Anti-inflammatory properties of neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids isolated from Ammodytes personatus eggs in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells.

In the present study, total lipids were extracted from Ammodytes personatus eggs and separated into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. The anti-inflammatory activity of the neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids was investigated in macrophages, as well as the fatty acid profiles of the lipids. Palmitic acid, oleic acid, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) were the primary fatty acids in the three fractionated lipids. Among the lipids, the phospholipids contained the highest concentration of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly DHA and EPA (31.89 and 16.93% of the total fatty acids, respectively). The anti-inflammatory effects of the three lipids isolated from A. personatus eggs were analyzed in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. The three lipids significantly reduced nitric oxide (NO) production and the mRNA expression of immune-associated genes in a dose-dependent manner. All lipids down-regulated the protein expression of phosphorylated NF-κB-p65 and MAPK (p38, JNK, and ERK1/2) signaling pathways, suggesting that they could inhibit cell signaling pathways by activating NF-κB and MAPK. The expression of CD40 and CD86 in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was also significantly decreased by A. personatus lipids. Consequently, the neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids from A. personatus eggs could serve as anti-inflammatory agents.

Immunomodulatory Activities of Ammodytes personatus Egg Lipid in RAW264.7 Cells.

Ammodytes personatus, known as the Pacific sand lance, thrives in cold areas of the North Pacific. In this study, the total lipid was extracted from A. personatus eggs and the fatty acid composition was determined using gas chromatography (GC)-flame ionization detection (FID). The results showed that the extracted lipid contained high content of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). The immunomodulatory activities of the A. personatus lipid were investigated using rodent macrophages. First, immune enhancement was analyzed, and the A. personatus lipid significantly and dose-dependently increased the NO production in RAW264.7 cells, and this lipid also regulated the transcription of immune-associated genes in RAW264.7 cells by activating the NF-κB and MAPK pathways. Additionally, flow cytometry revealed that this lipid stimulated phagocytosis. Conversely, the anti-inflammatory activity of the A. personatus lipid was also analyzed and the results showed significantly decreased NO production and gene expression in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. In addition, the A. personatus lipid suppressed the LPS-induced phosphorylation of proteins related to the NF-κB and MAPK pathways in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Further, flow cytometry demonstrated the lipid-regulated anti-inflammatory activity via inhibition of CD86 expression. The results indicate that A. personatus egg lipid is a potential source of immunomodulation.

Anti-inflammatory effects of neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids from Halocynthia aurantium tunic by suppressing the activation of NF-κB and MAPKs in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages.

Halocynthia aurantium is a marine organism that has been considered a promising source for bio-functional materials. Total lipids were extracted from H. aurantium tunic, and then they were separated into neutral lipids, glycolipids, and phospholipids. In the present study, fatty acid profiles of three lipids and their anti-inflammatory effects in RAW264.7 cells were investigated. Among the lipid classes, phospholipids showed the diversity of fatty acid constituents, compared with the glycolipids and neutral lipids. Three lipids contain different contents of fatty acids depending on the kinds of lipids. The most contents were saturated fatty acids (SFAs, 53-69% of the fatty acids) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs, 15-17% of fatty acids) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs, 14-32% of fatty acids) are followed. H. aurantium lipids not only dose-dependently inhibited nitric oxide production but also reduced the expression of inflammatory cytokine genes such as TNF-α, IL-1ß, and IL-6 in LPS-stimulated macrophages. It was also demonstrated that the expression of COX-2 was dose-dependently suppressed. Moreover, H. aurantium lipids decreased phosphorylation of NF-κB p-65, p38, ERK1/2, and JNK, suggesting that three lipids from H. aurantium tunic provide anti-inflammatory effects through NF-κB and MAPK signaling. These results indicate that H. aurantium is a potential source for anti-inflammation.