Combination of bortezomib and venetoclax targets the pro-survival function of LMP-1 and EBNA-3C of Epstein-Barr virus in spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) manipulates the ubiquitin-proteasome system and regulators of Bcl-2 family to enable the persistence of the virus and survival of the host cells through the expression of viral proteins in distinct latency patterns. We postulate that the combination of bortezomib (proteasome inhibitor) and venetoclax (Bcl-2 inhibitor) [bort/venetoclax] will cause synergistic killing of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) through targeting the pro-survival function of latent viral proteins such as latent membrane protein-1 (LMP-1) and EBV nuclear antigen-3C (EBNA-3C). Bort/venetoclax could synergistically kill spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines (sLCLs) derived from patients with PTLD and EBV-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis by inducing DNA damage response, apoptosis and G1-S cell cycle arrest in a ROS-dependent manner. Bortezomib potently induced the expression of Noxa, a pro-apoptotic initiator and when combined with venetoclax, inhibited Mcl-1 and Bcl-2 simultaneously. Bortezomib prevented LMP-1 induced proteasomal degradation of IκBα leading to the suppression of the NF-κB signaling pathway. Bortezomib also rescued Bcl-6 from EBNA-3C mediated proteasomal degradation thus maintaining the repression of cyclin D1 and Bcl-2 causing G1-S arrest and apoptosis. Concurrently, venetoclax inhibited Bcl-2 upregulated by either LMP-1 or EBNA-3C. Bort/venetoclax decreased the expression of phosphorylated p65 and Bcl-2 at serine 70 thereby suppressing the NF-κB signaling pathway and promoting apoptosis, respectively. These data corroborated the marked suppression of the growth of xenograft of sLCL in SCID mice (p<0.001). Taken together, the combination of bortezomib and venetoclax targets the pro-survival function of LMP-1 and EBNA-3C of Epstein-Barr virus in spontaneous lymphoblastoid cell lines.

Meta-analysis of Epstein-Barr virus genomes in Southern Chinese identifies genetic variants and high risk viral lineage associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma.

Genetic variants in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) have been strongly associated with nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) in South China. However, different results regarding the most significant viral variants, with polymorphisms in EBER2 and BALF2 loci, have been reported in separate studies. In this study, we newly sequenced 100 EBV genomes derived from 61 NPC cases and 39 population controls. Comprehensive genomic analyses of EBV sequences from both NPC patients and healthy carriers in South China were conducted, totaling 279 cases and 227 controls. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association study revealed a 4-bp deletion downstream of EBER2 (coordinates, 7188-7191; EBER-del) as the most significant variant associated with NPC. Furthermore, multiple viral variants were found to be genetically linked to EBER-del forming a risk haplotype, suggesting that multiple viral variants might be associated with NPC pathogenesis. Population structure and phylogenetic analyses further characterized a high risk EBV lineage for NPC revealing a panel of 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), including those in the EBER2 and BALF2 loci. With linkage disequilibrium clumping and feature selection algorithm, the 38 SNPs could be narrowed down to 9 SNPs which can be used to accurately detect the high risk EBV lineage. In summary, our study provides novel insight into the role of EBV genetic variation in NPC pathogenesis by defining a risk haplotype of EBV for downstream functional studies and identifying a single high risk EBV lineage characterized by 9 SNPs for potential application in population screening of NPC.

Can non-invasive brain stimulation modulate peak alpha frequency in the human brain? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Peak alpha frequency (PAF), the dominant oscillatory frequency within the alpha range (8-12 Hz), is associated with cognitive function and several neurological conditions, including chronic pain. Manipulating PAF could offer valuable insight into the relationship between PAF and various functions and conditions, potentially providing new treatment avenues. This systematic review aimed to comprehensively synthesise effects of non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) on PAF speed. Relevant studies assessing PAF pre- and post-NIBS in healthy adults were identified through systematic searches of electronic databases (Embase, PubMed, PsychINFO, Scopus, The Cochrane Library) and trial registers. The Cochrane risk-of-bias tool was employed for assessing study quality. Quantitative analysis was conducted through pairwise meta-analysis when possible; otherwise, qualitative synthesis was performed. The review protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020190512) and the Open Science Framework (https://osf.io/2yaxz/). Eleven NIBS studies were included, all with a low risk-of-bias, comprising seven transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), three repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS), and one transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) study. Meta-analysis of active tACS conditions (eight conditions from five studies) revealed no significant effects on PAF (mean difference [MD] = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.32 to 0.08, p = 0.24). Qualitative synthesis provided no evidence that tDCS altered PAF and moderate evidence for transient increases in PAF with 10 Hz rTMS. However, it is crucial to note that small sample sizes were used, there was substantial variation in stimulation protocols, and most studies did not specifically target PAF alteration. Further studies are needed to determine NIBS's potential for modulating PAF.

The reliability and validity of rapid transcranial magnetic stimulation mapping for muscles under active contraction.

Rapid mapping is a transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) mapping method which can significantly reduce data collection time compared to traditional approaches. However, its validity and reliability has only been established for upper-limb muscles during resting-state activity. Here, we determined the validity and reliability of rapid mapping for non-upper limb muscles that require active contraction during TMS: the masseter and quadriceps muscles. Eleven healthy participants attended two sessions, spaced two hours apart, each involving rapid and 'traditional' mapping of the masseter muscle and three quadriceps muscles (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus lateralis). Map parameters included map volume, map area and centre of gravity (CoG) in the medial-lateral and anterior-posterior directions. Low to moderate measurement errors (%SEMeas = 10-32) were observed across muscles. Relative reliability varied from good-to-excellent (ICC = 0.63-0.99) for map volume, poor-to-excellent (ICC = 0.11-0.86) for map area, and fair-to-excellent for CoG (ICC = 0.25-0.8) across muscles. There was Bayesian evidence of equivalence (BF's > 3) in most map outcomes between rapid and traditional maps across all muscles, supporting the validity of the rapid mapping method. Overall, rapid TMS mapping produced similar estimates of map parameters to the traditional method, however the reliability results were mixed. As mapping of non-upper limb muscles is relatively challenging, rapid mapping is a promising substitute for traditional mapping, however further work is required to refine this method.

Rituximab for High-Risk, Mature B-Cell Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in Children.

BACKGROUND: Rituximab added to chemotherapy prolongs survival among adults with B-cell cancer. Data on its efficacy and safety in children with high-grade, mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma are limited. METHODS: We conducted an open-label, international, randomized, phase 3 trial involving patients younger than 18 years of age with high-risk, mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (stage III with an elevated lactate dehydrogenase level or stage IV) or acute leukemia to compare the addition of six doses of rituximab to standard lymphomes malins B (LMB) chemotherapy with standard LMB chemotherapy alone. The primary end point was event-free survival. Overall survival and toxic effects were also assessed. RESULTS: Analyses were based on 328 patients who underwent randomization (164 patients per group); 85.7% of the patients had Burkitt's lymphoma. The median follow-up was 39.9 months. Events were observed in 10 patients in the rituximab-chemotherapy group and in 28 in the chemotherapy group. Event-free survival at 3 years was 93.9% (95% confidence interval [CI], 89.1 to 96.7) in the rituximab-chemotherapy group and 82.3% (95% CI, 75.7 to 87.5) in the chemotherapy group (hazard ratio for primary refractory disease or first occurrence of progression, relapse after response, death from any cause, or second cancer, 0.32; 95% CI, 0.15 to 0.66; one-sided P = 0.00096, which reached the significance level required for this analysis). Eight patients in the rituximab-chemotherapy group died (4 deaths were disease-related, 3 were treatment-related, and 1 was from a second cancer), as did 20 in the chemotherapy group (17 deaths were disease-related, and 3 were treatment-related) (hazard ratio, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.16 to 0.82). The incidence of acute adverse events of grade 4 or higher after prephase treatment was 33.3% in the rituximab-chemotherapy group and 24.2% in the chemotherapy group (P = 0.07); events were related mainly to febrile neutropenia and infection. Approximately twice as many patients in the rituximab-chemotherapy group as in the chemotherapy group had a low IgG level 1 year after trial inclusion. CONCLUSIONS: Rituximab added to standard LMB chemotherapy markedly prolonged event-free survival and overall survival among children and adolescents with high-grade, high-risk, mature B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma and was associated with a higher incidence of hypogammaglobulinemia and, potentially, more episodes of infection. (Funded by the Clinical Research Hospital Program of the French Ministry of Health and others; ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT01516580.).

Correction: Immunosuppressive FK506 treatment leads to more frequent EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease in humanized mice.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1008477.].

Immunosuppressive FK506 treatment leads to more frequent EBV-associated lymphoproliferative disease in humanized mice.

Post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a potentially fatal complication after organ transplantation frequently associated with the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV). Immunosuppressive treatment is thought to allow the expansion of EBV-infected B cells, which often express all eight oncogenic EBV latent proteins. Here, we assessed whether HLA-A2 transgenic humanized NSG mice treated with the immunosuppressant FK506 could be used to model EBV-PTLD. We found that FK506 treatment of EBV-infected mice led to an elevated viral burden, more frequent tumor formation and diminished EBV-induced T cell responses, indicative of reduced EBV-specific immune control. EBV latency III and lymphoproliferation-associated cellular transcripts were up-regulated in B cells from immunosuppressed animals, akin to the viral and host gene expression pattern found in EBV-PTLD. Utilizing an unbiased gene expression profiling approach, we identified genes differentially expressed in B cells of EBV-infected animals with and without FK506 treatment. Upon investigating the most promising candidates, we validated sCD30 as a marker of uncontrolled EBV proliferation in both humanized mice and in pediatric patients with EBV-PTLD. High levels of sCD30 have been previously associated with EBV-PTLD in patients. As such, we believe that humanized mice can indeed model aspects of EBV-PTLD development and may prove useful for the safety assessment of immunomodulatory therapies.

Recommendations on the Management of Interhospital Transport of Pediatric Patients With Mediastinal Mass.

PURPOSE: Children with mediastinal masses often present with insidious symptoms to nonspecialist centers and require interhospital transport to oncology centers for definitive care. We evaluated clinical characteristics and patient outcomes and proposed a management protocol. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective review of all children with mediastinal mass at the pediatric intensive care unit of the Hong Kong Children's Hospital between April 2019 and March 2020. RESULTS: Ten children with a median age of 14.5 years (interquartile range, 9.3-17.0 years) were included. Leukemia and lymphoma accounted for the majority of cases (n = 6, 60%). Nearly all patients (n = 9, 90%) required interhospital transport before definitive treatment could be instituted. There were no deaths, but 2 patients were transported with significant respiratory compromise. Among patients requiring more than 1 interhospital transport, there was a higher incidence of shortness of breath (100% vs 40%; odds ratio, 33; P = 0.048) and orthopnea (80% vs 0%; odds ratio, 33; P = 0.048), whereas none had a neck mass (0% vs 80%; odds ratio, 0.03; P = 0.048). CONCLUSIONS: Children with mediastinal mass are at risk of life-threatening cardiorespiratory compromise. Pretransport assessment, planning, and stabilization along with clear management plans for deterioration during transport are crucial especially for patients who are symptomatic at time of presentation, to reduce risks associated with delays in arriving at the specialist point of care for definitive treatment.

Primary post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder of the central nervous system: characteristics, management and outcome in 25 paediatric patients.

Primary central nervous system (CNS) post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) in childhood is rare. Twenty-five patients were retrieved from nine European Intergroup for Childhood Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma and/or international Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster Study Group members. Types of allografts included kidney (n = 11), liver (n = 4), heart (n = 5), bowel (n = 1) and haematopoietic stem cells (n = 4). Eighteen were male, 16 ≥ 10 years old, 21 had monomorphic disease and 24 solid intracranial tumour masses. Four-year event-free and overall survival rates were 50% ± 10% and 74% ± 9% respectively. This report represents the largest paediatric series of CNS PTLD reported to date, showing favourable survival odds following systemic and intrathecal chemotherapy and rituximab administration.

Repeated CD45RA-depleted DLI successfully increases donor chimerism in a patient with beta-thalassemia major after haploidentical stem cell transplant.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is curative for transfusion-dependent thalassemia, but mixed chimerism (MC) may herald graft rejection. We report a child who failed bone marrow transplant (BMT) from matched unrelated donor (MUD) successfully salvaged with haploidentical peripheral blood stem cell transplant (PBSCT), but had MC in T-lymphocyte compartment despite near-complete donor chimerism in myeloid compartment. MC was successfully improved by repeated CD45RA-depleted donor lymphocyte infusion (DLI). A 2-year-old Chinese girl with beta-thalassemia major underwent 12/12-MUD BMT with HU/AZA/Cy/Flu/Bu/TT conditioning resulted in graft rejection. As donor refused second donation, rescue haploidentical PBSCT was performed with alemtuzumab/fludarabine/treosulfan conditioning. Harvest product was CD3/CD45RA depleted with extra products cryopreserved. Split cell chimerism performed 1-month after haplo-transplant showed 97% mother, 3% MUD, and 0% host for granulocytes but 38% mother, 62% MUD, and 0% host for CD3 + T cells. In view of low haploidentical donor chimerism in T-lymphocyte compartment, CD45RA-depleted DLI using cryopreserved product was performed on day + 38, after thymoglobulin 3 mg/kg given as T-cell depletion 3 days beforehand. T-cell chimerism improved to 51% mother and 49% MUD post-DLI. Second cryopreserved CD45RA-depleted DLI was given 17 days after the first DLI (day + 55), and 100% full chimerism of mother's T cells was gradually established without significant graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) or viral reactivation. To conclude, split lineage chimerism determination is beneficial to guide management strategy. For MC in T-cell compartment, CD45RA-depleted DLI is a potential alternative to unselected T cells as it carries lower risk of GVHD and infection.

Early Development of Colonic Adenocarcinoma With Minimal Polyposis in a Young Child With Metastatic Hepatoblastoma and Germline APC Mutation.

Germline adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene mutation is a cancer-predisposing condition commonly presenting as familial adenomatous polyposis. We describe a patient first diagnosed at the age of 3 years with metastatic hepatoblastoma. With a positive family history, germline testing confirmed maternally inherited APC mutation (p.Thr899Ansfs*13). The patient was subsequently diagnosed at 8 years with colonic adenocarcinoma in the absence of macroscopic polyposis. Total colectomy with adjuvant chemotherapy was delivered and the patient remained disease-free for 5 years since the second diagnosis. This report demonstrates the importance of considering germline APC mutation in children with hepatoblastoma, who may benefit from the early institution of colonoscopic surveillance.

Treatment outcome and pattern of failure in hepatoblastoma treated with a consensus protocol in Hong Kong.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: We reviewed the results and pattern of failure of the consensus HB/HCC 1996 treatment protocol for pediatric hepatoblastoma (HB) in Hong Kong. The role of SIOPEL and Children's Hepatic tumors International Collaboration (CHIC) risk stratification was evaluated. METHODS: Patients enrolled on the protocol from 1996 to 2014 were included. PRETEXT staging, SIOPEL, and CHIC risk groups were retrospectively assigned. RESULTS: Sixty patients were enrolled with median age at diagnosis of 1.1 years and median follow-up time of 6.8 years. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) was raised (>100 ng/mL) in 58 (97%) patients. Five (8%) had metastases at presentation and 7 (12%) experienced tumor rupture prior to or during treatment. Twenty-nine patients (48%) received a first-line cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, and vincristine regimen only while 23 (38%) also had alternative chemotherapeutic agents. Hepatic resection could be performed in 48 (80%) patients. Three (5%) patients underwent upfront liver transplantation. Five-year event-free survival and overall survival rates were 69.2% ± 6.1% and 77.6% ± 5.5% respectively. Among the 16 patients with relapse/progression, 9 had intrahepatic failure only, 5 had distant failure only, and 2 had combined local and distant failure. Predictors of inferior outcome included advanced Evans staging, disease involving both lobes, rupture, low AFP, and suboptimal response to first-line chemotherapy. Assigned in 44 patients, PRETEXT staging, SIOPEL, and CHIC risk groups significantly predicted EFS and OS. CONCLUSIONS: Although the consensus HB/HCC 1996 protocol led to cure in three-quarters of pediatric HB patients, an upfront risk stratification system is required to identify and improve the outcome of high-risk patients.

Excellent outcome of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with TCF3-PBX1 rearrangement in Hong Kong.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to review clinical outcomes and prognosis of paediatric patients with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) with TCF3-PBX1 rearrangement. PATIENTS: All children in Hong Kong diagnosed with ALL with TCF3-PBX1 rearrangement over the past two decades were included. METHODS: Six hundred and twenty-four newly diagnosed patients with ALL from four consecutive studies were enrolled from 1997 to 2016. Patients carrying TCF3-PBX1 rearrangement and patients at intermediate risk without the gene expression were compared for clinical characteristics, overall survival and event-free survival (EFS). RESULTS: The TCF3-PBX1 rearrangement was detected in 30 of 624 patients (4.8%). Results were consistent across the consecutive clinical trials employed in the past two decades. Compared with 239 intermediate risk patients without TCF3-PBX1 rearrangement, the 5-year overall survival and EFS for patients with TCF3-PBX1 rearrangement was superior, with both at 100% (P = 0.12 and P = 0.029). CONCLUSION: This population-based study over the past 20 years demonstrated that patients with TCF3-PBX1 rearrangement had favourable EFS compared with other intermediate risk patients treated with a similar chemotherapy backbone.

Selective T cell-depleted haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for relapsed/refractory neuroblastoma.

Relapsed/refractory NB carries a bleak outcome, warranting novel treatment options. HaploHSCT induces a graft-versus-NB effect via natural killer cell alloreactivity. Review of patients with relapsed/refractory NB who underwent haploHSCT with ex vivo T-cell depletion in our unit from 2013 through 2018. Ten patients were identified (male=5; median age at haploHSCT=6.45 y, range: 3.49-11.02 y). Indications were relapsed in 7 and refractoriness in 3; disease status at haploHSCT was CR in 2, PR in 6, and PD in 2. All patients received peripheral blood stem cell grafts after ex vivo T-cell depletion (CD3/CD19-depletion=1; TCR-αß/CD19-depletion=4; CD3/CD45RA-depletion=4; and TCR-αß/CD45RA-depletion=1). Conditioning regimens were fludarabine-based. Neutrophils engrafted on median D + 10 (range: D + 9 to +13), and platelets engrafted (≥20 × 109 /L) on median D + 8 (range: D + 5 to D + 14). Early T- and NK-cell recovery were evident. Of the 10 patients, acute rejection developed in 1 (who died of PD despite rescue HSCT), and 1 died of sepsis before engraftment; 8 experienced full donor-chimerism post-HSCT. Among the 8, 6 experienced CR, 1 died of PD, and 1 died of pulmonary hypertensive crisis before evaluation. At publication, 4 were in remission (2.8, 7.4, 28.5, and 58.9 months). No significant GvHD occurred. HaploHSCT with selective ex vivo T-cell depletion may be a safe and useful salvage strategy for relapsed/refractory NB.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and pre-existing conditions: spectrum, clinical characteristics and outcome in 213 children and adolescents.

Children and adolescents with pre-existing conditions such as DNA repair defects or other primary immunodeficiencies have an increased risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. However, large-scale data on patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and their entire spectrum of pre-existing conditions are scarce. A retrospective multinational study was conducted by means of questionnaires sent out to the national study groups or centers, by the two largest consortia in childhood non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the European Intergroup for Childhood non-Hodgkin Lymphoma, and the international Berlin-Frankfurt-Münster Study Group. The study identified 213 patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and a pre-existing condition. Four subcategories were established: a) cancer predisposition syndromes (n=124, 58%); b) primary immunodeficiencies not further specified (n=27, 13%); c) genetic diseases with no increased cancer risk (n=40, 19%); and d) non-classifiable conditions (n=22, 10%). Seventy-nine of 124 (64%) cancer predispositions were reported in groups with more than 20 patients: ataxia telangiectasia (n=32), Nijmegen breakage syndrome (n=26), constitutional mismatch repair deficiency (n=21). For the 151 patients with a known cancer risk, 5-year event-free survival and overall survival rates were 40%±4% and 51%±4%, respectively. Five-year cumulative incidences of progression/relapse and treatment-related death as a first event were 22%±4% and 24%±4%, respectively. Ten-year incidence of second malignancy was 24%±5% and 7-year overall survival of the 21 patients with a second malignancy was 41%±11%. Patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and pre-existing conditions have an inferior survival rate with a large proportion of therapy-related deaths compared to patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma and no pre-existing conditions. They may require special vigilance when receiving standard or modified/reduced-intensity chemotherapy or when undergoing allogeneic stem cell transplantation.

Refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia in Chinese children: bridging to stem cell transplantation with clofarabine, cyclophosphamide and etoposide.

Refractory or relapsed acute lymphoblastic leukemia (r/r ALL) represents the leading cause of cancer mortality in children. Clofarabine is effective in inducing remission thus enabling bridging to hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We report the results in treating Hong Kong Chinese pediatric patients with r/rALL by clofarabine/cyclophosphamide/etoposide (CLO-218) combination therapy. A retrospective review of patients treated between January 2009 and December 2014 in the two tertiary referral pediatric oncology units in Hong Kong. Thirteen patients were identified. All were Chinese and seven were male. Median age at clofarabine treatment was 8 years and the median duration of follow-up was 10 months. Nine patients had B-ALL and four had T-ALL. All were refractory to the preceding regimen(s). The median number of prior treatment regimens was 2; two patients had previous HSCT. Complete remission (CR) was achieved in five patients, Complete remission with incomplete counts (CRi) in two, PR in two, and non-remission (NR) in two. All four patients with T-ALL responded with three patients achieving CR. Eight out of nine patients who responded could be bridged to HSCT. Among those who were transplanted, four remained alive and in remission, three relapsed post-HSCT, and one died from transplant-related mortality. Treatment toxicities were common including febrile neutropenia in all subjects and culture-proven bacteremia in five patients. Hepatotoxicity was mild and reversible with no case of veno-occlusive disease. The clofarabine-based regimen is a promising strategy to induce disease remission in r/rALL and bridge to HSCT. Septic complications are, however, frequent necessitating prompt management with adequate supportive care in specialized centers.

Cyclosporin A for persistent or chronic immune thrombocytopenia in children.

Twenty percent of children with immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) develop a chronic course where treatment strategy is less established. Cyclosporin A (CSA) has been shown to be effective in small series of children with chronic ITP and might reduce the need for chronic steroid therapy and/or splenectomy. We reviewed consecutive patients below 18 years old with persistent or chronic ITP treated with CSA in our unit between January 1998 and June 2015. Thirty patients (14 boys and 16 girls) were included. The median age at initial diagnosis of ITP was 5 years (range 0.5-16.2 years). CSA was started at a median of 13.9 months (range 3.4-124 months) after initial diagnosis and given for a median duration of 9.3 months (range 0.2-63.9 months). The median platelet count before commencement was 12 × 10(9)/L (range 4-199 × 10(9)/L). The median dose of CSA was 6 mg/kg/day (range 2.4-7.5 mg/kg/day). Complete response (CR) or response (R) was achieved in 17 patients (57 %), and 7 (23 %) had sustained response. Side effects (most commonly hirsutism) were tolerable and reversible. CSA appeared effective in about half of persistent or chronic ITP patients and safe as a second-line agent in managing these children.

Successful treatment of intraocular post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder with intravenous rituximab.

We reported a rare case of intraocular post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) arising in a 3-year-old liver transplant recipient who had a prior history of systemic PTLD. The first PTLD entered remission after treatment with intravenous rituximab and withdrawal of immunosuppressants. One year after remission, she presented with granulomatous uveitis and iris nodules in the right eye. Iris biopsy confirmed recurrence of intraocular PTLD, which resolved completely after a second course of intravenous rituximab.

Interventions for prophylaxis of hepatic veno-occlusive disease in people undergoing haematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic veno-occlusive disease (VOD) is a severe complication after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Different drugs with different mechanisms of action have been tried in HSCT recipients to prevent hepatic VOD. However, it is uncertain whether high-quality evidence exists to support any prophylactic therapy. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to determine the effects of various prophylactic therapies on the incidence of hepatic VOD, overall survival, mortality, quality of life (QOL), and the safety of these therapies in people undergoing HSCT. SEARCH METHODS: We searched the Cochrane Central Registe of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE, EMBASE, conference proceedings of three international haematology-oncology societies and two trial registries in January 2015, together with reference checking, citation searching and contact with study authors to identify additional studies. SELECTION CRITERIA: We included randomised controlled trials (RCTs) comparing prophylactic therapies with placebo or no treatment, or comparing different therapies for hepatic VOD in people undergoing HSCT. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: We used standard methodological procedures expected by Cochrane. MAIN RESULTS: We included 14 RCTs. Four trials (612 participants) compared ursodeoxycholic acid with or without additional treatment versus placebo or no treatment or same additional treatment. Two trials (259 participants) compared heparin with no treatment. Two trials (106 participants) compared low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) with placebo or no treatment. One trial (360 participants) compared defibrotide with no treatment. One trial (34 participants) compared glutamine with placebo. Two trials (383 participants) compared fresh frozen plasma (FFP) with or without additional treatment versus no treatment or same additional treatment. One trial (30 participants) compared antithrombin III with heparin versus heparin. One trial compared heparin (47 participants) with LMWH (46 participants) and prostaglandin E1 (PGE1) (47 participants). No trial investigated the effects of danaparoid. The RCTs included participants of both genders with wide age range and disease spectrum undergoing autologous or allogeneic HSCT. Funding was provided by government sources (two studies), research fund (one study), pharmaceutical companies that manufactured defibrotide and ursodeoxycholic acid (two studies), or unclear source (nine studies). All RCTs had high risk of bias because of lack of blinding of participants and study personnel, or other risks of bias (mainly differences in baseline characteristics of comparison groups).Results showed that ursodeoxycholic acid may reduce the incidence of hepatic VOD (risk ratio (RR) 0.60, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.40 to 0.88; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 15, 95% CI 7 to 50, low quality of evidence), but there was no evidence of difference in overall survival (hazard ratio (HR) 0.83, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.18, low quality of evidence). It may reduce all-cause mortality (RR 0.70, 95% CI 0.50 to 0.99; NNTB 17, 95% CI 8 to 431, low quality of evidence) and mortality due to hepatic VOD (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.09 to 0.87; NNTB 34, 95% CI 16 to 220, very low quality of evidence). There was no evidence of difference in the incidence of hepatic VOD between treatment and control groups for heparin (RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.18 to 1.26, very low quality of evidence), LMWH (RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.18, very low quality of evidence), defibrotide (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.38 to 1.02, low quality of evidence), glutamine (no hepatic VOD in either group, very low quality of evidence), FFP (RR 0.66, 95% CI 0.20 to 2.17, very low quality of evidence), antithrombin III (RR 0.13, 95% CI 0.01 to 2.15, very low quality of evidence), between heparin and LMWH (RR 1.96, 95% CI 0.80 to 4.77, very low quality of evidence), between heparin and PGE1 (RR 1.20, 95% CI 0.58 to 2.50, very low quality of evidence), and between LMWH and PGE1 (RR 0.61, 95% CI 0.24 to 1.55, very low quality of evidence). There was no evidence of difference in survival between treatment and control groups for heparin (92.6% vs. 88.7%) and defibrotide (HR 1.04, 95% CI 0.54 to 2.02, low quality of evidence). There were no data on survival for trials of LMWH, glutamine, FFP, antithrombin III, between heparin and LMWH, between heparin and PGE1, and between LMWH and PGE1. There were no data on quality of life (QoL) for any trials. Eleven trials reported adverse events. There was no evidence of difference in the frequency of adverse events between treatment and control groups except for one trial showing that defibrotide resulted in more adverse events compared with no treatment (RR 18.79, 95% CI 1.10 to 320.45). These adverse events included coagulopathy, gastrointestinal disorders, haemorrhage and microangiopathy. The quality of evidence was low or very low due to bias of study design, and inconsistent and imprecise results. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: There is low or very low quality evidence that ursodeoxycholic acid may reduce the incidence of hepatic VOD, all-cause mortality and mortality due to VOD in HSCT recipients. However, the optimal regimen is not well-defined. There is insufficient evidence to support the use of heparin, LMWH, defibrotide, glutamine, FFP, antithrombin III, and PGE1. Further high-quality RCTs are needed.