Genome dosage alteration caused by chromosome pyramiding and shuffling effects on karyotypic heterogeneity, reproductive diversity, and phenotypic variation in Zea-Tripsacum allopolyploids.

KEY MESSAGE: We developed an array of Zea-Tripsacum tri-hybrid allopolyploids with multiple ploidies. We unveiled that changes in genome dosage due to the chromosomes pyramiding and shuffling of three species effects karyotypic heterogeneity, reproductive diversity, and phenotypic variation in Zea-Tripsacum allopolyploids. Polyploidy, or whole genome duplication, has played a major role in evolution and speciation. The genomic consequences of polyploidy have been extensively studied in many plants; however, the extent of chromosomal variation, genome dosage, phenotypic diversity, and heterosis in allopolyploids derived from multiple species remains largely unknown. To address this question, we synthesized an allohexaploid involving Zea mays, Tripsacum dactyloides, and Z. perennis by chromosomal pyramiding. Subsequently, an allooctoploid and an allopentaploid were obtained by hybridization of the allohexaploid with Z. perennis. Moreover, we constructed three populations with different ploidy by chromosomal shuffling (allopentaploid × Z. perennis, allohexaploid × Z. perennis, and allooctoploid × Z. perennis). We have observed 3 types of sexual reproductive modes and 2 types of asexual reproduction modes in the tri-species hybrids, including 2n gamete fusion (2n + n), haploid gamete fusion (n + n), polyspermy fertilization (n + n + n) or 2n gamete fusion (n + 2n), haploid gametophyte apomixis, and asexual reproduction. The tri-hybrids library presents extremely rich karyotype heterogeneity. Chromosomal compensation appears to exist between maize and Z. perennis. A rise in the ploidy of the trihybrids was linked to a higher frequency of chromosomal translocation. Variation in the degree of phenotypic diversity observed in different segregating populations suggested that genome dosage effects phenotypic manifestation. These findings not only broaden our understanding of the mechanisms of polyploid formation and reproductive diversity but also provide a novel insight into genome pyramiding and shuffling driven genome dosage effects and phenotypic diversity.

SlMYB99-mediated auxin and abscisic acid antagonistically regulate ascorbic acids biosynthesis in tomato.

Ascorbic acid (AsA) is a water-soluble antioxidant that plays important roles in plant development and human health. Understanding the regulatory mechanism underlying AsA biosynthesis is imperative to the development of high AsA plants. In this study, we reveal that the auxin response factor SlARF4 transcriptionally inhibits SlMYB99, which subsequently modulates AsA accumulation via transcriptional activation of AsA biosynthesis genes GPP, GLDH, and DHAR. The auxin-dependent transcriptional cascade of SlARF4-SlMYB99-GPP/GLDH/DHAR modulates AsA synthesis, while mitogen-activated protein kinase SlMAPK8 not only phosphorylates SlMYB99, but also activates its transcriptional activity. Both SlMYB99 and SlMYB11 proteins physically interact with each other, thereby synergistically regulating AsA biosynthesis by upregulating the expression of GPP, GLDH, and DHAR genes. Collectively, these results demonstrate that auxin and abscisic acid antagonistically regulate AsA biosynthesis during development and drought tolerance in tomato via the SlMAPK8-SlARF4-SlMYB99/11 module. These findings provide new insights into the mechanism underlying phytohormone regulation of AsA biosynthesis and provide a theoretical basis for the future development of high AsA plants via molecular breeding.

Two stripe rust effectors impair wheat resistance by suppressing import of host Fe-S protein into chloroplasts.

Several effectors from phytopathogens usually target various cell organelles to interfere with plant defenses, and they generally contain sequences that direct their translocation into organelles, such as chloroplasts. In this study, we characterized a different mechanism for effectors to attack chloroplasts in wheat (Triticum aestivum). Two effectors from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), Pst_4, and Pst_5, inhibit Bax-mediated cell death and plant immune responses, such as callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation. Gene silencing of the two effectors induced significant resistance to Pst, demonstrating that both effectors function as virulence factors of Pst. Although these two effectors have low sequence similarities and lack chloroplast transit peptides, they both interact with TaISP (wheat cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit, a chloroplast protein encoded by nuclear gene) in the cytoplasm. Silencing of TaISP impaired wheat resistance to avirulent Pst and resulted in less accumulation of ROS. Heterogeneous expression of TaISP enhanced chloroplast-derived ROS accumulation in Nicotiana benthamiana. Co-localization in N. benthamiana and western blot assay of TaISP content in wheat chloroplasts show that both effectors suppressed TaISP from entering chloroplasts. We conclude that these biotrophic fungal effectors suppress plant defenses by disrupting the sorting of chloroplast protein, thereby limiting host ROS accumulation and promoting fungal pathogenicity.

DFT calculation in design of near-infrared absorbing nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots.

The near-infrared light (NIR) absorption of nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots (NGQDs) containing different N-doping sites is systematically investigated with density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations with Perdew-Burke-Ernzerhof (PBE) functionals. The results show that the ultra-small HOMO-LUMO gaps (0.3-1.0 eV) of various N-doping structures (graphitic, amino, and pyridinic at center, and graphitic at edge) are attributed to the spin-polarization of the energy states, which effectively enhances the NIR absorption for NGQDs. Overall, the graphitic N-doping structure exhibits the best NIR absorption. Moreover, the electron attraction effect of the different N-sites is found to be crucial for the LUMO level, where stronger electron attraction lowers the LUMO energy. This work provides critical insight in further design of NGQDs for NIR absorption.

Applying Image Recognition and Tracking Methods for Fish Physiology Detection Based on a Visual Sensor.

The proportion of pet keeping has increased significantly. According to the survey results of Business Next, the proportion of Taiwan families keeping pets was 70% in 2020. Among them, the total number of fish pets was close to 33% of the overall pet proportion. Therefore, aquarium pets have become indispensable companions for families. At present, many studies have discussed intelligent aquarium systems. Through image recognition based on visual sensors, we may be able to detect and interpret the physiological status of the fish according to their physiological appearance. In this way, it can help to notify the owner as soon as possible to treat the fish or isolate them individually, so as to avoid the spread of infection. However, most aquarium pets are kept in groups. Traditional image recognition technologies often fail to recognize each fish's physiological states precisely because of fish swimming behaviors, such as grouping swimming, shading with each other, flipping over, and so on. In view of this, this paper tries to address such problems and then proposes a practical scheme, which includes three phases. Specifically, the first phase tries to enhance the image recognition model for small features based on the prioritizing rules, thus improving the instant recognition capability. Then, the second phase exploits a designed fish-ID tracking mechanism and analyzes the physiological state of the same fish-ID through coherent frames, which can avoid temporal misidentification. Finally, the third phase leverages a fish-ID correction mechanism, which can detect and correct their IDs periodically and dynamically to avoid tracking confusion, and thus potentially improve the recognition accuracy. According to the experiment results, it was verified that our scheme has better recognition performance. The best accuracy and correctness ratio can reach up to 94.9% and 92.67%, which are improved at least 8.41% and 26.95%, respectively, as compared with the existing schemes.

Advances in Fungal Elicitor-Triggered Plant Immunity.

There is an array of pathogenic fungi in the natural environment of plants, which produce some molecules including pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) and effectors during infection. These molecules, which can be recognized by plant specific receptors to activate plant immunity, including PTI (PAMP-triggered immunity) and ETI (effector-triggered immunity), are called elicitors. Undoubtedly, identification of novel fungal elicitors and their plant receptors and comprehensive understanding about fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity will be of great significance to effectively control plant diseases. Great progress has occurred in fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity, especially in the signaling pathways of PTI and ETI, in recent years. Here, recent advances in fungal elicitor-triggered plant immunity are summarized and their important contribution to the enlightenment of plant disease control is also discussed.

[Using Self-Efficacy Theory to Manage Ineffective Airway Clearance in a Client With Advanced Esophageal Cancer].

This nursing experience describes the application of "self-efficacy theory" to a patient with low self-efficacy who was diagnosed with advanced esophageal cancer. The nursing period was from December 3rd, 2020 to December 23rd, 2020. Medical records, interview assessment, and observation showed that the patient had ineffective airway clearance, which caused him to be in and out of the hospital several times, resulting in lower self-efficacy. In addition to applying the "self-efficacy theory", the authors referenced the patient's physiological and affective states, vicarious experiences, and performance experiences and used verbal persuasion techniques to assess the patient for nursing and interventions. During the nursing period, we established a good therapeutic relationship with the patient. We provided him with personalized nursing interventions to improve his physiological and affective states. These interventions included the administration of medication, posture drainage, and sputum percussion. We also sought the help of people who were close to the patient as participants in the medical care process. We improved self-efficacy by means of verbal persuasion through education and mental support; increased vicarious experience through verbal encouragement and sharing the experiences of other patients; and used a comparative approach to enable the patient to observe changes in his physical status over time. The interventions also improved his performance experience. The patient's airway status improved after his self-efficacy had been enhanced. Based on the results, it is hoped that this study will be a helpful reference on the theory of self-efficacy for nursing staff. It is also hoped that the results will better enable nurses to enhance the self-efficacy of patients using different means such as restoring patient confidence and enhancing the patient - the medical team relationship to further enhance the quality of patient care.

Tomato transcriptional repressor MYB70 directly regulates ethylene-dependent fruit ripening.

Ethylene is a key plant hormone controlling the ripening of climacteric fruits, and several transcription factors acting as important regulators of fruit ripening have been identified in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), a model for climacteric fruits. The vast majority of these transcription factors are transcriptional activators, however, and the associated transcriptional regulatory mechanisms of most regulators are unclear. Here, we report on a tomato transcriptional repressor (termed SlMYB70) that negatively regulates fruit ripening by directly modulating ethylene biosynthesis. As an EAR motif-containing MYB transcription factor-encoding gene, SlMYB70 displayed a ripening-associated expression pattern and was responsive to ethylene. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated repression of SlMYB70 accelerated fruit ripening, but overexpression of SlMYB70 delayed fruit ripening. Ethylene production was noticeably increased and decreased in SlMYB70-RNAi and SlMYB70-overexpressing lines, respectively, compared with wild-type tomatoes. SlMYB70 was proven to be a transcriptional repressor, dependent on the EAR repression motif, and to repress the transcription of two ethylene biosynthesis genes in fruit ripening, namely SlACS2 and SlACO3. The promoters of SlACS2 and SlACO3 are directly bound by SlMYB70, which was verified using a combination of yeast one-hybrid chromatin immunoprecipitation quantitative polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic mobility shift assays. These results suggest that SlMYB70 negatively regulates fruit ripening via the direct transcriptional repression of ethylene biosynthesis genes, which provides insights into the ethylene-mediated key regulatory hierarchy in climacteric fruit ripening, and also highlights different types of transcriptional regulation of fruit ripening.

A combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of chrysanthemum provides new insights into petal senescence.

MAIN CONCLUSION: Numerous transcription factor genes and methylation-related genes were differentially expressed in senescent petals compared with control petals. Studying petal senescence is crucial for extending the postharvest longevity of cut flowers, but petal senescence remains relatively unexplored compared to well-studied leaf senescence. In this study, a combined transcriptomic and proteomic analysis of senescent (22 days after cutting) and control (0 day after cutting) petals was performed to investigate the molecular processes underlying petal senescence of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.), an important cut flower crop worldwide. A total of 11,324 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 4888 up-regulated and 6436 down-regulated genes, and 403 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), including 210 up-regulated and 193 down-regulated proteins, were identified at transcript and protein levels, respectively. A cross-comparison of transcriptomic and proteomic data identified 257 consistent DEGs/DEPs, including 122 up-regulated and 135 down-regulated DEGs/DEPs. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis showed that "cutin, suberine and wax biosynthesis" is a main pathway for both DEGs and DEPs, especially for down-regulated DEGs/DEPs. Functional analysis indicated that chrysanthemum genes mainly encoding putative cytochrome P450s, non-specific lipid-transfer proteins, subtilisin-like proteases, AAA-ATPases, proteins essential for cuticular wax biosynthesis, and proteins in hormone signal transduction or ubiquitination were differentially expressed at both transcript and protein levels. In addition, numerous transcription factor genes and methylation-related genes were also differentially expressed, inferring an involvement of transcriptional and epigenetic regulation in petal senescence. These results provide a valuable resource of studying chrysanthemum senescence and significant insights into petal senescence.

Advances in application of genome editing in tomato and recent development of genome editing technology.

Genome editing, a revolutionary technology in molecular biology and represented by the CRISPR/Cas9 system, has become widely used in plants for characterizing gene function and crop improvement. Tomato, serving as an excellent model plant for fruit biology research and making a substantial nutritional contribution to the human diet, is one of the most important applied plants for genome editing. Using CRISPR/Cas9-mediated targeted mutagenesis, the re-evaluation of tomato genes essential for fruit ripening highlights that several aspects of fruit ripening should be reconsidered. Genome editing has also been applied in tomato breeding for improving fruit yield and quality, increasing stress resistance, accelerating the domestication of wild tomato, and recently customizing tomato cultivars for urban agriculture. In addition, genome editing is continuously innovating, and several new genome editing systems such as the recent prime editing, a breakthrough in precise genome editing, have recently been applied in plants. In this review, these advances in application of genome editing in tomato and recent development of genome editing technology are summarized, and their leaving important enlightenment to plant research and precision plant breeding is also discussed.

Genome-Wide Characterization and Expression Analysis of the SBP-Box Gene Family in Sweet Orange (Citrus sinensis).

SBP-box is an important plant-specific transcription factor family and is involved in diverse biological processes. Here, we identified a total of 15 SBP-BOX genes in the important fruit crop sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) and characterized their gene structures, conserved domain and motif, chromosomal location, and cis-acting regulatory elements. SBP genes were classified into four subfamilies based on the amino acid sequence homology, and the classification is equally strongly supported by the gene and protein structures. Our analysis revealed that segmental duplication events were the main driving force in the evolution of CsSBP genes, and gene pairs might undergo extensive purifying selection. Further synteny analysis of the SBP members among sweet orange and other plant species provides valuable information for clarifying the CsSBP family evolutionary relationship. According to publicly available RNA-seq data and qRT-PCR analysis from various sweet orange tissues, CsSBP genes may be expressed in different tissues and developmental stages. Gene expression analysis showed variable expression profiles of CsSBP genes under various abiotic stresses, such as high and low-temperature, salt, and wound treatments, demonstrating the potential role of SBP members in sweet orange response to abiotic stress. Noticeably, all CsSBP genes were also downregulated in sweet orange upon the infection of an important fungal pathogen Diaporthe citri. Our results provide valuable information for exploring the role of SBP-Box in sweet orange.

Unfamiliar Accented English Negatively Affects EFL Listening Comprehension: It Helps to be a More Able Accent Mimic.

In this study, EFL learners who listened to four short context-rich audio files each delivered in an unfamiliar English accent were required to produce best-attempt transcriptions and accent imitation recordings. Results indicate that exposure alone does not suffice to eliminate accent impact on EFL listeners. Importantly, results from one-way ANOVA analyses reveal between-participants differences in residual accent impact, vocabulary knowledge, and quality of accent imitation. Results from a linear mixed-effects model analysis, while suggesting that other unidentified factors may also assist EFL listeners in processing unfamiliar accented English, demonstrate that the more able mimics cope more successfully with unfamiliar accents than the less able mimics. Counter-intuitively, vocabulary knowledge is rejected as a predictor for success in reducing accent impact. A logical explanation for this particular finding is that a larger vocabulary repertoire aids listeners where there is no interference from unfamiliar accents. Given these findings, to better prepare EFL listeners for the English-as-an-International-Language world, training should include both listening to a variety of native and non-native accents and performing accent imitation (reproduction) exercises to further expand listeners' phonological-phonetic flexibility.

PSTha5a23, a candidate effector from the obligate biotrophic pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, is involved in plant defense suppression and rust pathogenicity.

During the infection of host plants, pathogens can deliver virulence-associated 'effector' proteins to promote plant susceptibility. However, little is known about effector function in the obligate biotrophic pathogen Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) that is an important fungal pathogen in wheat production worldwide. Here, they report their findings on an in planta highly induced candidate effector from Pst, PSTha5a23. The PSTha5a23 gene is unique to Pst and shows a low level of intra-species polymorphism. It has a functional N-terminal signal peptide and is translocated to the host cytoplasm after infection. Overexpression of PSTha5a23 in Nicotiana benthamiana was found to suppress the programmed cell death triggered by BAX, PAMP-INF1 and two resistance-related mitogen-activated protein kinases (MKK1 and NPK1). Overexpression of PSTha5a23 in wheat also suppressed pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-associated callose deposition. In addition, silencing of PSTha5a23 did not change Pst virulence phenotypes; however, overexpression of PSTha5a23 significantly enhanced Pst virulence in wheat. These results indicate that the Pst candidate effector PSTha5a23 plays an important role in plant defense suppression and rust pathogenicity, and also highlight the utility of gene overexpression in plants as a tool for studying effectors from obligate biotrophic pathogens.

English Orthographic Learning in Chinese-L1 Young EFL Beginners.

English orthographic learning, among Chinese-L1 children who were beginning to learn English as a foreign language, was documented when: (1) only visual memory was at their disposal, (2) visual memory and either some letter-sound knowledge or some semantic information was available, and (3) visual memory, some letter-sound knowledge and some semantic information were all available. When only visual memory was available, orthographic learning (measured via an orthographic choice test) was meagre. Orthographic learning was significant when either semantic information or letter-sound knowledge supplemented visual memory, with letter-sound knowledge generating greater significance. Although the results suggest that letter-sound knowledge plays a more important role than semantic information, letter-sound knowledge alone does not suffice to achieve perfect orthographic learning, as orthographic learning was greatest when letter-sound knowledge and semantic information were both available. The present findings are congruent with a view that the orthography of a foreign language drives its orthographic learning more than L1 orthographic learning experience, thus extending Share's (Cognition 55:151-218, 1995) self-teaching hypothesis to include non-alphabetic L1 children's orthographic learning of an alphabetic foreign language. The little letter-sound knowledge development observed in the experiment-I control group indicates that very little letter-sound knowledge develops in the absence of dedicated letter-sound training. Given the important role of letter-sound knowledge in English orthographic learning, dedicated letter-sound instruction is highly recommended.

Two distinct Ras genes from Puccinia striiformis exhibit differential roles in rust pathogenicity and cell death.

Ras genes have been shown to regulate a variety of cellular processes in higher eukaryotes. However, much less is known about their function(s) in fungi, especially plant pathogenic fungi. Here, we report the identification and functional analysis of Ras genes from Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), an important fungal pathogen in wheat production worldwide. Pst contains two Ras genes, PsRas1 and PsRas2, which share 48.6% similarity at the protein level and fall into two different phylogenetic clades. Both PsRas1 and PsRas2 have conserved protein sequences among different Pst isolates, but exhibit different transcript profiles during Pst infection. Silencing of PsRas1 or PsRas2 indicates that PsRas2 but not PsRas1 contributes significantly to rust pathogenicity. However, overexpression of PsRas1, but not PsRas2, promotes cell death in yeast and plants. Further studies show that all conserved domains of Ras GTPases in PsRas1 are needed to induce this cell death. In plants, PsRas1-triggered cell death shows similar characteristics as plant hypersensitive response. Our findings suggest that PsRas1 and PsRas2 take over different functions in rust pathogenicity and cell death, thus facilitating the understanding of cell death, pathogenic mechanisms of plant pathogenic fungi and the search for novel pathogen control strategies.

[Chemical Constituents from Infructescence of Platycarya strobilacea].

Objective: To study the chemical constituents of the chloroform and acetic ether fractions from infructescence of Platycarya strobilacea. Methods: The compounds were isolated and purified by various chromatographic methods. Spectral analysis were taken to identify the structures. Results: Eleven compounds were isolated and identified as dotriacontane( 1), ursolic acid( 2),hexacosene( 3),ß-sitosterol( 4),daucosterol( 5),2,5,8-trihydroxy-3-methoxy-1,4-naphthalenedione( 6),3,3'-dimethoxyellagic acid( 7),ellagic acid( 8),4'-hydroxyisoflavone-7-O-ß-D-galactoside( 9),3,3'-dimethoxyellagic acid-4'-O-ß-D-xylopyroside( 10), gallic acid( 11). Conclusion: Compounds 1,3 ~ 6,9,10 are isolated from this genus for the first time, compounds 1 ~ 6,9,10 are isolated from this plant for the first time.

Characterization of protein kinase PsSRPKL, a novel pathogenicity factor in the wheat stripe rust fungus.

As in other eukaryotes, protein kinases (PKs) are generally evolutionarily conserved and play major regulatory roles in plant pathogenic fungi. Many PKs have been proven to be important for pathogenesis in model fungal plant pathogens, but little is currently known about their roles in the pathogenesis of cereal rust fungi, devastating pathogens in agriculture worldwide. Here, we report on an in planta highly induced PK gene PsSRPKL from the wheat stripe rust fungus Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), one of the most important cereal rust fungi. PsSRPKL belongs to a group of PKs that are evolutionarily specific to cereal rust fungi. It shows a high level of intraspecies polymorphism in the kinase domains and directed green fluorescent protein chimers to plant nuclei. Overexpression of PsSRPKL in fission yeast induces aberrant cell morphology and a decreased resistance to environmental stresses. Most importantly, PsSRPKL is proven to be an important pathogenicity factor responsible for fungal growth and responses to environmental stresses, therefore contributing significantly to Pst virulence in wheat. We hypothesize that cereal rust fungi have developed specific PKs as pathogenicity factors for adaptation to their host species during evolution. Thus, our findings provide significant insights into pathogenicity and virulence evolution in cereal rust fungi.

Role of lipid metabolism in hepatocellular carcinoma.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), an aggressive malignancy with a dismal prognosis, poses a significant public health challenge. Recent research has highlighted the crucial role of lipid metabolism in HCC development, with enhanced lipid synthesis and uptake contributing to the rapid proliferation and tumorigenesis of cancer cells. Lipids, primarily synthesized and utilized in the liver, play a critical role in the pathological progression of various cancers, particularly HCC. Cancer cells undergo metabolic reprogramming, an essential adaptation to the tumor microenvironment (TME), with fatty acid metabolism emerging as a key player in this process. This review delves into intricate interplay between HCC and lipid metabolism, focusing on four key areas: de novo lipogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, dysregulated lipid metabolism of immune cells in the TME, and therapeutic strategies targeting fatty acid metabolism for HCC treatment.

Integrated proteomic analysis reveals interactions between phosphorylation and ubiquitination in rose response to Botrytis infection.

As two of the most abundant post-translational modifications, phosphorylation and ubiquitination play a significant role in modulating plant-pathogen interactions and increasing evidence indicates their crosstalk in plant immunity. Rose (Rosa sp.) is one of the most important ornamental plants and can be seriously infected by Botrytis cinerea. Here, integrated proteomics analysis was performed to detect global proteome, phosphorylation, and ubiquitination changes in rose upon B. cinerea infection and investigate the possible phosphorylation and ubiquitination crosstalk. A total of 6165 proteins, 11 774 phosphorylation and 10 582 ubiquitination sites, and 77 phosphorylation and 13 ubiquitination motifs were identified. Botrytis cinerea infection resulted in 169 up-regulated and 122 down-regulated proteins, 291 up-regulated and 404 down-regulated phosphorylation sites, and 250 up-regulated and 634 down-regulated ubiquitination sites. There were 12 up-regulated PR10 proteins and half of them also showed reduced ubiquitination. A lot of kinases probably involved in plant pattern-triggered immunity signaling were up-regulated phosphoproteins. Noticeably, numerous kinases and ubiquitination-related proteins also showed a significant change in ubiquitination and phosphorylation, respectively. A cross-comparison of phosphoproteome and ubiquitylome indicated that both of two post-translational modifications of 104 proteins were dynamically regulated, and many putative pattern-triggered immunity signaling components in the plant plasma membrane were co-regulated. Moreover, five selected proteins, including four PR10 proteins and a plasma membrane aquaporin, were proven to be involved in rose resistance to B. cinerea. Our study provides insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying rose resistance to B. cinerea and also increases the database of phosphorylation and ubiquitination sites in plants.

Association of the CUN-BAE body adiposity estimator and other obesity indicators with cardiometabolic multimorbidity: a cross-sectional study.

Cardiometabolic multimorbidity (CM), defined as the coexistence of two or three cardiometabolic disorders, is one of the most common and deleterious multimorbidities. This study aimed to investigate the association of Clínica Universidad de Navarra-Body Adiposity Estimator (CUN-BAE), body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) with the prevalence of CM. The data were obtained from the 2021 health checkup database for residents of the Electronic Health Management Center in Xinzheng, Henan Province, China. 81,532 participants aged ≥ 60 years were included in this study. Logistic regression models were used to estimate the odd ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for CUN-BAE, BMI, WC, and WHtR in CM. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to compare the discriminatory ability of different anthropometric indicators for CM. The multivariable-adjusted ORs (95% CIs) (per 1 SD increase) of CM were 1.799 (1.710-1.893) for CUN-BAE, 1.329 (1.295-1.364) for BMI, 1.343 (1.308-1.378) for WC, and 1.314 (1.280-1.349) for WHtR, respectively. Compared with BMI, WC and WHtR, CUN-BAE had the highest AUC in both males and females (AUC: 0.642; 95% CI 0.630-0.653 for males, AUC: 0.614; 95% CI 0.630-0.653 for females). CUN-BAE may be a better measure of the adverse effect of adiposity on the prevalence of CM than BMI, WC, and WHtR.