Evidence from 2100 index cases supports genome sequencing as a first-tier genetic test.

PURPOSE: Genome sequencing (GS) is one of the most comprehensive assays that interrogate single-nucleotide variants, copy number variants, mitochondrial variants, repeat expansions, and structural variants in a single assay. Despite the clear technical superiority, the full clinical utility of GS has yet to be determined. METHODS: We systematically evaluated 2100 clinical GS index cases performed in our laboratory to explore the diagnostic yield of GS as first-tier and as follow-up testing. RESULTS: The overall diagnostic yield was 28% (585/2100). The diagnostic yield for GS as the first-tier test was 26% (294/1146). Among cases with prior non-diagnostic genetic tests, GS provided a diagnosis for 27% (247/910) of cases, including 56 cases with prior exome sequencing (ES). Although re-analysis of previous ES might have resolved the diagnosis in 29 cases, diagnoses for 27 cases would have been missed because of the technical inferiority of ES. Moreover, GS further disclosed additional genetic etiology in 3 out of 44 cases with existing partial diagnosis. CONCLUSION: We present the largest-to-date GS data set of a clinically heterogeneous cohort from a single clinical laboratory. Our data demonstrate that GS should be considered as the first-tier genetic test that has the potential to shorten the diagnostic odyssey.

Focused Exome Sequencing Gives a High Diagnostic Yield in the Indian Subcontinent.

The genetically isolated yet heterogeneous and highly consanguineous Indian population has shown a higher prevalence of rare genetic disorders. However, there is a significant socioeconomic burden for genetic testing to be accessible to the general population. In the current study, we analyzed next-generation sequencing data generated through focused exome sequencing from individuals with different phenotypic manifestations referred for genetic testing to achieve a molecular diagnosis. Pathogenic or likely pathogenic variants are reported in 280 of 833 cases with a diagnostic yield of 33.6%. Homozygous sequence and copy number variants were found as positive diagnostic findings in 131 cases (15.7%) because of the high consanguinity in the Indian population. No relevant findings related to reported phenotype were identified in 6.2% of the cases. Patients referred for testing due to metabolic disorder and neuromuscular disorder had higher diagnostic yields. Carrier testing of asymptomatic individuals with a family history of the disease, through focused exome sequencing, achieved positive diagnosis in 54 of 118 cases tested. Copy number variants were also found in trans with single-nucleotide variants and mitochondrial variants in a few of the cases. The diagnostic yield and the findings from this study signify that a focused exome test is a good lower-cost alternative for whole-exome and whole-genome sequencing and as a first-tier approach to genetic testing.

RNA analysis of intronic variants in the LAMA2 gene detected by whole genome sequencing confirms a rare dual diagnosis of incontinentia pigmenti with limb-girdle muscular dystrophy.

We see that a multiple methods approach to diagnosis remains necessary in the era of whole genome sequencing. We also observe that reproductive risk genetic counseling can be a motivating factor for further testing along the diagnostic odyssey.

At-Risk Genomic Findings for Pediatric-Onset Disorders From Genome Sequencing vs Medically Actionable Gene Panel in Proactive Screening of Newborns and Children.

Importance: Although the clinical utility of genome sequencing for critically ill children is well recognized, its utility for proactive pediatric screening is not well explored. Objective: To evaluate molecular findings from screening ostensibly healthy children with genome sequencing compared with a gene panel for medically actionable pediatric conditions. Design, Setting, and Participants: This case series study was conducted among consecutive, apparently healthy children undergoing proactive genetic screening for pediatric disorders by genome sequencing (n = 562) or an exome-based panel of 268 genes (n = 606) from March 1, 2018, through July 31, 2022. Exposures: Genetic screening for pediatric-onset disorders using genome sequencing or an exome-based panel of 268 genes. Main Outcomes and Measures: Molecular findings indicative of genetic disease risk. Results: Of 562 apparently healthy children (286 girls [50.9%]; median age, 29 days [IQR, 9-117 days]) undergoing screening by genome sequencing, 46 (8.2%; 95% CI, 5.9%-10.5%) were found to be at risk for pediatric-onset disease, including 22 children (3.9%) at risk for high-penetrance disorders. Sequence analysis uncovered molecular diagnoses among 32 individuals (5.7%), while copy number variant analysis uncovered molecular diagnoses among 14 individuals (2.5%), including 4 individuals (0.7%) with chromosome scale abnormalities. Overall, there were 47 molecular diagnoses, with 1 individual receiving 2 diagnoses; of the 47 potential diagnoses, 22 (46.8%) were associated with high-penetrance conditions. Pathogenic variants in medically actionable pediatric genes were found in 6 individuals (1.1%), constituting 12.8% (6 of 47) of all diagnoses. At least 1 pharmacogenomic variant was reported for 89.0% (500 of 562) of the cohort. In contrast, of 606 children (293 girls [48.3%]; median age, 26 days [IQR, 10-67 days]) undergoing gene panel screening, only 13 (2.1%; 95% CI, 1.0%-3.3%) resulted in potential childhood-onset diagnoses, a significantly lower rate than those screened by genome sequencing (P < .001). Conclusions and Relevance: In this case series study, genome sequencing as a proactive screening approach for children, due to its unrestrictive gene content and technical advantages in comparison with an exome-based gene panel for medically actionable childhood conditions, uncovered a wide range of heterogeneous high-penetrance pediatric conditions that could guide early interventions and medical management.

Dual role of hematopoietic progenitor kinase 1 (HPK1) as a positive regulator of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D-induced differentiation and cell cycle arrest of AML cells and as a mediator of vitamin D resistance.

Recent clinical trials aimed at improved treatment of AML by administration of vitamin D derivatives showed unremarkable results, suggesting development of vitamin D resistance in patients' AML blasts. Since mechanisms of vitamin D resistance are not clear, we studied 40AF cells, a subline of HL60 cells that can proliferate in the presence of 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D). We found that mRNA and protein levels of HPK1, an upstream MAP4 kinase, are dramatically increased in 40AF cells, and HPK1 protein is further increased when the 1,25D resistance of 40AF cells is partially reversed by the addition of carnosic acid and p38MAPK inhibitor SB202190 (DCS cocktail). Knockdown of HPK1 reduces 1,25D/DCS-induced differentiation of both 1,25D-sensitive HL60 and U937 cells and 1,25D-resistant 40AF cells, but the effect of HPK1 knockdown on differentiation-associated G 1 arrest is more apparent in the resistant than the sensitive cells. To explain why 40AF and the intrinsically vitamin D-resistant KG-1a cells can proliferate in the presence of vitamin D, we found that the cleaved HPK1 fragment (HPK1-C) level is high in 40AF and KG-1a cells, but when differentiation is induced by DCS, HPK1-C decreases while full-length (FL)-HPK1 increases. Accordingly, inhibition of proteolysis with the pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh reduced HPK1 cleavage and enhanced DCS-induced differentiation of 40AF cells. The results indicate that FL-HPK1 is a positive regulator of vitamin D-induced differentiation in AML cells, but the cleaved HPK1 fragment inhibits differentiation. Thus, high HPK1 cleavage activity contributes to vitamin D resistance, and HPK1 has a dual role in AML cell differentiation.

The pan-caspase inhibitor Q-VD-OPh has anti-leukemia effects and can interact with vitamin D analogs to increase HPK1 signaling in AML cells.

Caspase function is known to be essential for cell death by apoptosis, but it is now increasingly recognized that these proteases also play important roles in other cellular events. Here we report for the first time that inhibition of cellular caspase activity can induce differentiation of AML blasts, and can enhance vitamin D-induced cell differentiation of these cells. This was studied in blasts obtained from nine patients with AML and one patient with CML by ex vivo culture in the presence of Q-VD-OPh (QVD), a pan caspase inhibitor. Cell differentiation was manifested by the expression of markers of monocytic differentiation CD11b and CD14. Differentiation induced by 1α,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) or its analogs PRI-1906 and PRI-2191 was enhanced by QVD to a varying degree, depending on the subtype of the leukemia. QVD and 1,25D-induced differentiation was accompanied by increased signaling by Hematopoietic Progenitor Kinase 1(HPK1), and the expression of transcription factors known to be involved in monocytic differentiation was increased. Although the magnitude and nature of these changes were not invariable, it is clear that caspase inhibitors warrant attention as components of differentiation therapy of leukemia, perhaps in combination with derivatives of vitamin D.

c-Jun N-terminal kinase 2 (JNK2) antagonizes the signaling of differentiation by JNK1 in human myeloid leukemia cells resistant to vitamin D.

1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 (1,25D) induces differentiation of myeloid leukemia cells, but resistant cells are also encountered. We studied the mechanistic basis for the resistance in a model system using enhancers of 1,25D, the antioxidant carnosic acid and a kinase inhibitor SB202190. Knock-down (KD) of JNK2p54 unexpectedly increased the intensity of differentiation induced by the 1,25D, carnosic acid and SB202190 (DCS) combination. This was associated with upregulation of activated JNK1p46, and the transcription factors regulated by the JNK pathway, c-Jun, ATF2 and JunB, as well as C/EBP beta. In contrast, KD of JNK1p46 reduced the intensity of DCS-induced differentiation, and partially abrogated activation of c-Jun/AP-1 transcription factors.