RESUMO
Maximum androgen blockade is the standard endocrine treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Interstitial lung disease in different degrees of severity, with low mortality and excellent response to treatment may appear with its use. We report a 77 years old patient with advanced prostate cancer who developed severe and progressive respiratory failure associated to bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, attributed to the direct effect of maximum androgen blockade. Despite the therapeutic efforts, the patient died. Lung pathology revealed Usual Interstitial Pneumonia.
Assuntos
Antagonistas de Androgênios/efeitos adversos , Antinematódeos/efeitos adversos , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/induzido quimicamente , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Idoso , Anilidas/efeitos adversos , Biópsia , Progressão da Doença , Evolução Fatal , Humanos , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/patologia , Masculino , Nitrilas/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Compostos de Tosil/efeitos adversosRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Utility of questionnaires to estimate the probability of obstructive sleep apneas (OSA) is varying, and it is challenging to know the performance of STOP (Snore, Tired, Observed apnea, and Pressure)-BANG (BMI, Age, Neck and Gender) with simplified methods. To assess the performance of STOP-BANG and its ability to predict sleep apnea in patients with high pre-test like-hood to present OSA referred for a home respiratory polygraphy (RP) were studied. METHOD: A cross-sectional study of patients recruited over 26 months was performed. They were asked to complete the STOP-BANG questionnaire during evaluation prior to RP and were evaluated according to different apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) cut-offs. Areas under receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and multiple logistic regression models were calculated. RESULTS: Eight hundred sixty-nine patients were studied; 557 were male (64.1 %) with a median age of 52.82 ± 14.43 years, a body mass index (BMI) of 32.88 ± 8.51, and Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) score of 7.95 ± 5.17. The performance for AHI ≥5/h (ROC area) was: STOP 0.62, BANG 0.66, and STOP-BANG 0.69. The best sensitivity (S)-specificity (Sp) relationship for AHI ≥5/h was found with 5 components in any combination (S 56.02 %; Sp 70 %). For AHI ≥30/h, STOP was 0.68, BANG 0.66 and STOP-BANG 0.73 and the best S-Sp relationship was obtained with 5 components (S 68 %; Sp 63.6 %). Six variables (snoring, observed apneas, high blood pressure (HBP), BMI >35, neck perimeter >40 cm, and male gender) showed the best performance for AHI >30/h; ROC area 0.76. CONCLUSION: STOP-BANG shows different discrimination power for AHI >5 and ≥30/h using RP. Five components in any combination have acceptable diagnostic S to identify patients with severe OSA. STOP-BANG performed best to identify AHI ≥30/h.
Assuntos
Serviços Hospitalares de Assistência Domiciliar , Polissonografia/instrumentação , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/diagnóstico , Inquéritos e Questionários , Adulto , Idoso , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Probabilidade , Estudos Prospectivos , Psicometria/estatística & dados numéricos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Fatores de Risco , Apneia Obstrutiva do Sono/etiologiaRESUMO
The interstitial lymphoid pneumonia (LIP) is an uncommon disorder, described as non-neoplastic lung lymphoid tissue hyperplasia and classified as an interstitial lung disease. It has been described in association with HIV infection, autoimmune disorders, policlonal hypergammaglobulinemia and less frequently, with hypogammaglobulinemia. We report the case of a 66 year old female patient with a history of diabetes, Sjogren syndrome and hypertension. She was referred to our hospital due to a dry cough and dyspnea (FC II-III). The physical examination showed bilateral dry crackles and splenomegaly. Laboratory studies showed thrombocytopenia (50 000/ mm3) and hypogammaglobulinemia. A computed tomography thoracic scan showed interstitial bilateral basal lung infiltrates with small peribroncovascular nodules. A lung biopsy was made by thoracoscopy and reported LIP. Initial treatment consisted of oral methilprednisone, 40 mg daily, and once a month intravenous gammaglobulin 500 mg/kg, with good clinical and radiological response. A splenectomy was done due to persistent thrombocytopenia associated with hypersplenism, with good response of the platelets counts. No lymphoid clonal or other associated disease was detected.
Assuntos
Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum/patologia , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/patologia , Pulmão/patologia , Idoso , Biópsia , Imunodeficiência de Variável Comum/terapia , Feminino , Humanos , Pulmão/diagnóstico por imagem , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/terapia , RadiografiaRESUMO
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have shown that quantification of specific histopathologic features found in usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) are useful in defining a prognosis, suggesting the need of biopsy in all patients. OBJECTIVES: This study examines whether UIP-associated mortality is different in patients diagnosed by high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) features considered definite of UIP and in patients with no definite radiological diagnosis that required histological confirmation of diagnoses. METHODS: Forty-five patients were included (30 males, mean age 65.3 +/- 10.7 years). Two groups of patients were identified: those with HRCT findings of definite UIP (n = 26) and those whose radiological diagnosis was not definite and required a surgical biopsy to confirm the presence of UIP (n = 19). Forced vital capacity, forced expiratory volume in 1 s and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide were measured in all patients. All data were obtained from medical records, and the survival status was obtained by telephone or personal interview. All clinical parameters and HRCTs were obtained within 1 month before surgical lung biopsy. RESULTS: Median survival was not different across groups and was similar to that previously reported (35 months). Kaplan-Meier analysis did not show any difference in 5-year survival between both groups. CONCLUSIONS: In a clinical context in which the diagnosis of UIP can be obtained as a dynamic process that includes an integrated clinical, radiological and pathologic approach, a reliable diagnosis of UIP can be obtained based on a typical definite HRCT with no risk of including patients with a more benign disease and a more prolonged survival.
Assuntos
Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/diagnóstico por imagem , Idoso , Argentina/epidemiologia , Biópsia , Feminino , Humanos , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/mortalidade , Fibrose Pulmonar Idiopática/patologia , Pulmão/patologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios XRESUMO
A restrictive ventilatory defect is characterized by a decreased total lung capacity (TLC). The objective of this study was to determine the accuracy of spirometry to detect pulmonary restriction in patients with or without airflow obstruction in the spirometry. Five hundred and twenty patients were included. Normal values for lung function were determined by using the 95% confidence interval (CI) with Morris reference equation for spirometry and European Respiratory Society equation for lung volume. Spirometries were considered obstructive when FEV1/FVC ratio was <70% and FEV1 was below 95%CI. In patients without obstruction in the spirometry (n = 357) sensitivity and specificity were 42.2% and 94.3% respectively, negative predictive value (NPP) was 86.6% and positive PV (PPV) was 65.2%. In patients with an obstructive spirometry (n = 66) sensitivity increased to 75.8% but specificity decreased to 65.9%. PPV was only 57.8% and NPV 81.5%. Patients showing obstruction in the spirometry and false positives of a low FVC (n = 22) had similar values of FVC (57.36 +/- 13.45 vs. 58.82 +/- 8.71%, p = 0.6451), FEV1 (44.73 +/- 19.24 vs. 44.0 +/- 13.08%, p = 0.8745) and DLCO (67.50 +/-27.23 vs. 77.00 +/-16.00%, p = 0.1299) than true positives. Residual volume (RV) (125.72 +/- 64. vs. 77.96 +/- 29.98%, p = 0.0011) and RV/ TLC ratio (56.89 +/- 12.82 vs. 38.43 +/- 13.07%, p = <0.0001) were significantly higher. We conclude that a decreased FVC or VC cannot be considered evidence of ventilatory restriction in the presence of airflow obstruction on spirometry. Diagnosis of "mixed defects" by spirometry is inaccurate and should be avoided without the measurement of lung volumes.
Assuntos
Pneumopatias/diagnóstico , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Feminino , Volume Expiratório Forçado , Humanos , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/diagnóstico , Pneumopatias Obstrutivas/fisiopatologia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Valor Preditivo dos Testes , Valores de Referência , Sensibilidade e Especificidade , Espirometria , Capacidade VitalRESUMO
The objective of this study was to determine the morbidity, mortality and diagnostic yield of video assisted thoracoscopy (VATS) and thoracotomy lung biopsy in interstitial lung disease (ILD). Clinical records of 71 patients were retrospectively analyzed. There was no difference in mean hospital stay, intensive care unit stay and duration of chest tube drainage in patients with VATS (n = 52) compared with those undergoing open thoracotomy (n = 17). Complications rate (22.2% vs. 21.0%, p = 1.0000) and operating mortality (9.2 vs. 15.7%, p = 0.2738) were also similar. Overall, complications occurred in 16 patients (22.5%). Thirty-day mortality rate was 11.2% (n = 8). Prevalence of immunosupression (4/8 vs. 9/63, p = 0.0325) was significantly higher in the group of patients who died. No surviving patients had higher values of plasmatic urea (50 +/- 20.1 mg/dl vs. 31.2 +/- 10.3 mg/dl, p = 0.0013) or lower values of preoperative oxygen saturation (SaO2): 82.7 +/- 14.8% vs. 92.8 +/- 3.4%, (p = 0.0009). Eleven patients had an acute illness. Those patients did not show a higher complication rate (4/11 vs. 10/45, p = 0.4390) but mortality was significantly higher (4/11, 36.3% vs. 3/45, 7.1%, p = 0.0223). Biopsy allowed a specific histologic diagnosis in 100% of patients and changed therapy in 66.7%. We conclude that surgical lung biopsy is a safe and useful procedure in patients with ILD. However the higher mortality rate in patients with acute symptoms, immunocompromise, or in respiratory failure must be balanced against potential benefits of altering treatment decisions.
Assuntos
Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/patologia , Pulmão/patologia , Cirurgia Torácica Vídeoassistida , Adulto , Idoso , Idoso de 80 Anos ou mais , Argentina/epidemiologia , Biópsia/efeitos adversos , Biópsia/métodos , Feminino , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/mortalidade , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/cirurgia , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Morbidade , Estudos Retrospectivos , Fatores de Risco , Análise de Sobrevida , Cirurgia Torácica Vídeoassistida/efeitos adversos , Cirurgia Torácica Vídeoassistida/mortalidade , Toracotomia/efeitos adversos , Toracotomia/mortalidadeRESUMO
Introducción: La ventilación mecánica domiciliaria representa un estándar de cuidados en la insuficiencia de la bomba ventilatoria. El modelo de atención podría ser determinante de deficiencias en el control de calidad de este tratamiento. Material y métodos: Con la finalidad de monitorear el cumplimiento de la ventilación mecánica domiciliaria y optimizar su eficacia, propusimos un programa mediante hospital de día conducido por médicos neumonólogos y kinesiólogos respiratorios. Se diseñó un estudio descriptivo sobre una base de datos de recolección sistemática. Participaron pacientes consecutivos con ventilación no invasiva o asistencia respiratoria mecánica invasiva asistidos en el Servicio de Neumonología entre julio de 2014 y diciembre de 2016. Resultados: Participaron 94 pacientes; 52 hombres (55%), edad 64.4 ± 15.9 años; el 50% presentaban obesidad o sobrepeso (índice de masa corporal 28.6 ± 8.46 kg/m²). Recibían ventilación mecánica domiciliaria 80 pacientes (84%); no invasiva en 77 casos e invasiva en tres (4%). Se admitieron para evaluar la indicación de ventilación mecánica domiciliaria 14 pacientes (14.8%). Los modos de ventilación no invasiva utilizados fueron; bilevel S/T: 59 (62.7%), presión de soporte con volumen promedio asegurado (AVAPS average volume-assured pressure support ventilation); 4 (4.2%), presión positiva continua en la vía aérea (CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure): 6 (6.4%), servo-ventilación: 1 (1%). Tres pacientes recibían ventilación volumétrica. La media de cumplimiento fue de 8.1 horas. Cuatro pacientes no utilizaban el dispositivo. Permanecieron hipercápnicos el 42.5%. Se cambió la programación en 37 pacientes (46.2%), modo ventilatorio en 2 (2.5%) y se suspendió la ventilación en dos (2.5%). En pacientes individuales los ajustes fueron clínicamente significativos. Conclusión: El programa permitió mejorar el entrenamiento e identificar un alto porcentaje de ventilación mecánica domiciliaria ineficaz, permitiendo ajustes en la modalidad de tratamiento.
Introduction: Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) represents a standard of care for chronic ventilatory pump failure. The care model could be determinant in deficiencies in the control of quality of HMV. Material and methods: In order to monitoring compliance during home mechanical ventilation and optimize its effectiveness, we proposed a program through a day hospital conducted by pulmonology doctors and respiratory physiotherapist. A descriptive study was designed on a systematic collection database. Participants were consecutive patients with NIV or mechanical invasive ventilation (MIV) assisted in the Pulmonology Service between July 2014 and December 2016. Results: During 30 months we included 94 patients; 52 men (55%), age 64.4 ± 15.9 years and BMI of 28.6 ± 8.46 kg / m². Fifty percent were obese or overweight. 80 were found with HMV (84%) noninvasive (NIV) in 77 cases and invasive in three (4%). 15 patients (16%) were admitted to evaluate indication of VMD. The NIV modes used were; Bilevel S / T: 59 (62.7%), AVAPS; 4 (4.2%), CPAP: 6 (6.4%), servo-ventilation: 1 (1%). Three patients received volumetric ventilation. The mean compliance objectively measured was 8.1 hours. Four patients did not use the device. Remained with hypercapnia 42.5%. The setting was changed in 37 patients (46.2%), ventilatory mode in 2 (2.5%) and HMV was suspended in two (2.5%). In individual patients adjustments were clinically significant. Conclusion: This program allowed to improve the training and to identify a high percentage of patients with ineffective HMV, allowing adjustments in the modality of treatment.
Assuntos
Respiração Artificial , Ventilação não InvasivaRESUMO
Introduction: Home mechanical ventilation (HMV) represents a standard of care for ventilatory pump failure. The standard of care could be a determinant of deficiencies in the quality control of the treatment. Materials and Methods: In order to monitor compliance during home mechanical ventilation and optimize its effectiveness, we proposed a program through a day hospital conducted by pulmonologists and respiratory physiotherapists. A descriptive study was designed basing on a systematic collection database. Participants were consecutive patients with noninvasive ventilation or invasive mechanical respiratory assistance treated in the Pulmonology Service between July 2014 and December 2016. Results: 94 patients were included: 52 men (55%), age 64.4 ± 15.9 years, where 50% were obese or overweight (body mass index of 28.6 ± 8.46 kg / m²). 80 patients (84%) received home mechanical ventilation: noninvasive in 77 cases and invasive in three cases (4%). 14 patients (14.8%) were admitted to evaluate the indication of home mechanical ventilation. The following noninvasive ventilation modes were used: Bilevel S/T, 59 (62.7%); average volume-assured pressure support ventilation (AVAPS), 4 (4.2%); continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), 6 (6.4%); servo-ventilation, 1 (1%). Three patients received volumetric ventilation. Mean compliance was 8.1 hours. Four patients did not use the device. 42.5% of patients remained hypercapnic. The setting was changed in 37 patients (46.2%), ventilatory mode was set in 2 (2.5%) and ventilation was suspended in two (2.5%). Adjustments in individual patients were clinically significant. Conclusion: This program let us improve training and identify a high percentage of patients with ineffective home mechanical ventilation, allowing for adjustments in the modality of treatment.
Assuntos
Respiração Artificial , Ventilação não InvasivaRESUMO
A partir del 4to simposio mundial de hipertensión pulmonar (HP) se asignó un grupo propio a la hipertensión pulmonar tromboembólica crónica (HPTEC) en la clasificación de HP, el grupo 4. La HP es un estado hemodinámico definido por una presión media de arteria pulmonar (PAPm) igual o mayor a 25 mm Hg en reposo medida por cateterismo cardiaco derecho (CCD). La HPTEC se desarrolla como consecuencia de una obstrucción en las arterias pulmonares debida a la resolución incompleta de una tromboembolia pulmonar que conduce al remodelado de los vasos pulmonares luego de tres meses de anticoagulación efectiva. En el 5to simposio mundial de HP a la HPTEC se asignó un grupo independiente de trabajo. El presente trabajo busca actualizar los datos epidemiológicos, fisiopatología, características clínicas y tratamiento de este grupo de HP.
Since the 4th world symposium on pulmonary hypertension (PH), chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) was assigned an own group in the classification of HP, the group 4. PH is a hemodynamic state defined by a mean pulmonary artery pressure (mPAP) equal to or greater than 25 mmHg at rest, measured by right heart catheterization (CCD). CTEPH is developped by the presence of an obstruction in the pulmonary arteries due to incomplete resolution of pulmonary thromboembolic event leading to pulmonary vascular remodeling after three months of effective anticoagulation. Since the 5th World Symposium HP, CTEPH was assigned an independent working group. The objective of this paper is to update the epidemiological data, pathophysiology, clinical features and treatment of this group of pulmonary hypertension.
Assuntos
Embolia Pulmonar , Hipertensão PulmonarRESUMO
Maximum androgen blockade is the standard endocrine treatment for advanced prostate cancer. Interstitial lung disease in different degrees of severity, with low mortality and excellent response to treatment may appear with its use. We report a 77 years old patient with advanced prostate cancer who developed severe and progressive respiratory failure associated to bilateral pulmonary infiltrates, attributed to the direct effect of maximum androgen blockade. Despite the therapeutic efforts, the patient died. Lung pathology revealed Usual Interstitial Pneumonia.
Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Idoso , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/induzido quimicamente , Antagonistas de Androgênios/efeitos adversos , Antinematódeos/efeitos adversos , Neoplasias da Próstata/tratamento farmacológico , Compostos de Tosil/efeitos adversos , Biópsia , Adenocarcinoma/tratamento farmacológico , Tomografia Computadorizada por Raios X , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais/patologia , Evolução Fatal , Progressão da Doença , Anilidas/efeitos adversos , Nitrilas/efeitos adversosRESUMO
El neumotórax comunicante bilateral constituye una enfermedad infrecuente, debido al compromiso y conexión de ambas pleuras. Ha sido denominado por la literatura médica inglesa como tórax de búfalo dado la presencia en ese animal de una cavidad pleural única. Se asocia a cirugía torácica, cardíaca y/o a colocación de accesos venosos
Assuntos
Pneumotórax , Tabagismo , CardiopatiasRESUMO
Introducción: La neumonía intersticial usual (NIU) es un patrón histológico que conlleva mal pronóstico. Sin embargo, en los últimos años se ha sugerido que la NIU asociada a las enfermedades del tejido conectivo (NIU-ETC) puede tener un comportamiento diferente a la asociada a la fibrosis pulmonar idiopática (FPI). Objetivos: Conocer si existen diferencias en la severidad y supervivencia entre los pacientes con NIU asociada a FPI y los pacientes con NIU en contexto de ETC, incluyendo esclerosis sistémica, artritis reumatoidea, polidermatomiositis y enfermedad mixta del tejido conectivo. Materiales y métodos: Fueron evaluadas las características clínicas y la supervivencia de 102 pacientes (81 con FPI y 21 con NIU-ETC) diagnosticados en base a biopsia quirúrgica o una tomografía computada de alta resolución (TCAR) con NIU definida. Resultados: La media de seguimiento fue de 24 meses (0 a 146 meses). Cuarenta y cuatro pacientes murieron durante el seguimiento, una proporción significativamente mayor entre los pacientes con FPI que entre los pacientes con NIU-ETC (49.4 vs 19.0%, p = 0.014) y la supervivencia a 3 y 5 años fue mayor en pacientes con NIU asociada a ETC que en pacientes con FPI. Los pacientes con NIU-ETC tuvieron una tasa de mortalidad a los 3 y 5 años de 19.5% y 20.0%, respectivamente, comparado con pacientes con FPI que tuvieron una tasa de mortalidad a 3 y 5 años de 35.0%, y 65.9% respectivamente (p = 0,014). Los pacientes con FPI fueron mayores que los pacientes con NIU-ETC (edad 67.95 ± 9.4 vs 57.78 ± 14.5, p = 0.021), con una proporción mayor de pacientes de sexo masculino (67.9% vs 33.3%, p = 0.006). No hubo diferencias significativas en la función pulmonar basal, la cantidad de pacientes con disnea en el momento del diagnóstico, el tiempo de inicio de síntomas al diagnóstico o en número de pacientes biopsiados entre ambos grupos. En el análisis multivariado, la DLCO y el diagnóstico de FPI fueron los únicos factores pronósticos independientes. Conclusiones: Nuestro estudio sugiere que los pacientes con NIU-ETC se asocian con una mejor supervivencia que aquellos pacientes con FPI, a pesar de presentar la misma severidad de enfermedad al momento del diagnóstico.
Background: Usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) is a histologic pattern that implies poor prognosis. However, some studies have suggested that UIP associated to connective tissue diseases (CTD-UIP) may have a different outcome than that associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Objectives: To compare disease severity and survival between IPF and UIP associated to connective tissue diseases including scleroderma, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis and mixed CTD. Methods: The study included the analysis of clinical features and survival of 102 patients (81 with IPF and 21with CTD-UIP) diagnosed through surgical biopsy or high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) in patients with definitive UIP. Results: Median follow-up was 24 months (0 to 146 months). Forty-four patients died during the follow-up; the proportion of deaths was significantly higher amongst patients with IPF than amongst patients with CTD-UIP (49.4 vs 19.0%, p = 0.014). The 3 and 5 year survival was higher in patients with UIP secondary to CTD than in patients with IPF. Patients with CTD-UIP showed 3 and 5-year case fatality rate of 19.5% and 20.0% respectively, compared to 3 and 5-year case fatality rate of 35.0%, and 65.9% respectively in patients with IPF (p = 0.014). Patients with IPF were older than patients with CTD-UIP (age 67.95 ±9.4 vs 57.78 ±14.5, p = 0.021) and were more likely to be male (67.9% vs 33.3%, p = 0.006). There were no significant differences among baseline lung function, time between onset of symptoms and diagnosis, number of patients biopsied and the proportion of patients with dyspnea at the time of diagnosis between IPF and CTD-UIP patients. By multivariate analysis, the diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO) and the presence of IPF were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: Our data suggest that patients with UIP associated to CTD have a better survival than patients with IPF related UIP despite similar disease severity at the time of the diagnosis.
Assuntos
Pneumonia , Fibrose Pulmonar , Doenças Pulmonares Intersticiais , Doença Mista do Tecido ConjuntivoRESUMO
Objetivo: Correlacionar indicadores antropométricos; índice de cintura-cadera (ICC) y diámetro sagital (DS) con IAH en candidatos a cirugía bariátrica (CB). Materiales y métodos: Se registraron el IMC, ICC y DS. Se evaluó IAH relevante (> 15 eventos/hora) mediante poligrafía respiratoria (PR) y se correlacionó con sexo, edad > de 50 años, escala de Berlín, HTA, DS ≥ 30 e ICC ≥ 1. Resultados: Fueron analizados 81 pacientes (mujeres 50/61.73%). Las medias fueron; edad: 46.32, SD: 11.53, IMC: 45.98 SD: 8.41 (rango: 35-77 kg/m²) y Epworth (ESS): 8.87, SD: 4.86. El 100% presentó alto riesgo por Berlín, ESS >10: 33.86% e HTA: 39.51%. Los indicadores poligráficos (medias) fueron; tiempo de registro: 407 minutos (SD: 110) e IAH: 20.66 (SD: 24.02). La prevalencia de IAH > 5/hora fue del 77.77%, IAH > 15/hora; 34.56% y el 21% obtuvo > 30/hora. La media del DS fue de 30.9 (SD: 4.60) y del ICC de 0.97 (SD: 0.09). Modelos de regresión para DS ≥ 30 cm (OR: 1.97 y p = 0.239) + ICC ≥ 1 (OR: 1.394 y p = 0.636) no alcanzaron significación cuando se adicionó sexo masculino (OR: 5.29 y p = 0.003). En regresión logística las variables no alcanzaron significación; DS ≥ 30 cm: OR de 1.25 (CI95%: 0.33-4.66) p = 0.739, ICC ≥ 1; OR 0.93 (SD: 0.19-4.62) p = 0.939 y muestran predictor exclusivamente al sexo masculino (OR: 4.20. CI95%: 1.21-14.5) p = 0.023. Conclusiones: La obesidad central según ICC ≥ 1 y DS ≥ 30 cm no tuvo correlación con IAH > 15/hora. Continúan siendo necesarios métodos objetivos (PR o polisomnografía) para evaluar la severidad del trastorno.
Objective: To assess correlation between anthropometric indexes; waist to hip ratio (WHI), sagital diameter (SD) and AHI obtained from home respiratory polygraphy (RP) in bariatric surgery candidates (BS). Methods: BMI, WHI and SD were recorded for BS candidates. Sleep apnea was defined as significant if AHI >15 events/hour. Variables included in the model were; sex, age greater than 50 years, Berlin questionnaire, history of hypertension (HBP), SD ≥ 30 and WHI ≥ 1. Results: Data from 81 patients were analyzed (50 women, 61.73%), age 46.32, SD 11.53, BMI 45.98 SD: 8.41 (range: 35-77 kg/m²) and ESS: 8.87 (SD: 4.86). 100% had high risk by Berlin questionnaire, 33.86% had ESS >10, and 39.51% HBP. Respiratory polygraphy data were: recording time: 407 minutes (SD: 110) and AHI: 20.66 (SD: 24.02). Prevalence of AHI > 5/hour (pathological) was 77.77%; significant AHI (> 15/hour) 34.56%, and 21% had > 30/hour. The SD was 30.9 (SD: 4.60) and WHI of 0.97 (SD: 0.09). 48.15% had a WHI ≥ 1. Logistic regression showed: DS ≥ 30 cm (OR: 1.97, p = 0.239) + WHI ≥ 1 (OR 1.394, p = 0.636) and it did not reach significance when male sex is added. Both variables included in the model did not reach statistical significance; SD ≥ 30 cm: OR of 1.25 (95% CI: 0.33-4.66) p = 0.739, ICC ≥ 1, OR 0.93 (SD: 0.19-4.62) p = 0.939. In the model, male sex was the only predictor (OR: 4.20, CI 95%: 1.21. -14.5) p = 0.023. Conclusions: Central obesity measured by WHI ≥ 1 and SD ≥ 30 cm had no significant correlation with AHI > 15/h. Objective methods (RP or polysomnography) are needed to assess the severity of the disorder before prescribing bariatric surgery.
Assuntos
Síndromes da Apneia do Sono , Cirurgia Bariátrica , Diâmetro Abdominal SagitalRESUMO
El Síndrome de Obesidad e Hipoventilación (SOH) incluye hipercapnia, trastornos del sueño y obesidad. Se describen características clínicas y evolución de una serie retrospectiva de pacientes con SOH internados en una Unidad de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) polivalente. Durante 24 meses se identificaron 13 pacientes, 9 hombres (69.23%), media de edad de 58.6 años (SD ± 12.4), IMC medio; 48.5 kg/m2 (SD ± 9.1). Los motivos de internación fueron: fallo respiratorio con hipercapnia en 8 (61.53%), titulación de la VNI en 3 (23.07%) y evento coronario en 2 (15.38%). El tiempo medio de internación en UTI fue de 8.9 días. En 11 casos (84.6%) se realizó una poligrafía respiratoria (PR). Todos tuvieron IAH > 5/hora y en el 90.9% este fue > 30/h. Se utilizó ventilación no invasiva (VNI) en modalidad bilevel (modo S/T) con presiones; IPAP de 23 (SD ± 4.17), EPAP de 12 (SD ± 4.25), frecuencia respiratoria de 18 por minuto (SD ± 1.7). Se realizaron 13 titulaciones con VNI. Cuatro casos (30.77%) requirieron modalidad con volumen asegurado. Con VNI existieron cambios significativos para pH arterial (p = 0.0019), PaO2 (p = 0.0001), PaCO2 (p = 0.0001) y HCO3 (p = 0.008) y la ESS al alta (6.23 ± 2.20) p = 0.0001. Ningún paciente requirió intubación traqueal (IOT) ni se registraron fallecimientos. Todos egresaron con interfases nasobucales e indicación de uso nocturno. En nuestra experiencia la mayoría de las admisiones se debieron a falla respiratoria con hipercapnia y recibieron modalidad bilevel. La PR al lado de la cama del paciente permitió el acceso al diagnóstico y monitoreo de la VNI.
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome (OHS) includes hypercapnia, sleep disturbances and obesity after other causes of hypoventilation have been excluded. We describe clinical features and evolution of a retrospective series of patients with OHS admitted to a polyvalent ICU. During 24 months, 13 patients, 9 males (69.23%) with an average age of 58.6 years old (SD ± 12.4) and a BMI mean of 48.5 kg/m2 (SD ± 9.1) were identified. The reasons for hospitalizations were: respiratory failure with hypercapnia in 8 patients (61.53%), titration of non invasive ventilation (NIV) in 3 (23.07%) and acute coronary event in 2 cases (15.38%). The mean hospitalization time was 8.9 days. We performed a respiratory polygraphy (RP) in 11 cases (84.6%). All patients had AHI >5/hour; in 90.9% the AHI was severely elevated (> 30/h). We used non invasive ventilation in bilevel modality (S/T mode) in all patients. The pressures used in H2O cm were; IPAP of 23 (SD ± 4.17), EPAP of 12 (SD ± 4.25), respiratory frequency of 18 per minute (SD ± 1.7). We performed 13 titration tests with NIV prior to discharge. Four cases (30.77%) needed presometric modality with insured volume. After NIV, we observed significant changes in arterial pH (p = 0.0019), PaO2 (p = 0.0001), PaCO2 (p = 0.0001), HCO3 (p = 0.008) and the mean of ESS at discharge (6.23 ± 2.20; p = 0.0001). No patient required tracheal intubation and no deaths were observed. All were discharged with NIV devices with oronasal interfaces and night use recommendations. Our findings showed that most hospitalizations were due to respiratory failure with hyipercapnia receiving bilevel modality. The respiratory polygraphy allowed a quickly diagnosis and the NIV monitoring.
Assuntos
Ventilação não Invasiva , Hipoventilação , ObesidadeRESUMO
Introducción: Los cuestionarios para calcular la probabilidad de padecer apneas del sueño (SAHOS) tienen utilidad variable, por lo que resultaría interesante conocer el desempeño del cuestionario STOP-BANG en nuestra población de alto riesgo usando métodos simplificados de diagnóstico. Objetivo: Evaluar el desempeño de STOP-BANG y su capacidad de predicción para identificar un índice de apneas e hipopneas por hora de registro (IAH) elevado en pacientes con sospecha clínica de apneas del sueño derivados para la realización de una poligrafía respiratoria domiciliaria auto-administrada (PR) de nivel III. Métodos: Estudio longitudinal en pacientes referidos para PR (nivel III) durante catorce meses. Las habilidades de STOP-BANG para discriminar pacientes con SAHOS para cada grado de severidad se validaron contra los resultados de la PR usando el IAH. Se evaluaron la combinación de síntomas (STOP), los parámetros antropométricos (BANG) y STOP-BANG para cada punto de corte propuesto en el IAH manual (>5 y ≥30/hora) y se construyeron modelos de regresión logística múltiple expresando Odds Ratio (OR) con sus intervalos de Confianza (IC) para el 95% para cada uno de los componentes. Se evaluaron en cada modelo el poder de discriminación, calculando el área bajo la curva ROC y la bondad de ajuste mediante la prueba de Hosmer-Lemershow. Resultados: Se estudiaron 299 pacientes. 194 fueron hombres (64.9%), media de 52.77 años (SD: 14.67) e IMC de 32.49 (SD: 7.67). 161 casos (53.8%) presentaron un índice de masa corporal (IMC) >30 (obesos). El desempeño para IAH >5/hora (área bajo la curva ROC) para cada combinación del número de componentes presentes fue; STOP: 0.58, BANG: 0.66 y STOP-BANG: 0.66. La mejor relación sensibilidad (S) y especificidad (E) para la identificación de IAH >5/h se obtuvo con tres componentes de STOP en cualquier combinación posible (S: 52.97%; E: 60%) y con dos componentes de BANG (S: 79%; E: 43.75%). Para un IAH ≥ 30/h el área bajo la curva ROC para cada combinación fue; STOP: 0.67, BANG: 0.67, y STOP-BANG: 0.73 y la mejor relación S-E se obtuvo con dos componentes de STOP (S: 79% - E: 43.75%). De manera similar, 3 componentes de BANG alcanzaron una S de 61.7% y E de 65.48%. Cinco componentes de STOP-BANG (cualquier combinación) alcanzaron una S de 60.73% y E de 65.00% (RV+: 1.73- RV-: 0.60). Finalmente, utilizando selector automático de variables para los ocho componentes de STOP-BANG hallamos un modelo para predecir IAH ≥30/hora formado por; apneas observadas (O): OR: 3.62 (CI 95%: 1.69-7.77) p= 0.001, IMC >30 (B): OR: 2.51 (CI95%: 1.19-5.28) p= 0.015 y sexo masculino (G): OR: 6.63 (CI95%: 2.39-18.3) p= 0.0001 (Área bajo la curva; 0.75. Bondad de ajuste: 0.722). Conclusiones: STOP-BANG muestra un comportamiento diferente para IAH >5 y ≥ 30/ hora cuando se utiliza PR. La combinación STOP muestra escasa capacidad de discriminación para IAH >5/hora y este comportamiento difiere de los resultados publicados con polisomnografía en el laboratorio de sueño. Las variables antropométricas (BANG) muestran buena capacidad de discriminación evaluada por el área bajo la curva del modelo para ambos puntos de corte en el IAH analizados. Cinco componentes de STOP-BANG en cualquier combinación tienen una S diagnóstica elevada para identificar pacientes con alteraciones respiratorias del sueño de grado severo. Mostraron buen desempeño como predictores tres variables antropométricas (IMC, edad y sexo masculino) siendo esta última la de mayor peso para identificar IAH patológico (>5/hora) o elevado severo (≥30/h). En nuestra población el modelo de predicción O-G-B obtuvo el mejor desempeño.
Purpose: The questionnaires used to estimate the probability of suffering from obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have variable utility. The ability of the STOP-BANG questionnaire has not been evaluated in our high risk population. Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of the STOP-BANG assessment tool to predict sleep hourly apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) in patients with high clinical suspicion compared to a self-administered home level III respiratory polygraphy (RP). Methods: We conducted a longitudinal study in patients referred to RP (level III) over fourteen months. The ability of STOP-BANG questionnaire to identify patients with OSA for each severity grade was validated against the results of RP using AHI. The relationships between symptoms (STOP), anthropometrics parameters (BANG) and the combination (STOP-BANG) and AHI (>5 and ≥ 30/hour) were evaluated using multiple logistic regression linear models expressing Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) for each of the components. For each model, we studied the discrimination power by calculating the area under ROC curve and the fitness using the Hosmer-Lemershow test. Results: 299 patients were studied. 194 were male (64.9%), average age was 52.77 years (SD: 14.67) and body mass index (BMI) was 32.49 (SD: 7.67). 161 cases (53.8%) showed BMI > 30 (obesity). The frequency of identifying AHI >5/hour (area under ROC curve) for each measured component were; STOP: 0.58, BANG: 0.66, and STOP-BANG: 0.66. The best relationship between sensitivity (S) and specificity (Sp) for identifying AHI > 5/h was found by using three STOP components in any possible combination (S: 52.97%; Sp: 60%) with two BANG components (S: 79%; Sp: 43.75%). For an AHI ≥ 30/h the area under ROC curve for each combination were; STOP: 0.67, BANG: 0.67 and STOP-BANG: 0.73. The best relation including S-Sp has been obtained with two STOP components (S: 79%-Sp: 43.75%). Similarly, 3 BANG components reached S of 61% and Sp of 65.48%. Five components of STOP-BANG (in each combination) reached S of 60.73% and Sp of 65.00% (RV+: 1.73 - RV-: 0.60). Finally, we used an automatic selector of variables for the eight STOP-BANG components and we found a model to predict AHI ≥ 30/hour formed by; observed apneas (O): OR: 3.62 (CI 95%: 1.69-7.77); p = 0.001, IMC > 30 (B): OR: 2.51 (CI 95%: 1.19 - 5.28); p = 0.015 and male sex (G): OR: 6.63 (CI 95%: 2.39 -18.3); p = 0.0001 (Area under the curve; 0.75. Goodness of fit). Conclusions: The STOP-BANG questionnaire shows different results for AHI >5 and AHI ≥ 30/hour when RP has been used. The STOP combination shows low capacity to discriminate for AHI > 5/hour and this result differs from the results reported with polisomnography in the sleep laboratory. The anthropometric variables (BANG) show good discriminating capacity evaluated by the area under curve of the model for both cutoff in the analyzed AHI. Five STOP-BANG components in any combination have a high diagnostic sensitivity to identify patients with sleep respiratory disturbance in severe grade. Three anthropometric variables showed good performance as predictors (BMI, age and male sex); the last one was the most important to identify pathologic AHI (> 5/hour) or severe high AHI (≥30/h). In our population the prediction model O-G-B had the best performance.
Assuntos
Inquéritos e Questionários , Apneia Obstrutiva do SonoRESUMO
La clasificación de la hipertensión pulmonar (HP) ha evolucionado a lo largo de los años así como el conocimiento sobre su fisiopatología. Actualmente está definida por una presión arterial pulmonar media igual o mayor a 25 mmHg en reposo medido por cateterismo cardíaco derecho. La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) incluye un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades entre las que, además de la HAP idiopática (HAPI) se encuentra la HP asociada a varias condiciones como enfermedades del tejido conectivo (ETC) A pesar de que la HAP asociada a (ETC) se encuentra dentro del mismo grupo que la HAPI y tienen una prevalencia similar, existen diferencias clínicas y epidemiológicas relevantes. Este trabajo intenta actualizar las características epidemiológicas, fisiopatológicas, clínicas y el tratamiento de la HAP asociada a las ETC.
The classification of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and the knowledge on its physiopathology have evolved over the years. The present definition of pulmonary arterial hypertension is when the tension at rest, measured through right heart catheterization, is 25 or more mm Hg. The pulmonary arterial hypertension includes a heterogeneous group of diseases such as the idiopathic PAH and the PAH associated to connective tissue diseases. Although the PAH associated to connective tissue diseases belongs to the same group of idiopathic PAH and both have a similar prevalence, there are relevant clinical and epidemiological differences. The objective of this paper is to describe the epidemiological, physiopathologic and clinical characteristics and the treatment of the PAH associated to connective tissue diseases.
Assuntos
Hipertensão Arterial Pulmonar , Doença Mista do Tecido ConjuntivoRESUMO
La clasificación de la hipertensión pulmonar (HP) ha evolucionado a lo largo de los años así como el conocimiento sobre su fisiopatología. Actualmente está definida por una presión arterial pulmonar media igual o mayor a 25 mmHg en reposo medido por cateterismo cardíaco derecho. La hipertensión arterial pulmonar (HAP) incluye un grupo heterogéneo de enfermedades entre las que, además de la HAP idiopática (HAPI) se encuentra la HP asociada a varias condiciones como enfermedades del tejido conectivo (ETC) A pesar de que la HAP asociada a (ETC) se encuentra dentro del mismo grupo que la HAPI y tienen una prevalencia similar, existen diferencias clínicas y epidemiológicas relevantes. Este trabajo intenta actualizar las características epidemiológicas, fisiopatológicas, clínicas y el tratamiento de la HAP asociada a las ETC.(AU)
The classification of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) and the knowledge on its physiopathology have evolved over the years. The present definition of pulmonary arterial hypertension is when the tension at rest, measured through right heart catheterization, is 25 or more mm Hg. The pulmonary arterial hypertension includes a heterogeneous group of diseases such as the idiopathic PAH and the PAH associated to connective tissue diseases. Although the PAH associated to connective tissue diseases belongs to the same group of idiopathic PAH and both have a similar prevalence, there are relevant clinical and epidemiological differences. The objective of this paper is to describe the epidemiological, physiopathologic and clinical characteristics and the treatment of the PAH associated to connective tissue diseases.(AU)
RESUMO
INTRODUCTION: The tumor, node, metastasis (TNM) system has been recognized internationally as the standard for staging disease extension, but despite the improvements of the 1997/2002 international staging system, there may be marked differences in postoperative 5-year survival rates within each stage. There is controversy about the impact of tumor size itself as a variable unrelated to stage.The objective of this study was to analyze the influence of tumor size on the survival in patients with surgically resected non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). METHODS: Between August 1985 and January 2006, 400 patients underwent pulmonary resection with a curative intention for non-small cell lung carcinoma. Patients were excluded if they had received neoadjuvant chemotherapy. The clinicopathological records of each patient were examined for prognostic factors such as age, sex, right or left side cancer, histology, tumor location, tumor size, clinical nodal stage number, and distribution of metastatic nodes. RESULTS: Operative mortality was 2.2% for lobectomy and 18% for pneumonectomy (p < 0.05). Adenocarcinoma was the most common type (n = 245, 61.2%). Surgery was considered a complete resection in 341 patients (85.2%). When only patients without neoplastic hilar or mediastinal metastases (pN0) were included, the difference in survival was significantly different in terms of tumor size (log rank 28.46, p < 0.0001). Univariate analysis for the group of pN0 patients showed survival was not significantly affected by age, sex, side, or adenocarcinoma histology. In the multivariate analysis, tumor size and the T factor were found to have maintained its independent prognostic effects on overall survival. Among patients with pN0 tumors smaller that 15 mm in diameter, 5-year survival was 95% whereas patients with tumors bigger than 16 mm in diameter had a 5-year survival of 65% (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSION: In conclusion, our data suggest that tumors over 15 mm are associated with shorter 5-year survival in all TNM stages. Current TNM categories are not sufficiently discriminatory and the T factor requires to be reevaluated in further revisions of the TNM classification.
Assuntos
Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/mortalidade , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/secundário , Neoplasias Pulmonares/mortalidade , Neoplasias Pulmonares/patologia , Carcinoma Pulmonar de Células não Pequenas/cirurgia , Feminino , Seguimentos , Humanos , Neoplasias Pulmonares/cirurgia , Metástase Linfática , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Estadiamento de Neoplasias , Pneumonectomia/mortalidade , Prognóstico , Estudos Retrospectivos , Análise de Sobrevida , Taxa de Sobrevida , Resultado do TratamentoRESUMO
Objetivos: Identificar el valor en la escala de Epworth (ESS) que correlaciona con un índice de apneas e hipopneas por hora de registro (IAH =15/h) de la poligrafía respiratoria (PR) en pacientes derivados por sospecha clínica de apneas e hipopneas obstructivas durante el sueño (SAHOS), y evaluar su capacidad de discriminación. Material y métodos: Estudio conducido entre enero del 2010 y marzo del 2012 (27 meses) en una cohorte de 614 pacientes referidos para exploración respiratoria del sueño. Los registros de PR (nivel III) se tomaron en domicilio una noche con técnica de auto-colocación. Se correlacionaron con datos antropométricos, del cuestionario de Berlín y la escala de somnolencia subjetiva de Epworth (ESS) y se consideró relevante un índice de apneas e hipopneas por hora de registro = 15 eventos/hora. Se ejecutó un análisis de regresión logística para factores de predicción de un IAH = 15 eventos/hora y se variaron los puntos de corte de ESS como predictor independiente. Finalmente se calculó el área bajo la curva ROC (relación sensibilidad-especificidad). Resultados: Se estudiaron 614 pacientes, 392 hombres (63.8%) y 222 mujeres con una media de edad de 54.9 años. Se definió obesidad por el IMC en el 57.7%. El cuestionario de Berlín fue de alto riesgo en 536 (87.3%) y 207 (33.7%) tuvieron ESS > 10 puntos. En 235 poligrafías respiratorias se encontró un IAH > 15/hora (38.27%). El análisis de predictores independientes en toda la población arrojó significación para sexo masculino (p = 0.0001), IMC > 30 (p = 0.0001) y edad > 50 años (p = 0.0001). En el análisis univariado, ESS > 8 obtuvo un Odds Ratio (OR) de; 1.294 (CI; 0.934-1.794), p = 0.121, ESS > 10; OR: 1.526 (CI; 1.084-2.149), p = 0.010, ESS > 11; OR: 1.610 (CI; 1.134-2.285), p = 0.008, y ESS > 12; 1.461 (CI; 0.990-2.158), p = 0.056. El análisis multivariado corregido por edad (> o 30 Kg/m2), cuestionario de Berlín de alto riesgo o diagnóstico previo de SAHOS arrojó un valor predictor de ESS > 11 con OR; 1.527 (CI; 1.042-2.238) p = 0.03. El área bajo la curva ROC obtuvo un área de 0.56 e identificó 11,11 puntos en la escala de somnolencia subjetiva de Epworth como el punto de corte con la mejor relación de sensibilidad (34.7%) y especificidad (75,1%). Conclusiones: ESS es una prueba con aceptable especificidad pero baja sensibilidad. En nuestra población de pacientes que concurren para la realización de una PR por sospecha de SAHOS, una puntuación de ESS > 11 es el valor que mejor se relaciona con un IAH = 15 por hora.
Objectives: To identify the value in the Epworth Sleepiness scale (ESS) that correlates best with an apnea/hypopnea index (AHI) greater than 15/h in the respiratory polygraphy (RP) in patients referred to a sleep clinic with suspicion of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods: This is a study conducted between January 2010 and March 2012 in a cohort of 614 patients referred for sleep evaluation. Respiratory polygraphy (level III) was performed at home with a self-electrode placement technique. Anthropometric data, Berlin questionnaire score, and ESS score were correlated with an AHI greater than 15/h. A logistic regression analysis was performed for prediction factors for AHI > 15/h, and different cut-off points for ESS were tried out as an independent predictor. Finally an area under the ROC curve was calculated. Results: 614 patients were studied, 392 males (63.8%) and 222 females with a mean age of 54.9 years. Obesity (BMI > 30) was present in 57.7%. Berlin questionnaire registered high risk in 536 cases (87.3), while 207 (33.7%) subjects had an ESS score > 10 points. In 235 RP an AHI > 15/h (38.27%) was found. The analysis for independent predictors showed significance for male gender (p = 0.0001), BMI > 30 (p = 0.0001), and age > 50 years (p = 0.0001). In a univariate analysis ESS score > 8 had an OR of 1.29 (CI 0.93-1.79), ESS score > 10 had and OR of 1.52 (CI 1.08-2.14), ESS score > 11 had an OR of 1.61 (CI 1.13-2.28), and ESS score > 12 had an OR of 1.46 (CI 0.99-2.15). The multivariate analysis including age > 50, presence of a psychiatric condition, BMI > 30, and high risk Berlin questionnaire showed that ESS > 11 had an OR of 1.53 (CI 1.04-2.24). The area under the ROC curve for ESS > 11 was 0.56, with sensitivity of 34.7% and specificity of 75.1%. Conclusions: ESS is a test with acceptable specificity and low sensitivity. In our patients evaluated with RP for suspicion of OSA, an ESS > 11 correlates best with an AHI > 15/h.