pandemic period. During the pandemic, there was a decrease in ambulance use among elderly patients visiting the ED, with the proportion decreasing from 16.90 to 16.58%. Chief complaints of fever, upper respiratory infections, psychological and social problems increased, with incidence risk ratios (IRRs) of 1.12, 1.23, 1.25, and 5.2, respectively. Meanwhile, the incidence of both non-life-threatening and life-threatening complaints decreased, with IRRs of 0.72 and 0.83, respectively. CONCLUSION: Health education regarding life-threatening symptom signs among older adult patients and avocation of the proper timing to seek medical attention via ambulance were crucial issues during the pandemic.

Enrichment of Prevotella intermedia in human colorectal cancer and its additive effects with Fusobacterium nucleatum on the malignant transformation of colorectal adenomas.

BACKGROUND: Owing to the heterogeneity of microbiota among individuals and populations, only Fusobacterium nucleatum and Bacteroides fragilis have been reported to be enriched in colorectal cancer (CRC) in multiple studies. Thus, the discovery of additional bacteria contributing to CRC development in various populations can be expected. We aimed to identify bacteria associated with the progression of colorectal adenoma to carcinoma and determine the contribution of these bacteria to malignant transformation in patients of Han Chinese origin. METHODS: Microbiota composition was determined through 16S rRNA V3-V4 amplicon sequencing of autologous adenocarcinomas, adenomatous polyps, and non-neoplastic colon tissue samples (referred to as "tri-part samples") in patients with CRC. Enriched taxa in adenocarcinoma tissues were identified through pairwise comparison. The abundance of candidate bacteria was quantified through genomic quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) in tissue samples from 116 patients. Associations of candidate bacteria with clinicopathological features and genomic and genetic alterations were evaluated through odds ratio tests. Additionally, the effects of candidate bacteria on CRC cell proliferation, migration, and invasion were evaluated through the co-culture of CRC cells with bacterial cells or with conditioned media from bacteria. RESULTS: Prevotella intermedia was overrepresented in adenocarcinomas compared with paired adenomatous polyps. Furthermore, co-abundance of P. intermedia and F. nucleatum was observed in tumor tissues. More notably, the coexistence of these two bacteria in adenocarcinomas was associated with lymph node involvement and distant metastasis. These two bacteria also exerted additive effects on the enhancement of the migration and invasion abilities of CRC cells. Finally, conditioned media from P. intermedia promoted the migration and invasion of CRC cells. CONCLUSION: This report is the first to demonstrate that P. intermedia is enriched in colorectal adenocarcinoma tissues and enhances the migration and invasion abilities of CRC cells. Moreover, P. intermedia and F. nucleatum exert additive effects on the malignant transformation of colorectal adenomas into carcinomas. These findings can be used to identify patients at a high risk of malignant transformation of colorectal adenomas or metastasis of CRC, and they can accordingly be provided optimal clinical management.

Tissue diagnosis necessary for small endoscopic ultrasound-suspected gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors 2 cm or less in size: A prospective study focusing on the endoscopic incisional biopsy.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: The small endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-suspected gastric gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs), gastric subepithelial tumors at the muscularis propria layer on EUS, are detected frequently. Bite-on-bite forceps biopsy and EUS-guided tissue sampling yield variable results. This study aimed to analyze clinicopathologic features of the small EUS-suspected gastric GISTs 2 cm or less in size and to evaluate the efficacy and safety of the endoscopic incisional biopsy (EIB) for these small tumors. METHODS: This prospective study investigated 70 patients with small EUS-suspected gastric GISTs 2 cm or less in size in two stages. Firstly, 30 patients were recruited for the efficacy and safety evaluation of the EIB. Secondly, 40 patients were randomly assigned to receive either EIB or the bite-on-bite biopsy for comparison of the diagnostic yield, procedure time, and adverse event rate. RESULTS: Combining two study stages, leiomyoma (74%) was diagnosed histologically to outnumber GIST (26%) with a diagnostic rate of 94% for patients receiving EIB. KIT exon 11 mutations (50%) and PDGFRA exon 12 mutations (16%) were detected in the small gastric GISTs. In the direct comparison, the diagnostic yield of EIB and the bite-on-bite biopsy was 85% and 50%, respectively (P = 0.018). There was no statistically significant difference of the mean procedure time or adverse event rate between these two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Leiomyoma is more common than expected among these small tumors. Tissue diagnosis with an effective and safe sampling technique, such as EIB, is necessary for making further clinical decisions.

A statistical approach to identify prevalent virulence factors responsible for post-weaning diarrhoeic piglets.

A statistical approach was carried out to identify the prevalent virulence factors responsible for post-weaning diarrhoea (PWD). Healthy piglets' faecal samples and diarrhoeic piglets' rectal swab specimens were secured. Twenty-six (26) and 100 independent enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) strains were subsequently isolated. These strains were assessed utilising polymerase chain reaction to identify the encoding genes of six virulence factors: heat-labile enterotoxin (LT; encoded by eltAB), heat-stable enterotoxin A (STa; encoded by estA), heat-stable enterotoxin B (STb; encoded by estB), enteroaggregative E. coli heat-stable enterotoxin 1 (EAST1; encoded by astA), Shiga toxin 2e (Stx2e; encoded by stx2e), and F18 fimbriae (encoded by fedA). The LT and ST secretions were investigated using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. From direct observation, no stx2e was evident in the 126 strains. Among the 26 strains retrieved from the healthy piglets, none harboured fedA or secreted LT; 23% (6/26) secreted ST, and 50% (13/26) carried astA. A statistical regression was applied on the 100 E. coli strains retrieved from the diarrhoeic piglets, where fedA was set as the dependent variable and the enterotoxin secretions were set as the independent variables. The results exhibit that the LT secretion was the only significant factor (P < 0.000 1) correlated to fedA in the diarrhoeic piglets; thus, it is concluded that the prevalent virulence factors for PWD were the ECET strain with F18 fimbriae adhesion and LT secretion, but not astA or stx2e.

Clinical physiological parameters for the prediction of gram-negative bacterial infection in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Early detection and treatment of Gram-negative bacteria (GNB), major causative pathogens of sepsis (a potentially fatal condition caused by the body's response to an infection), may benefit a patient's outcome, since the mortality rate increases by 5-10% for each hour of delayed therapy. Unfortunately, GNB diagnosis is based on bacterial culture, which is time consuming. Therefore, an economic and effective GNB (defined as a positive blood, sputum, or urine culture) infection detection tool in the emergency department (ED) is warranted. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study in the ED of a university-affiliated medical center between January 01, 2014 and December 31, 2017. The inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) age ≥ 18; (2) clinical suspicion of bacterial infection; (3) bacterial culture from blood, sputum, or urine ordered and obtained in the ED. Descriptive statistics was performed on patient demographic characteristics, vital signs, laboratory data, infection sites, cultured microorganisms, and clinical outcomes. The accuracy of vital signs to predict GNB infection was identified via univariate logistic regression and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. RESULTS: A total of 797 patients were included in this study; the mean age was 71.8 years and 51.3% were male. The odds ratios of patients with body temperature ≥ 38.5 °C, heart rate ≥ 110 beats per minute, respiratory rate ≥ 20 breaths per minute, and Glasgow coma scale (GCS) < 14, in predicting GNB infection were found to be 2.3, 1.4, 1.9, and 1.6, respectively. The area under the curve values for ROC analysis of these measures were 0.70, 0.68, 0.69, and 0.67, respectively. CONCLUSION: The four physiological parameters were rapid and reliable independent predictors for detection of GNB infection.

Risk of Dementia in Diabetic Patients with Hyperglycemic Crisis: A Nationwide Taiwanese Population-Based Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: A hyperglycemic crisis episode (HCE) signifies poor control of diabetes and may increase the risk of dementia via microvascular and macrovascular injuries. OBJECTIVES: We conducted this study to clarify this issue, which remains unclear. METHODS: Using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Database, we identified 9,466 diabetic patients with HCE and the identical number of diabetic patients without HCE who were matched by age and sex for this nationwide population-based cohort study. The risk of dementia was compared between the 2 cohorts by following up until 2014. Investigation of independent predictors of dementia was also done. RESULTS: In the overall analysis, the risk of dementia between the 2 cohorts was not different. However, stratified analyses showed that patients with HCE had a higher risk of subsequent dementia in the age subgroup of 45-54 and 55-64 years (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 2.4, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.6-3.6, and AOR: 1.2, 95% CI: 1.0-1.5, respectively). In the overall analysis, older age, female sex, ≥3 HCEs, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, depression, cerebrovascular disease, Parkinson's disease, and head injury were independent predictors. CONCLUSIONS: HCE increased the risk of dementia in diabetic patients aged 45-64 years. Dementia was predicted by ≥3 HCEs. Prevention of recurrent HCE, control of comorbidities, and close follow-up of cognitive decline and dementia are suggested in patients with HCE.

Quick-SOFA score ≥ 2 predicts prolonged hospital stay in geriatric patients with influenza infection.

PURPOSE: The quick Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score was designed to predict mortality among sepsis patients. However, it has never been used to identify prolonged length of hospital stay (pLOS) in geriatric patients with influenza infection. We conducted this study to clarify this issue. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case-control study, including geriatric patients (aged ≥ 65 years) with influenza infection visiting the emergency department (ED) of a medical center between January 01, 2010 and December 31, 2015. The included patients were divided into two groups on the basis of their qSOFA score: qSOFA < 2, and qSOFA ≥ 2. Data regarding demographics, vital signs, qSOFA score, underlying diseases, subtypes of influenza, and outcomes were included in the analysis. We investigated the association between qSOFA score ≥ 2 and pLOS (>9 days) via logistic regression. RESULTS: Four hundred and nine geriatric patients were included in this study with a mean age of 79.5 (standard deviation [SD], 8.3) years. The median length of stay (LOS) was 7.0 (interquartile range [IQR], 4-12) days, while the rate of pLOS (> 9 days) was 32%. The median LOS in the qSOFA ≥ 2 group, 11.0 (7-15) days, was longer than the qSOFA < 2 group, 6.0 (4-10) days (p-value <0.01). Logistic regression showed that qSOFA ≥ 2 predicts pLOS with an odds ratio of 3.78 (95% confidence interval, 2.04-6.97). CONCLUSION: qSOFA score ≥ 2 is a prompt and simple tool to predict pLOS in geriatric patients with influenza infection.

Apoptosis induction and ERK/NF-κB inactivation are associated with magnolol-inhibited tumor progression in hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo.

Although hepatitis B and/or hepatitis C virus were recognized as major risk factor for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), certain occupational, environmental, and lifestyle factors also play key roles in HCC tumorigenesis. Moreover, in molecular signaling route, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)/nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling was found to be overexpressed and linked to poor prognosis in HCC. Thus, to identify possible nature compound that can suppress ERK/NF-κB may be benefit to HCC patient. Magnolol, a natural compound derived from herbal plant Magnolia officinalis, has been recognized as a liver protection and antitumor reagent. However, whether magnolol-inhibited HCC progression correlates with disruption of ERK/NF-κB signaling is remained unclear. In this studies, we performed SK-Hep1/luc2 HCC bearing animal model to investigate the anticancer efficacy and mechanism of magnolol on tumor progression. Tumor size and tumor growth rate were dramatically suppressed after treatment of magnolol. In addition, expression of phospho-ERK (p-ERK), NF-κB p65 (Ser536), and tumor progression-associated proteins, such as matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP), and CyclinD1 were all significantly decreased by magnolol. Most important, major extrinsic and intrinsic apoptosis signaling factors, including active caspase-8 and caspase-9 were both enhanced by magnolol. This study indicated that apoptosis induction through extrinsic/intrinsic pathways and blockage of ERK/NF-κB activation were associated with magnolol-inhibited tumor progression in HCC in vivo.

A Rare Case of Spontaneous Pseudo-Aneurysm Rupture of an Extra-Anatomical Axillo-Femoral Bypass Graft: A Case Report.

BACKGROUND: Sudden onset of chest wall bulging is a rare chief symptom in the emergency department (ED). However, it may represent life-threatening diseases, such as tumor bleeding, aneurysm rupture, or subcutaneous emphysema. CASE REPORT: We present an 89-year-old woman who visited our ED with a chief symptom of abrupt bulging of the right chest wall accompanied with severe pain. The patient had a history of peripheral artery disease and 10-year post-extra-anatomical axillo-femoral bypass (AxFB) status. After several examinations, the patient was diagnosed as having spontaneous pseudo-aneurysm rupture of an extra-anatomical AxFB graft. Emergency endovascular intervention with stent insertion was performed immediately, and the patient was eventually discharged successfully. WHY SHOULD EMERGENCY PHYSICIANS BE AWARE OF THIS?: Although spontaneous pseudo-aneurysm rupture of an extra-anatomical AxFB graft is rare, the disease may consequently lead to a fatal outcome once misdiagnosed, and prompt intervention is warranted. Therefore, we should always consider the differential diagnosis of this disease in patients with a bulging chest wall and history of AxFB graft placement.

Taiwanese consensus recommendations for acute pancreatitis.

The incidence of acute pancreatitis and related health care utilization are increasing. Acute pancreatitis may result in organ failure and various local complications with risks of morbidity and even mortality. Recent advances in research have provided novel insights into the assessment and management for acute pancreatitis. This consensus is developed by Taiwan Pancreas Society to provide an updated, evidence-based framework for managing acute pancreatitis.

Suppression of PKCδ/NF-κB Signaling and Apoptosis Induction through Extrinsic/Intrinsic Pathways Are Associated Magnolol-Inhibited Tumor Progression in Colorectal Cancer In Vitro and In Vivo.

Magnolol is one of the hydroxylated biphenyl compounds from the root and stem bark of Magnolia officinalis, which shown to possess anti-colorectal cancer (CRC) effects. However, the regulatory mechanism of magnolol on apoptosis and NF-κB signaling in human CRC has not been elucidated. Thus, we investigated the inhibitory mechanism of magnolol on human and mouse CRC (HT-29 and CT-26) in vitro and in vivo. Results from reporter gene assay indicated that both magnolol and rottlerin (PKCδ inhibitor) reduced the endogenous NF-κB activity. In addition, indolactam V (PKCδ activator)-induced NF-κB signaling was significantly suppressed with both magnolol and rottlerin treatment. Results from Western blotting also indicated that phosphorylation of PKCδ and NF-κB -related proteins involved in tumor progression were effectively decreased by magnolol treatment. The invasion capacity of CRC cells was also attenuated by both magnolol and rottlerin. Furthermore, magnolol triggered Fas/Fas-L mediated extrinsic apoptosis and mitochondria mediated intrinsic apoptosis were validated by flow cytometry. Most importantly, tumor growth in both HT-29 and CT-26 bearing mice were suppressed by magnolol, but no pathologic change was detected in mice kidney, spleen, and liver. As confirmed by immunohistochemistry (IHC) staining from tumor tissue, PKCδ/NF-κB signaling and downstream proteins expression were decreased, while apoptotic proteins expression was increased in the magnolol treated group. According to these results, we suggest that the induction of apoptosis through extrinsic/intrinsic pathways and the blockage of PKCδ/NF-κB signaling are associated with the magnolol-inhibited progression of CRC.

Utilization of systemic inflammatory response syndrome criteria in predicting mortality among geriatric patients with influenza in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) criteria are often used to evaluate the risk of sepsis and to identify in-hospital mortality among patients with suspected infection. However, utilization of the SIRS criteria in mortality prediction among geriatric patients with influenza in the emergency department (ED) remains unclear. Therefore, we conducted a research to delineate this issue. METHODS: This is a retrospective case-control study including geriatric patients (age ≥ 65 years) with influenza, who presented to the ED of a medical center between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015. Vital signs, past history, subtype of influenza, demographic data, and outcomes were collected from all patients and analyzed. We calculated the accuracy for predicting 30-days mortality using the SIRS criteria. We also performed covariate adjustment of the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) via regression modeling. RESULTS: We recruited a total of 409 geriatric patients in the ED, with mean age 79.5 years and an equal sex ratio. The mean SIRS criteria score was 1.9 ± 1.1. The result of a Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was 0.34 for SIRS criteria. SIRS criteria score ≥ 3 showed better mortality prediction, with odds ratio (OR) 3.37 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.05-10.73); SIRS score ≥ 2 showed no statistical significance, with p = 0.85 (OR, 1.15; 95% CI, 0.28-4.69). SIRS score ≥ 3 had acceptable 30-days mortality discrimination, with AUROC 0.77 (95% CI, 0.68-0.87) after adjustment. SIRS score ≥ 3 also had a notable negative predictive value of 0.97 (95% CI, 0.94-0.99). CONCLUSION: The presence of a higher number of SIRS criteria (≥ 3) showed greater accuracy for predicting mortality among geriatric patients with influenza.

Sleep Disturbance and Its Association with Gastrointestinal Symptoms/Diseases and Psychological Comorbidity.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: We aimed to investigate gastrointestinal symptoms, clinical characteristics, and psychological factors in subjects with and without sleep disturbance (SD) in a health screening cohort. METHODS: We enrolled 2,752 consecutive subjects during their health checkups. All participants underwent an evaluation with questionnaires. Demographic characteristics and biochemical data were recorded. SD was confirmed when Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index score was greater than 5. RESULTS: Among the study population (n = 2,674), 956 (36%) individuals had SD. SD was associated with female gender, older age, lower level of education, higher systolic blood pressure, higher serum high-density lipoprotein levels and higher prevalence of functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). SD subjects also had more depression, more anxiety, more severe gastrointestinal reflux disease symptoms and higher prevalence of non-erosive reflux disease (NERD; p < 0.001). SD was -independently associated with female gender (OR 1.75, p < 0.001), older age (OR 1.03, p < 0.001), NERD (OR 1.88, p = 0.004), IBS (OR 1.51, p = 0.043), and depression (OR 1.16, p < 0.001) by multivariate analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Future studies will be needed to clarify the interrelationships among SD, psychological stress, and functional gastrointestinal disorders.

Shock index predicted mortality in geriatric patients with influenza in the emergency department.

BACKGROUND: The shock index is a rapid and simple tool used to predict mortality in patients with acute illnesses including sepsis, multiple trauma, and postpartum hemorrhage. However, its ability to predict mortality in geriatric patients with influenza in the emergency department (ED) remains unclear. This study was conducted to clarify this issue. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective case-control study, recruiting geriatric patients (≥ 65 years) with influenza visiting the ED of a medical center between January 01, 2010 and December 31, 2015. Demographic data, vital signs, shock index, past histories, subtypes of influenza, and outcomes were included for the analysis. We investigated the association between shock index ≥1 and 30-day mortality. RESULTS: In total, 409 geriatric ED patients with mean age of 79.5 years and nearly equal sex ratio were recruited. The mean shock index ±â€¯standard deviation was 0.7 ±â€¯0.22 and shock index ≥1 was accounted for in 7.1% of the total patients. Logistic regression showed that shock index ≥1 predicted mortality (odds ratio: 6.80; 95% confidence interval: 2.39-19.39). The area under the receiver operating characteristic was 0.62 and the result of the Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test was 0.23. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of a shock index ≥1 were 30.0%, 94.1%, 20.0%, and 96.4%. CONCLUSIONS: A shock index ≥1 has a high specificity, negative predictive value, and good reliability to predict 30-day mortality in geriatric ED patients with influenza.