Dynamical Freezing of Relaxation to Equilibrium.

We provide evidence of an extremely slow thermalization occurring in the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger model. At variance with many similar processes encountered in statistical mechanics-typically ascribed to the presence of (free) energy barriers-here the slowness has a purely dynamical origin: it is due to the presence of an adiabatic invariant, which freezes the dynamics of a tall breather. Consequently, relaxation proceeds via rare events, where energy is suddenly released towards the background. We conjecture that this exponentially slow relaxation is a key ingredient contributing to the nonergodic behavior recently observed in the negative-temperature region of the discrete nonlinear Schrödinger equation.

Multiple-time-scale analysis for pinned breathers in Bose-Hubbard chains.

Localized and pinned discrete breathers in Bose-Einstein condensates in optical lattices or in arrays of optical waveguides oscillate with frequencies which are much higher than those present in the spectrum of the background. Hence, the interaction between localized breathers and their surroundings is extremely weak leading to a multiple-time-scale perturbation expansion. We identify the leading order in the asymptotic expansion of the breather amplitude which does not average to zero after one full oscillation. The reduced model predicts a lower bound of the breather drift times and explains the topological differences between breathers in dimers, trimers, and in spatially extended one-dimensional lattices even in the presence of transport from boundary heat-baths. These analytical boundaries hold true for lattices of any length, due to the highly localized nature of breathers.