Dynamic changes in water resources and comprehensive assessment of water resource utilization efficiency in the Aral Sea basin, Central Asia.

The Aral Sea Basin in Central Asia faces significant challenges in improving water utilization and treatment because of frequent transboundary river water disputes and shortages of water resources. However, the traditional water resource utilization efficiency (WRUE) assessment models generally have the defect of over-validating evaluation results. To solve this problem, this study used the Coefficient of Variation method to constrain the self-contained weights in the traditional Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to construct an improved CV-DEA model, and assessed the WRUE of the Aral Sea Basin countries during 2000-2018 and compared the WRUE with that of the countries in the Mekong River Basin and Northeast Asia, then explored the factors influencing water utilization. The conclusions were drawn: since 1960, the runoff from the upper Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers increased significantly, while the runoff from the lower Amu Darya River into the Aral Sea declined. Meanwhile, the water area of the Aral Sea shrank from 2.56 × 104 km2 to 0.70 × 104 km2 in 2000-2018, with the Northern Aral Sea remaining stable while the southern part shrinking sharply. The WRUE of the Aral Sea Basin (0.599, on average) was higher than that of the Mekong River Basin (0.547) and lower than that of Northeast Asia (0.885). Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan had the highest WRUE of 0.819 and 0.685 respectively, and the WRUE in both two countries improved from 2000 to 2018. Tajikistan (0.495) and Turkmenistan (0.402) experienced decreases in WRUEs. The high input redundancy of agricultural water consumption was the main driving force affecting WRUE in the basin.

Risk assessment of water resource shortages in the Aksu River basin of northwest China under climate change.

As most of the runoff resulting from snow-ice melt is related to climate change factors in the arid region of northwest China, the risk to water resource systems threatens the socio-economic and ecological environment and is becoming increasingly prevalent. Therefore, we explored the risks of water resource shortages for different periods (2010, 2020, and 2030) in the Aksu River basin (ARB) in the northwest arid region of China by reconstructing a risk model based on the framework proposed by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) with an improved vulnerability (V) module and a more suitable hazard probability in the cost module. The major conclusions are as follows: (1) the simulation of the Community Land Model-Distributed Time Variant Gain Model (CLM-DTVGM) and the Vegetation Interface Processes model (VIP) was suitable for the eco-hydrological processes in the ARB under climate change (i.e., R2 ≥ 0.583; Nash coefficient ≥0.371; and relative mean standard ≤155.727 for CLM-DTVGM; R2 = 0.798 for VIP); (2) the vulnerability of the water resource system in the ARB was medium in 2010, and dropped to a medium-low to non-vulnerable level in 2020 before increasing in 2030 under different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) (RCP2.6, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5); and (3) there was a medium-low risk of water resource shortages in the ARB in 2010 (i.e., 0.246), and although the risk of water resource shortages decreased in 2020 due to the increasing water supply from mountainous areas, the risk predicted to increase significantly in 2030, to a medium-high risk level. This study is critical for accurately predicting and understanding the impact of climate change on water resource systems as well as on the drought risk in arid regions.

Note on the instability mechanism of gravity-driven unsaturated slow flow in porous media.

A capillary tube model reveals that the surface tension at the air-water interface cannot cause the instability of gravity-driven unsaturated slow flow in sandy soils.

Quantitative assessment of the ecological effects of land use/cover change in the arid region of Northwest China.

In light of ongoing changes in how humans interact with the environment, it is of great importance to quantitatively assess the impact of land use and cover change (LUCC) on ecosystems. Using a variety of methods, we analyzed land-use patterns and ecosystem service values (ESV) in 1990, 2000, and 2010; normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) from 1982 to 2010 in the arid region of Northwest China; and quantitatively assessed the effects of LUCC on changes in NDVI and ESV. The results indicate the following: (1) From 1990 to 2010, the rate of increase in the amount of cropland and urban land was highest at 19.13% and 18.25%, respectively, followed by the rate for water cover (5.10%) and forest land (3.55%), while grassland experienced a reduction of 2.25%. (2) From 1990 to 2010, the total ESV increased by 1.82%. Changes in the amount of water cover and cropland were responsible for an increase in ESV of 1.42% and 1.10%, respectively, while the change in the amount of grassland was responsible for a decrease of 1.09%. Based on this, it seems likely that climate variability is a substantial cause of change in ESV. (3) From 1982 to 2010, NDVI showed an overall increase, first increasing significantly between 1982 and 2002 and then decreasing somewhat from 2002 to 2010. From 1990 to 2010, the contribution rate of LUCC to change in total NDVI was 26.74%, indicating that the contribution rate of climate variability to NDVI change was up to 73.26%. Therefore, over those 20 years, climate warming and humidification had an important impact on the development of ecosystems in the arid region of Northwest China.

Experimental study on water transport observations of desert riparian forests in the lower reaches of the Tarim River in China.

Studying the water use processes of desert riparian vegetation in arid regions and analyzing the response and adaptation strategies of plants to drought stress are of great significance for developing ecological restoration measures. Based on field monitoring and test analyses of physiological ecological indicators of dominant species (Populus euphratica and Tamarix chinensis) in the desert riparian forest in the lower reaches of the Tarim River, the water relations of P. euphratica and T. chinensis under drought stress are discussed and some water use strategies put forward. The results show that (1) concerning plant water uptake, desert riparian forests depend mainly on groundwater to survive under long-term water stress. (2) Concerning plant water distribution, the survival of P. euphratica and nearby shallow root plants is mainly due to the hydraulic lift and water redistribution of P. euphratica under drought stress. (3) Concerning plant water transport, P. euphratica sustains the survival of competitive and advantageous branches by improving their ability to acquire water while restraining the growth of inferior branches. (4) Concerning plant transpiration, the sap flow curves of daily variations of P. euphratica and T. chinensis were wide-peak sin and narrower-peak respectively. T. chinensis has better environmental adaptability.

Quantifying the effects of LUCCs on local temperatures, precipitation, and wind using the WRF model.

Land use/cover changes (LUCCs) are an important cause of regional climate changes, but the contribution of LUCCs to regional climate changes is not clear. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model and statistical methods were used to investigate changes in meteorologic variables in January, April, July, and October 2013 due to local LUCCs from 1990 to 2010 in southern Shandong province, China. The results indicate that the WRF model simulates temperatures in the region well, with high correlation coefficients (0.86-0.97, p < 0.001) between the modeled and measured values. The model simulates precipitation less well, with correlation coefficients of 0.41-0.91, but they are all at statistically significant levels, with p < 0.05. During the 20-year period, the LUCCs in the study area consisted mainly of conversions from dry land to urbanized land (747.3 km2) and bare/sparse vegetation (132.4 km2). The LUCCs caused a 0.16 °C temperature increase in January and October and 0.01 and 0.18 °C temperature decreases in April and July, respectively. The range of temperature changes over mixed forest and water bodies due to the LUCCs was wide (0.39-1.31 °C) and was narrower over deciduous broadleaf forest and wetland (0.01 to 0.06 °C). The LUCCs did not change the precipitation greatly in January, April, and October but did affect the precipitation in July substantially, causing a decrease of 23.71 mm. The LUCCs did not affect wind speed and direction substantially during these four months: average wind speeds increased by 0.02 and 0.01 m/s in January and October, respectively, and decreased by 0.02 and 0.05 m/s in April and July, respectively. Overall, The LUCCs affected spring temperatures the least and summer precipitation the most.

Positive effect of apoptotic inhibitor z-vad-fmk on vitrified-thawed porcine mii stage oocytes.

BACKGROUND: The developmental potential of vitrified porcine oocytes is very lower, and apoptosis is considered as one of the key factors involved. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effects of apoptotic inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK addition into the incubation medium after warming on apoptosis and developmental ability of vitrified porcine MII-stage oocytes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The activities of several caspases, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and early apoptotic levels were measured. Parthenogenetic developmental ability and relative expression levels of apoptosis related genes were also detected. RESULTS: Caspase activity and early apoptotic level of the Z-VAD-FMK group were significantly lower than those of the group without Z-VAD-FMK addition, but were much higher than those of fresh group (P < 0.05). The ΔΨm of Z-VAD-FMK group was 1.19, higher than the vitrified group (0.91) and lower than the fresh group (1.33). The cleavage rate and blastocyst rate after parthenogenetic activation in the Z-VAD-FMK group were much higher than those in the vitrified group, and much lower than those in the fresh group (P < 0.05). Vitrified porcine oocytes exhibited increased expression of pro-apoptotic genes (caspase 3, 8, 9, TNF-α) and decreased genes expression levels of anti-apoptotic genes (Bcl-2, CuZnSOD), and the Z-VAD-FMK addition in incubaiton medium significantly decreased the transcripts levels of caspase 3,8,9, Bax, TNF-α and increased Bcl-2 and CuZnSOD genes expression. CONCLUSION: The addition of apoptotic inhibitor Z-VAD-FMK into the incubation medium after warming improved the in vitro developmental ability of vitrified porcine oocytes by increasing mitochondrial function, reducing apoptotic level and changing apoptosis-elated gene expression.

T-cadherin association with clinicopathological features and prognosis in axillary lymph node-positive breast cancer.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the correlation of T-cadherin expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis in patients with axillary lymph node-positive breast cancer. Based on the immunohistochemistry results, all 142 patients with operable axillary lymph node-positive breast cancer were divided into the T-cadherin-negative and T-cadherin-positive groups. Clinical data including the association of T-cadherin expression with clinicopathological features and prognosis were analyzed using the Chi square test and Fisher's exact test using SPSS 13.0 software. The impact of T-cadherin expression on the 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) and the 5-year overall survival (OS) of these patients was measured using the log-rank test. DFS and OS were analyzed using both Kaplan-Meier function and Cox regression analyses. Compared with the T-cadherin-positive group (55.07, 28.99, and 13.4 %, respectively; P = 0.030, P = 0.0132, and P = 0.009), tumor size >2 cm, lymph-vascular invasion, and pathological stage III disease were seen more frequently in the T-cadherin-negative group (72.60, 49.32, and 31.51 %, respectively). Both 5-year DFS and 5-year OS were poorer in the T-cadherin-negative group than in the T-cadherin-positive group (log-rank test = 9.295, P = 0.002; log-rank test = 5.718, P = 0.017). On multivariate analysis, T-cadherin-negative expression remained an independent prognostic factor for DFS (P = 0.002) but not for OS (P = 0.067). Our results suggested that negative T-cadherin expression has a worse prognosis in patients with axillary lymph node-positive breast cancer.

Progress and prospects of climate change impacts on hydrology in the arid region of northwest China.

The arid region of Northwest China, located in the central Asia, responds sensitively to global climate change. Based on the newest research results, this paper analyzes the impacts of climate change on hydrology and the water cycle in the arid region of Northwest China. The analysis results show that: (1) In the northwest arid region, temperature and precipitation experienced "sharply" increasing in the past 50 years. The precipitation trend changed in 1987, and since then has been in a state of high volatility, during the 21st century, the increasing rate of precipitation was diminished. Temperature experienced a "sharply" increase in 1997; however, this sharp increasing trend has turned to an apparent hiatus since the 21st century. The dramatic rise in winter temperatures in the northwest arid region is an important reason for the rise in the average annual temperature, and substantial increases in extreme winter minimum temperature play an important role in the rising average winter temperature; (2) There was a significant turning point in the change of pan evaporation in the northwest arid area in 1993, i.e., in which a significant decline reversed to a significant upward trend. In the 21st century, the negative effects of global warming and increasing levels of evaporation on the ecology of the northwest arid region have been highlighted; (3) Glacier change has a significant impact on hydrology in the northwest arid area, and glacier inflection points have appeared in some rivers. The melting water supply of the Tarim River Basin possesses a large portion of water supplies (about 50%). In the future, the amount of surface water will probably remain at a high state of fluctuation.

Clinical and genetic characteristics of maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 13: A systematic review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: Maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 13 (MODY13), a rare type of monogenic diabetes, is often misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes. To improve early diagnosis and precise treatment, we performed a systematic review and analysis of the literature about MODY13. METHODS: PubMed, Cochrane, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI), Chinese BioMedical (CBM) Literature Database, and Wanfang Database were searched using the following search terms: "MODY13," "KCNJ11 maturity-onset diabetes of the young," "KCNJ11-MODY," "maturity-onset diabetes of the young type 13," and "neonatal diabetes mellitus KCNJ11." The demography, clinical characteristics, and gene mutations of patients were expressed with descriptive statistical methods. RESULTS: A total of 33 reports were included in this study, including 75 patients and 28 types of mutations. Thirty-six patients were male. The mean onset age was 25.20 ± 15.26 years. The averages of recorded body mass index, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and fasting C-peptide were 23.45 ± 4.56kg/m2 , 10.07 ± 1.96%, and 0.31 ± 0.23nmol/L, respectively. Most of the mutation sites were located in the cytosolic region of N- and C-terminal domains of Kir6.2. Seven patients were reported to have diabetic chronic complications. CONCLUSION: MODY13 was diagnosed later than other types of MODY and was associated with low fasting C-peptide. Mutation sites of MODY13 were mostly concentrated in N- and C-terminal intracellular domains. The majority of KCNJ11 gene mutations causing MODY 13 were from G to A. The incidence rates of chronic complications were lower than type 1 and type 2 diabetes.

Global energy use and carbon emissions from irrigated agriculture.

Irrigation is a land management practice with major environmental impacts. However, global energy consumption and carbon emissions resulting from irrigation remain unknown. We assess the worldwide energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with irrigation, while also measuring the potential energy and carbon reductions achievable through the adoption of efficient and low-carbon irrigation practices. Currently, irrigation contributes 216 million metric tons of CO2 emissions and consumes 1896 petajoules of energy annually, representing 15% of greenhouse gas emissions and energy utilized in agricultural operations. Despite only 40% of irrigated agriculture relies on groundwater sources, groundwater pumping accounts for 89% of the total energy consumption in irrigation. Projections indicate that future expansion of irrigation could lead to a 28% increase in energy usage. Embracing highly efficient, low-carbon irrigation methods has the potential to cut energy consumption in half and reduce CO2 emissions by 90%. However, considering country-specific feasibility of mitigation options, global CO2 emissions may only see a 55% reduction. Our research offers comprehensive insights into the energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with irrigation, contributing valuable information that can guide assessments of the viability of irrigation in enhancing adaptive capacity within the agricultural sector.

Spatiotemporal characteristics of meteorological drought events in 34 major global river basins during 1901-2021.

Meteorological drought is a crucial driver of various types of droughts; thus, identifying the spatiotemporal characteristics of meteorological drought at the basin scale has implications for ecological and water resource security. However, differences in drought characteristics between river basins have not been clearly elucidated. In this study, we identify and compare meteorological drought events in 34 major river basins worldwide using a three-dimensional drought-clustering algorithm based on the standardised precipitation evapotranspiration index on a 12-month scale from 1901 to 2021. Despite synchronous increases in precipitation and potential evapotranspiration (PET), with precipitation increasing by more than three times the PET, 47 % (16/34) of the basins showed a tendency towards drought in over half their basin areas. Drought events occurred frequently, with more than half identified as short-term droughts (lasting less than or equal to three months). Small basins had a larger drought impact area, with major drought events often originating from the basin boundaries and migrating towards the basin centre. Meteorological droughts were driven by changes in sea surface temperature (SST), especially the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) or other climate indices. Anomalies in SST and atmospheric circulation caused by ENSO events may have led to altered climate patterns in different basins, resulting in drought events. These results provide important insights into the characteristics and mechanisms of meteorological droughts in different river basins worldwide.

Decreasing trends of mean and extreme snowfall in High Mountain Asia.

Intense warming profoundly alters precipitation phase patterns and intensity in High Mountain Asia (HMA). While snowfall climatology and precipitation extremes have been studied, there is a lack of understanding of snowfall extremes within HMA. Here, we investigate the spatial and temporal variability of non-extreme and extreme snowfall in hydrological years 1979-2020 using multi-source meteorological data, compare weather systems during extreme and non-extreme snowfall events, and identify key circulation factors that influence fluctuations in mean annual snowfall and extreme snowfall. The snowfall amount (-0.13 d/mm), days (-0.56 d/a), and fraction (-0.0012) were significantly reduced in HMA, with a shorter snowfall season (-0.52 d/a). Some extreme snowfall metrics (maximum 1-day snowfall and maximum 3-day snowfall) were insensitive to climate change, whereas the maximum consecutive snowfall days (-0.007 d/a), snowfall amount (-0.0023 mm/a), heavy snowfall days (S95pD; 0.0087 d/a), and extremely heavy snowfall days (S99pD; -0.1019 d/a) showed significant decreases. Synthetic analyses show that extreme snowfall events were more likely to occur within a narrow temperature range (-5 °C to 3 °C) with higher relative humidity and precipitation compared to non-extreme events. A stepwise regression method was used to determine that the fluctuation in the average annual snowfall was closely related to the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation, whereas the variation in extreme snowfall was mainly influenced by the Southern Oscillation Index. Our research provides a reference for assessing the potential impacts of climate change on a regional scale for risk management and disaster adaptation.

Understanding the complexity of temperature dynamics in Xinjiang, China, from multitemporal scale and spatial perspectives.

Based on the observed data from 51 meteorological stations during the period from 1958 to 2012 in Xinjiang, China, we investigated the complexity of temperature dynamics from the temporal and spatial perspectives by using a comprehensive approach including the correlation dimension (CD), classical statistics, and geostatistics. The main conclusions are as follows (1) The integer CD values indicate that the temperature dynamics are a complex and chaotic system, which is sensitive to the initial conditions. (2) The complexity of temperature dynamics decreases along with the increase of temporal scale. To describe the temperature dynamics, at least 3 independent variables are needed at daily scale, whereas at least 2 independent variables are needed at monthly, seasonal, and annual scales. (3) The spatial patterns of CD values at different temporal scales indicate that the complex temperature dynamics are derived from the complex landform.

Responses of surface runoff to climate change and human activities in the arid region of central Asia: a case study in the Tarim River basin, China.

Based on hydrological and climatic data and land use/cover change data covering the period from 1957 to 2009, this paper investigates the hydrological responses to climate change and to human activities in the arid Tarim River basin (TRB). The results show that the surface runoff of three headstreams (Aksu River, Yarkant River and Hotan River) of the Tarim River exhibited a significant increasing trend since 1960s and entered an even higher-runoff stage in 1994. In the contrary, the surface runoff of Tarim mainstream displayed a persistent decreasing trend since 1960s. The increasing trend of surface runoff in the headstreams can be attributed to the combined effects of both temperature and precipitation changes during the past five decades. But, the decreasing trend of surface runoff in the mainstream and the observed alterations of the temporal and spatial distribution patterns were mainly due to the adverse impacts of human activities. Specifically, increasingly intensified water consumption for irrigation and the associated massive constructions of water conservancy projects were responsible for the decreasing trend of runoff in the mainstream. And, the decreasing trend has been severely jeopardizing the ecological security in the lower reaches. It is now unequivocally clear that water-use conflicts among different sectors and water-use competitions between upper and lower reaches are approaching to dangerous levels in TRB that is thus crying for implementing an integrated river basin management scheme.

Progress, challenges and prospects of eco-hydrological studies in the Tarim river basin of Xinjiang, China.

Eco-hydrological research in arid inland river basins has been a focus of geologists and ecologists as it is crucial for maintaining the sustainable development of socio-economy, particularly in ecologically vulnerable areas. Based on the research work carried out in the Tarim River basin of Xinjiang, northwestern China, this paper summarizes synthetically the climate change and associated responses of water resources in the mountainous area, land use and land cover in the oasis, and plants responding to environmental stresses in the desert area of the river basin. Research gaps, challenges, and future perspectives in the eco-hydrological studies of the Tarim River basin are also discussed.

Spatio-Temporal Development of Vegetation Carbon Sinks and Sources in the Arid Region of Northwest China.

Drylands, which account for 41% of Earth's land surface and are home to more than two billion people, play an important role in the global carbon balance. This study analyzes the spatio-temporal patterns of vegetation carbon sinks and sources in the arid region of northwest China (NWC), using the net ecosystem production (NEP) through the Carnegie-Ames-Stanford approach (CASA). It quantitatively evaluates regional ecological security over a 20-year period (2000-2020) via a remote sensing ecological index (RSEI) and other ecological indexes, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), fraction of vegetation cover (FVC), net primary productivity (NPP), and land use. The results show that the annual average carbon capacity of vegetation in NWC changed from carbon sources to carbon sinks, and the vegetation NEP increased at a rate of 1.98 gC m-2 yr-1 from 2000 to 2020. Spatially, the annual NEP in northern Xinjiang (NXJ), southern Xinjiang (SXJ) and Hexi Corridor (HX) increased at even faster rates of 2.11, 2.22, and 1.98 gC m-2 yr-1, respectively. Obvious geographically heterogeneous distributions and changes occurred in vegetation carbon sinks and carbon sources. Some 65.78% of the vegetation areas in NWC were carbon sources during 2000-2020, which were concentrated in the plains, and SXJ, the majority carbon sink areas are located in the mountains. The vegetation NEP in the plains exhibited a positive trend (1.21 gC m-2 yr-1) during 2000-2020, but this speed has slowed since 2010. The vegetation NEP in the mountain exhibited only intermittent changes (2.55 gC m-2 yr-1) during 2000-2020; it exhibited a negative trend during 2000-2010, but this trend has reversed strongly since 2010. The entire ecological security of NWC was enhanced during the study period. Specifically, the RSEI increased from 0.34 to 0.49, the NDVI increased by 0.03 (17.65%), the FVC expanded by 19.56%, and the NPP increased by 27.44%. Recent positive trends in NDVI, FVC and NPP have enhanced the capacity of vegetation carbon sinks, and improved the eco-environment of NWC. The scientific outcomes of this study are of great importance for maintaining ecological stability and sustainable economic development along China's Silk Road Economic Belt.

Recent Tianshan warming in relation to large-scale climate teleconnections.

On the alpine areas such as Tianshan Mountains, snow and glaciers are widely distributed, which are sensitive to temperature changes. However, due to high altitude and scarcity of observed stations, the temperature changes and their causes in Tianshan are unclear. To address this issue, this study integrated Thiel-Sen trend test, Pearson correlation, and wavelet analysis methods to analyze the driving factors of temperature changes in Tianshan. We draw the following conclusions: (1) In the past 40 years, Tianshan warmed at a rate of 0.30 °C/decade. Seasonally, the temperature increased the most in spring and summer; spatially, the east Tianshan experienced the most warming. (2) Climate change has affected significant warming in the Tianshan. (3) The large-scale climate teleconnections found to be associated with warming in the Tianshan include North Pacific pattern, Atlantic Multidecadal Variability (AMV), North Atlantic Oscillation, and Western Hemisphere Warm Pool (WHWP). During the study period, the temperature changes lagged AMV and WHWP by 1.5 months, North Tropical Atlantic Index and Tropical Northern Atlantic Index by 3 months, and Arctic Oscillation by 4 months. This research contributes to understanding the response of dry mountains to global warming and atmospheric circulation changes.

Minor hallucinations in Parkinson's disease with probable rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder.

Background: Rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) and minor hallucinations (MHs) are prevalent nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). The purpose of this study was to explore the association of MHs in PD patients with probable RBD (pRBD). Methods: This cross-sectional study included 291 patients diagnosed with PD. Patients who scored 6 or higher on the Rapid Eye Movement Behavior Disorder (RBD) Screening Questionnaire were defined as pRBD. A comprehensive evaluation was performed for all patients, including the collection of demographic information, clinical assessment, and MH features. Results: Among the 291 PD patients, 69 (23.7%) had pRBD. MHs were observed in 35 (50.7%) patients with pRBD, significantly higher than 29.7% in patients without RBD (p = 0.015). The main type of MHs in pRBD was presence hallucinations with variable content. Patients with pRBD and MHs tended to be older, had a longer disease duration, and were more likely to take levodopa or dopamine-receptor agonists. Besides, the pRBD with MHs group had higher scores on the Nonmotor Symptoms Questionnaire (NMS-Quest) and Hamilton Anxiety Scale (HAMA). Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that longer disease duration and higher NMS-Quest scores were associated with MHs in PD patients with pRBD. Conclusion: A high prevalence of MHs was observed in PD patients with pRBD. The main type of MHs in pRBD was presence hallucinations. MHs in PD with RBD are mainly associated with disease duration and severity of nonmotor symptoms. These findings provide new insights into the interaction between MHs and RBD.