Seasonal variations and sources of atmospheric EPFRs in a megacity in severe cold region: Implications for the influence of strong coal and biomass combustion.

Environmentally persistent free radicals (EPFRs) can pose exposure risks by inducing the generation of reactive oxygen species. As a new class of pollutants, EPFRs have been frequently detected in atmospheric particulate matters. In this study, the seasonal variations and sources of EPFRs in a severe cold region in Northeastern China were comprehensively investigated, especially for the high pollution events. The geomean concentration of EPFRs in the total suspended particle was 6.58 × 1013 spins/m3 and the mean level in winter was one order of magnitude higher than summer and autumn. The correlation network analysis showed that EPFRs had significantly positive correlation with carbon component, K+ and PAHs, indicating that EPFRs were primarily emitted from combustion and pyrolysis process. The source appointment by the Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model indicated that the dominant sources in the heating season were coal combustion (48.4%), vehicle emission (23.1%) and biomass burning (19.4%), while the top three sources in the non-heating season were others (41.4%), coal combustion (23.7%) and vehicle emissions (21.2%). It was found that the high EPFRs in cold season can be ascribed to the extensive use of fossil fuel for heating demand; while the high EPFRs occurred in early spring were caused by the large-scale opening combustion of biomass. In summary, this study provided important basic information for better understanding the pollution characteristics of EPFRs, which suggested that the implementation of energy transformation and straw utilization was benefit for the control of EPFRs in severe cold region.

The Effects of Health Education and the Sunrise Model of Nursing Care on Blood Pressure Control and Psychological Status in Elderly Patients with Hypertension.

Objective: Our aim was to investigate the effect of health education and a positive attitude nursing model on blood pressure (BP) control and psychological status in elderly patients with hypertension (HTN). Methods: A total of 80 elderly patients with HTN in the Affiliated Hangzhou First People's Hospital in China were selected as the study participants. They were randomly divided into a control group and an observation group, with 40 patients in each group. The control group received the routine nursing intervention, while the observation group received health education and the positive attitude nursing intervention based on the nursing care in the control group. The BP control effect, changes in systolic and diastolic BP, psychological status and nursing satisfaction were compared in the 2 groups. Results: The BP control rate in the control group was 77.5% and was 95.0% in the observation group, which was significantly better (P < .05). Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in average systolic and diastolic BP between the 2 groups (P > .05); after the intervention, average systolic and diastolic BP in the observation group were significantly lower than in the control group (P < .05). Before the intervention, there was no significant difference in Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SAS) and Self-rating Anxiety Scale (SDS) scores between the 2 groups (P > .05). After the intervention, the SAS and SDS scores in the observation group were significantly better than those in the control group (P < .05). The nursing satisfaction in the control group was 75.0% and was 95.0% in the observation group, which was significantly higher (P < .05). Conclusion: Compared with routine nursing intervention, the health education and positive attitude nursing intervention can further improve BP control, psychological status and satisfaction and recognition level of elderly patients with HTN; it can be an important clinical nursing intervention.

Comparison of statins with steroids and botulinum toxin A in the prevention of benign strictures after esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Preventing benign strictures following esophageal endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) remains difficult, and finding a safe, effective, and simple management method is vital. We previously reported that rosuvastatin significantly reduced the incidence and severity of strictures in a rabbit model of esophageal stricture. Accordingly, in this study, we compared the effects of statins, steroids, and botulinum toxin A (BTX-A) on stricture prevention after ESD involving more than three-fourths of the luminal circumference. METHODS: Of the 1019 ESD cases treated between January 2015 and December 2020, 246 met the inclusion criteria, with 21 cases excluded due to loss to follow-up, tumor recurrence, death, or need for additional surgery, radiotherapy, and/or chemotherapy. Of the 225 included cases, 145 received no intervention, while the remaining 80 were treated: 16 with oral steroids, 20 with topical triamcinolone acetonide (TA) injection, 21 with topical BTX-A injection, and 23 with statins. RESULTS: The occurrence stricture rate in the statins group (17.4%, 4/23) was significantly lower than in the non-intervention (75.2%, 109/145, P = 0.000), oral steroids (56.3%, 9/16, P = 0.011) and TA injection (50%, 10/20, P = 0.023) groups, but comparable to in the BTX-A injection (38.1%, 8/21, P = 0.124) group. The dysphagia score was lower in the statin than non-intervention group (P = 0.000). Although there was no significant difference in the number of required dilations between groups, the maximum number of dilations in the statins group was only six. CONCLUSIONS: Statins may be a potential treatment to prevent esophageal strictures after extensive ESD; however, clinical trials should be conducted to validate this.

Genomic evidence for convergent evolution of gene clusters for momilactone biosynthesis in land plants.

Momilactones are bioactive diterpenoids that contribute to plant defense against pathogens and allelopathic interactions between plants. Both cultivated and wild grass species of Oryza and Echinochloa crus-galli (barnyard grass) produce momilactones using a biosynthetic gene cluster (BGC) in their genomes. The bryophyte Calohypnum plumiforme (formerly Hypnum plumaeforme) also produces momilactones, and the bifunctional diterpene cyclase gene CpDTC1/HpDTC1, which is responsible for the production of the diterpene framework, has been characterized. To understand the molecular architecture of the momilactone biosynthetic genes in the moss genome and their evolutionary relationships with other momilactone-producing plants, we sequenced and annotated the C. plumiforme genome. The data revealed a 150-kb genomic region that contains two cytochrome P450 genes, the CpDTC1/HpDTC1 gene and the "dehydrogenase momilactone A synthase" gene tandemly arranged and inductively transcribed following stress exposure. The predicted enzymatic functions in yeast and recombinant assay and the successful pathway reconstitution in Nicotiana benthamiana suggest that it is a functional BGC responsible for momilactone production. Furthermore, in a survey of genomic sequences of a broad range of plant species, we found that momilactone BGC is limited to the two grasses (Oryza and Echinochloa) and C. plumiforme, with no synteny among these genomes. These results indicate that while the gene cluster in C. plumiforme is functionally similar to that in rice and barnyard grass, it is likely a product of convergent evolution. To the best of our knowledge, this report of a BGC for a specialized plant defense metabolite in bryophytes is unique.

Xanchryones I-N, Six Unusual Phloroglucinol-Amino Acid Hybrids from the Leaves of Xanthostemon chrysanthus.

Six new phloroglucinol derivatives, xanchryones I-N (1-6), were isolated from the leaves of Xanthostemon chrysanthus. Compounds 1-6 are unusual phloroglucinol-amino acid hybrids constructed through C2 -N and O-C1 ' bonds forming a peculiar oxazole ring. The structures and absolute configurations of compounds 1-6 were determined by MS, NMR, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Moreover, the anti-inflammatory and antibacterial activities of these compounds were evaluated.

Health Risk Assessment of Organophosphate Flame Retardants in Soil Across China Based on Monte Carlo Simulation.

Health risks from exposure to contaminants are generally estimated by evaluating concentrations of the contaminants in environmental matrixes. However, accurate health risk assessment is difficult because of uncertainties regarding exposures. This study aims to utilize data on the concentrations of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in surface soil across China coupled with Monte Carlo simulations to compensate for uncertainties in exposure to evaluate the health risks associated with contamination of soil with this class of flame retardants. Results revealed that concentrations of ∑OPFRs were 0.793-406 ng/g dry weight (dw) with an average of 23.2 ng/g dw. In terms of spatial distribution, higher OPFRs concentrations were found in economically developed regions. Although the values of health risk of OPFRs in soil across China were below the threshold, the high concentrations of OPFRs in soil in some regions should attract more attentions in future. Sensitivity analysis revealed that concentrations of OPFRs in soil, skin adherence factor, and exposure duration were the most sensitive parameters in health risk assessment. In summary, the study indicated that the national scale soil measurement could provide unique information on OPFRs exposure and health risk assessment, which was useful for the management of soil in China and for better understanding of the environmental fate of OPFRs in the global perspective.

Linc-RAM is a metabolic regulator maintaining whole-body energy homeostasis in mice.

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) are known to have profound functions in regulating cell fate specification, cell differentiation, organogenesis, and disease, but their physiological roles in controlling cellular metabolism and whole-body metabolic homeostasis are less well understood. We previously identified a skeletal muscle-specific long intergenic noncoding RNA (linc-RNA) activator of myogenesis, Linc-RAM, which enhances muscle cell differentiation during development and regeneration. Here, we report that Linc-RAM exerts a physiological function in regulating skeletal muscle metabolism and the basal metabolic rate to maintain whole-body metabolic homeostasis. We first demonstrate that Linc-RAM is preferentially expressed in type-II enriched glycolytic myofibers, in which its level is more than 60-fold higher compared to that in differentiated myotubes. Consistently, genetic deletion of the Linc-RAM gene in mice increases the expression levels of genes encoding oxidative fiber versions of myosin heavy chains and decreases those of genes encoding rate-limiting enzymes for glycolytic metabolism. Physiologically, Linc-RAM-knockout mice exhibit a higher basal metabolic rate, elevated insulin sensitivity and reduced fat deposition compared to their wild-type littermates. Together, our findings indicate that Linc-RAM is a metabolic regulator of skeletal muscle metabolism and may represent a potential pharmaceutical target for preventing and/or treating metabolic diseases, including obesity.

Ventricular septal defect complicating myocardial infarction: A case of delayed percutaneous transcatheter closure.

A 57-year-old man suffered chest pain during the COVID-19 pandemic, but he delayed medical treatment due to fear of infection. After 4 months, symptoms of chest tightness and shortness of breath appeared. Electrocardiogram (ECG) revealed old myocardial infarction; color sonography and myocardial computed tomography revealed apical myocardial defect. He refused surgery and percutaneous transcatheter closure, and follow-up observation. After 22 months, the symptoms of chest tightness and shortness of breath aggravated. He recovered after percutaneous transcatheter closure, and was discharged. This case shows delayed closure is one of the possible options for patients without severe organ dysfunction or hemodynamic disturbance.

Establishment and validation of a model to determine the progression risk of low grade intraepithelial neoplasia.

OBJECTIVE: To establish and validate a model to determine the progression risk of gastric low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia (LGIN). METHODS: A total of 705 patients with gastric LGIN at the endoscopy center of Jiangsu Provincial People's Hospital during January 2010 and August 2017 were retrospectively reviewed. Basic clinical and pathological information were recorded. According to the time sequence of the initial examination, the first 605 patients were enrolled in the derivation group, and the remaining 100 patients were used in the validation group. SPSS 19 software was used as statistical analysis to determine independent risk factors for progression of LGIN of the stomach and to establish a risk model. The ROC was used to verify the application value of the predictive model. RESULTS: Univariate and multivariate analysis suggested that sex, multiple location, congestion, ulceration and form were independent risk factors for prolonged or advanced progression in patients with LGIN. Based on this, a predictive model is constructed: P = ex/(1 + ex) X = - 10.399 + 0.922 × Sex + 1.934 × Multiple Location + 1.382 × Congestion + 0.797 × Ulceration + 0.525 × Form. The higher of the P value means the higher risk of progression. The AUC of the derivation group and validation group were 0.784 and 0.766, respectively. CONCLUSION: Sex, multi-site, hyperemia, ulcer and morphology are independent risk factors for the prolongation or progression of patients with gastric LGIN. These factors are objective and easy to obtain data. Based on this, a predictive model is constructed, which can be used in management of patients. The model can be used to identify high-risk groups in patients with LGIN that may progress to gastric cancer. Strengthening follow-up or endoscopic treatment to improve the detection rate of early cancer or reduce the incidence of gastric cancer can provide a reliable basis for the treatment of LGIN.

Lesion size and circumferential range identified as independent risk factors for esophageal stricture after endoscopic submucosal dissection.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is used to treat early esophageal cancer and precancerous lesions. Patients undergoing ESD are prone to esophageal stenosis, which impairs therapeutic efficacy and quality of life. This retrospective study aimed to investigate the potential association between patient demographics and esophageal lesion characteristics with the risk of esophageal stenosis following ESD. METHODS: For this retrospective study 190 consecutive patients who underwent ESD between January 2013 and January 2015 were recruited. Data on patient demographics, esophageal lesion-related factors, operation details, esophageal stenosis occurrence and measures taken to prevent or treat stricture were collected, and the normality of distribution of each indicator was assessed with a Kolmogorov-Smirnov test. Stenosis risk factors were then identified using univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Post-ESD esophageal stenosis occurred in 51 cases. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to identify independent risk factors. A history of EMR/ESD (OR = 4.185, 95% CI: 1.511-11.589), resection circumferential diameter (OR = 1.721, 95% CI: 1.135-2.610), non-en bloc resection (OR = 7.413, 95% CI: 2.398-22.921), submucosal infiltration (OR = 3.449, 95% CI: 1.014-11.734) and circumferential resection range (OR = 57.493, 95% CI: 17.236-191.782) were identified as independent risk factors for post-ESD esophageal stenosis. Spraying porcine fibrin adhesive on the resection bed reduced neither the incidence of postoperative stenosis nor the extent of postoperative dilation. CONCLUSION: Post-ESD esophageal stenosis is significantly related to size and circumferential range of lesion resection. EMR/ESD history, non-en bloc resection and submucosal infiltration may be additional risk factors.

Development of a panel of serum IgG and IgA autoantibodies for early diagnosis of colon cancer.

Purpose: Our pilot study in a small cohort by ELISA showed that the levels and positive rates of serum IgG autoantibodies against p53, HRAS and NSG1, and IgA autoantibody against TIF1γ in early colon cancer (CC) group were significantly higher than that of colon benign lesion (CBL) group / healthy control (HC) group (P <0.01), which suggested that four autoantibodies might be valuable for the diagnosis of patients with CC at early stage. On the basis of pilot study, we intend to comprehensively elucidate the performance of four autoantibodies for the early diagnosis of CC in a large sample cohort, and explore the optimal panel of autoantibodies in the diagnosis of patients with CC at early stage. Methods: Western blot was used to define the ELISA results of serum anti-p53, HRAS, NSG1-IgG and anti-TIF1γ-IgA. The performances of anti-p53, HRAS, NSG1-IgG and anti-TIF1γ-IgA were evaluated by ELISA for the early diagnosis of CC with 601 serum samples of 157 patients with CC at early stage, 144 patients with CC at advanced stage, 130 patients with CBL, and 170 HC, and then the performances of different combinations of four autoantibodies were analyzed for the development of an optimal panel for the early diagnosis of CC. Results: The results of anti-p53, HRAS, NSG1-IgG and anti-TIF1γ-IgA in western blotting were consistent with that in ELISA. The levels and positive rates of anti-p53, HRAS, NSG1-IgG and anti-TIF1γ-IgA in early CC group were significantly higher than that in CBL group/HC group (P <0.01), while had no significant difference from that in advanced CC group (P >0.05), of which anti-TIF1γ-IgA showed the highest area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.716 for the patients with CC at early stage, with 25.5% sensitivity and specificity at 96.7%. Additionally, a panel of anti-p53, HRAS-IgG and anti-TIF1γ-IgA showed the highest AUC among all possible combinations of four autoantibodies, up to 0.737, with 47.1% sensitivity at 92.0% specificity. Conclusions: Serum IgG autoantibodies against p53, HRAS and NSG1, and IgA autoantibody against TIF1γ show the diagnostic value for the patients with CC at early stage, of which anti-TIF1γ-IgA is demonstrated to be a preferable biomarker, and an optimal panel comprised of anti-p53, HRAS-IgG and anti-TIF1γ-IgA might contribute to the further improvement of early diagnosis for CC.

Genome-wide selection footprints and deleterious variations in young Asian allotetraploid rapeseed.

Brassica napus (AACC, 2n = 38) is an important oilseed crop grown worldwide. However, little is known about the population evolution of this species, the genomic difference between its major genetic groups, such as European and Asian rapeseed, and the impacts of historical large-scale introgression events on this young tetraploid. In this study, we reported the de novo assembly of the genome sequences of an Asian rapeseed (B. napus), Ningyou 7, and its four progenitors and compared these genomes with other available genomic data from diverse European and Asian cultivars. Our results showed that Asian rapeseed originally derived from European rapeseed but subsequently significantly diverged, with rapid genome differentiation after hybridization and intensive local selective breeding. The first historical introgression of B. rapa dramatically broadened the allelic pool but decreased the deleterious variations of Asian rapeseed. The second historical introgression of the double-low traits of European rapeseed (canola) has reshaped Asian rapeseed into two groups (double-low and double-high), accompanied by an increase in genetic load in the double-low group. This study demonstrates distinctive genomic footprints and deleterious SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) variants for local adaptation by recent intra- and interspecies introgression events and provides novel insights for understanding the rapid genome evolution of a young allopolyploid crop.

Paris Saponin II inhibits colorectal carcinogenesis by regulating mitochondrial fission and NF-κB pathway.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the leading causes of cancer-related morbidity and mortality worldwide. Accumulating evidence suggests that mitochondrial dynamics are closely implicated in carcinogenesis including CRC. Paris Saponin II (PSII), a major steroidal saponin extracted from Rhizoma Paris polyphylla, has emerged as a potential anticancer agent. However, the effects of PSII on CRC and its underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In the present study, we found PSII induced apoptosis and inhibited colony formation in HT 29 and HCT 116 cells, and cell cycle arrest in G1 phase. PSII inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and mitochondrial translocation of dynamin-related protein 1 (Drp1) by dephosphorylating Drp1 at Ser616, leading to the suppression of mitochondrial fission. PSII also suppressed NF-κB activation as a result of the inhibition of IKKß and p65 translocation. Drp1 knockdown remarkably downregulated the nuclear expression of p65 and its target genes cyclin D1 and c-Myc in HCT 116 cell, confirming the link between mitochondrial fission and NF-κB pathway. Silencing of Drp 1 enhanced the inhibitory effects of PSII on p65 phosphorylation and the expressions of cyclin D1 and c-Myc, revealing that the inhibitory effects of PSII on cyclin D1 and c-Myc were relevant in the suppression of Drp1 and NF-κB activation. An in vivo study demonstrated PSII remarkably decreased the xenograft tumor size and suppressed the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and Drp1 at Ser616. Taken together, our results suggested that PSII could inhibit colorectal carcinogenesis, at least in part, by regulating mitochondrial fission and NF-κB pathway.

Dyella amyloliquefaciens sp. nov., isolated from forest soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped and motile with single polar flagellum bacterial strain, designated DHC06T, was isolated from forest soil sampled at Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, PR China. The strain grew at 4-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 4.5-8.0 (pH 6.0-7.5) and in the presence of 0-4.0 % (2.0 %, w/v) NaCl. In the 16S rRNA gene sequence phylogram, strain DHC06T formed a clade with Dyella solisilvae DHG54T and Dyella terrae KACC 12748T within the genus of Dyella. Strain DHC06T had 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities of 98.6, 98.3, 98.3 and 98.2 % to Dyella japonica DSM 16301T, Dyella terrae JS14-6T, Dyella soli KACC 12747T and Dyella solisilvae DHG54T, respectively. The distinctiveness of strain DHC06Tfrom all described Dyellaspecies was also supported by the results of phylogenomic analysis based on 92 single-copy gene sequences. The DDH values among strain DHC06T and closely related Dyella species were all lower than 70 %. Strain DHC06T contained Q-8 as the only respiratory quinone. Its main fatty acids were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 1 ω9c and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1 ω6c/C16 : 1 ω7c). The DNA G+C content of strain DHC06T was 64.6 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of phenotypic, 16S rRNA gene sequence and genomic analyses and chemotaxonomic data, strain DHC06T represents a novel species of the genus Dyella, for which the name Dyella amyloliquefaciens sp. nov. (type strain DHC06T=GDMCC 1.1186T=LMG 30090T) is proposed.

Dyella dinghuensis sp. nov. and Dyella choica sp. nov., isolated from forest soil.

Two aerobic, Gram-stain-negative, non-motile, rod-shaped bacterial strains, designated as DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T, were isolated from soil samples collected from the forest of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, PR China (112° 31' E 23° 10' N). Strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T grew at pH 4.5-7.0 (optimum, pH 5.0-6.0) and pH 4.5-6.5 (pH 6.0), respectively. Both strains grew at 12-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C) and NaCl levels up to 1.0 % (optimum 0 %, w/v). Phylogenetic analysis based on both 16S rRNA gene sequences and the concatenated partial atpD, gyrB andlepA gene sequences showed that strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T formed two isolated clades with members of the genus Dyella, but they each occupied a distinctive position within the genus. Strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T showed the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities to Dyellacaseinilytica DHOB09T (98.7 %) and Dyellaacidisoli 4M-Z03T (98.8 %), respectively. DNA-DNA hybridization values of strains DHOA06T/DHOB09T and 4 M-K27T/4M-Z03T were 27.4±2.4 % and 38.8±1.0 %, respectively. Ubiquinone-8 was the only respiratory quinone detected in both strains. Their major fatty acids consisted of iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c, and strain DHOA06T had iso-C17 : 0 in addition. Their polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, one unidentified aminophospholipid, one unidentified phospholipid and two unidentified aminolipids, and strain DHOA06T had phosphatidylmethylethanolamine and one unidentified lipid in addition. The DNA G+C contents of strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T were 59.1 and 61.7 mol%, respectively. Based on the above results, we propose that strains DHOA06T and 4 M-K27T represent two novel species of the genus Dyella, namely Dyelladinghuensis sp. nov. (type strain DHOA06T = KCTC 52129T=NBRC 111978T) and Dyellachoica sp. nov. (type strain 4 M-K27T=GDMCC 1.1189T=LMG 30267T).

Dyella monticola sp. nov. and Dyella psychrodurans sp. nov., isolated from monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest soil of Dinghu Mountain, China.

Cells of bacterial strains 4 G-K06T and 4MSK11T, isolated from soil samples collected from monsoon evergreen broad-leaved forest of the Dinghushan Mountain (112° 31' E 23° 10' N), Guangdong Province, PR China, were Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, non-spore-forming, non-motile and rod-shaped. Strain 4 G-K06T grew at 10-37 °C, pH 3.5-7.5 and 0-3.5 % (w/v) NaCl; while 4MSK11T grew at 4-42 °C, pH 3.5-7.5 and 0-2.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed strain 4 G-K06T formed a clade with Dyellaflagellata 4 M-K16T, Dyella acidisoli 4M-Z03T, Dyellahumi DHG40T and Dyellanitratireducens DHG59T, while strain 4MSK11T formed a clade with Dyellacaseinilytica DHOB09T and Dyellamobilis DHON07T, both within the genus Dyella. The result of the partial atpD, gyrB and lepA gene sequence analysis supported the conclusion based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, which showed that these two strains represent two novel species of Dyella. The average nucleotide identity and digital DNA-DNA hybridization value for the whole genomes were 75.0-79.0 and 20.3-22.6 % between strains 4 G-K06T, 4MSK11T and those described Dyella species with genome sequences; while the DNA-DNA hybridization rates between strains 4 G-K06T, 4MSK11T and closely related Dyella species (without genome sequence) were 29.5-41.8 %. The major cellular fatty acids of these two strains were iso-C15 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1ω9c, while the major polar lipids consisted of phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol and several unidentified phospholipids and aminophospholipids. The only ubiquinone of these two strains was ubiquinone-8. The DNA G+C contents of 4 G-K06T and 4MSK11T were 60.4 and 61.3 mol%, respectively. On the basis of the evidence presented here, strains 4 G-K06T and 4MSK11T represent two novel species of the genus Dyella, for which the names Dyella monticola sp. nov. (type strain 4 G-K06T=LMG 30268T=GDMCC 1.1188T) and Dyella psychrodurans sp. nov. (type strain 4MSK11T=KCTC 62280T=GDMCC 1.1185T) are proposed.

Dyella solisilvae sp. nov., isolated from mixed pine and broad-leaved forest soil.

A Gram-stain-negative, aerobic, motile, yellow-pigmented, rod-shaped with a single polar flagellum bacterial strain, designated strain DHG54T, was isolated from a forest soil sample of Dinghushan Biosphere Reserve, Guangdong Province, China. Strain DHG54T grew at 12-37 °C (optimum, 28 °C), pH 4.5-8.0 (optimum, pH 6.0-7.0) and in the presence of 0-3.0 % (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 0-1.5 %, w/v). Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, strain DHG54T formed a clade with the members of the genus Dyella and showed highest sequence similarities of 98.2 % to Dyella japonica DSM 16301T and Dyella terrae KACC 12748T. This was also supported by phylogenetic analysis based on the concatenated partial gyrB, lepA and recA housekeeping gene sequences. DNA-DNA hybridization results between strain DHG54T and closely related Dyella species were all lower than 70 %. Ubiquinone-8 was the only respiratory quinone, and iso-C15 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C17 : 1 ω9c were major fatty acids. The DNA G+C content of strain DHG54T was 65.4 mol%. The major polar lipids were phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol and diphosphatidylglycerol. On the basis of the polyphasic characterization results presented here, strain DHG54T represents a novel species of the genus Dyella, for which the name Dyellasolisilvae sp. nov. (type strain DHG54T=GDMCC 1.1187T = LMG 30091T) is proposed.

hnRNPs and ELAVL1 cooperate with uORFs to inhibit protein translation.

Most of our knowledge about translation regulatory mechanisms comes from studies on lower organisms. However, the translation control system of higher organisms is less understood. Here we find that in 5' untranslated region (5'UTR) of human Annexin II receptor (AXIIR) mRNA, there are two upstream open reading frames (uORFs) acting in a fail-safe manner to inhibit the translation from the main AUG. These uORFs are unfavorable for re-initiation after termination of uORF translation. Heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A2B1 (hnRNPA2B1), hnRNPA0 and ELAV like RNA binding protein 1 (ELAVL1) bind to the 5'UTR of AXIIR mRNA. They focus the translation of uORFs on uORF1 and attenuate leaky scanning that bypasses uORFs. The cooperation between the two uORFs and the three proteins formed a multiple fail-safe system that tightly inhibits the translation of downstream AXIIR. Such cooperation between multiple molecules and elements reflects that higher organism develops a complex translation regulatory system to achieve accurate and flexible gene expression control.

Structural characterisation and discrimination of the aerial parts of Paris polyphylla var. yunnanensis and Paris polyphylla var. chinensis by UHPLC-QTOF-MS coupled with multivariate data analysis.

INTRODUCTION: As sources of Rhizoma Paridis are facing shortages, utilising the aerial parts of Paris polyphylla has emerged as a promising additional source. However, the components in the aerial parts still need to be explored, and it is difficult to distinguish the aerial parts of P. polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis (PPY) and P. polyphylla var. chinensis (PPC), two varieties of P. polyphylla. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to establish a comprehensive platform to characterise steroid saponins from the aerial parts of PPY and PPC and to discriminate these two varieties. METHODOLOGY: A dereplication approach and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF-MS) analysis were used for the characterisation of steroidal saponins in the aerial parts of PPY and PPC. Multivariate statistical analysis was performed to differentiate these two varieties and screen discriminant variables. In addition, a genetic algorithm-optimised for support vector machines (GA-SVM) model was developed to predict P. polyphylla samples. The distribution of steroidal saponins in PPY and PPC was visualised by a heatmap. RESULTS: A total of 102 compounds were characterised from the aerial parts of PPY and PPC by dereplication. A clear separation of PPY and PPC was achieved, and 35 saponins were screened as marker compounds. The established GA-SVM model showed excellent prediction performance with a prediction accuracy of 100%. CONCLUSIONS: Many steroid saponins that have been reported in Rhizoma Paridis also exist in the aerial parts of P. polyphylla. Samples from the aerial parts of PPY and PPC could be discriminated using our platform.