Investigation of cell-to-cell transfer of polystyrene microplastics through extracellular vesicle-mediated communication.

Plastics are an essential part of human life and their production is increasing every year. Plastics degrade into small particles (<5 mm, microplastics, MPs) in the environment due to various factors. MPs are widely distributed in the environment, and all living organisms are exposed to the effects of MPs. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are small membrane particles surrounded by a lipid bilayer that are released into the environment by various cell types and are highly involved in inter- and intra-cellular communication through the exchange of proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids between cells. There have been numerous reports of adverse effects associated with the accumulation of MPs in human and animal cells, with recent studies showing that plastic treatment increases the number of EVs released from cells, but the mechanisms by which MPs accumulate and move between cells remain unclear. In this study, we investigated whether polystyrene (PS)-MPs are transferred cell-to-cell via EVs. This study showed that cell-derived EVs can transport plastic particles. Furthermore, we confirmed the accumulation of PS-MPs transported by EVs within cells using a real-time imaging device. This study provides an understanding of potential EVs-mediated effects of PS-MPs on organisms and suggests directions for further research.

Comparison of Eastern and Western patients undergoing bariatric surgery at two US and Korean institutions: a retrospective analysis of differing bariatric patient populations.

BACKGROUND: Currently, there are differences in both demographics and indications for bariatric surgery between Eastern and Western countries. We compared postoperative outcomes between Korean and American bariatric programs in order to assess how bariatric surgery differently affects these populations. METHODS: We enrolled 540 patients who underwent bariatric surgery at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and 85 patients who underwent surgery at Kosin University Gospel Hospital (KUGH) between January 2019 and December 2020. We compared demographics, complications, weight loss, and metabolic parameters between these groups. RESULTS: There was a difference in age between the UCLA and KUGH patient groups (44.3 years vs 37.6 years, P < 0.01). Frequencies of T2DM and OSA were also different (4.2% vs 50.6%, 34.1% vs 85.9% P < 0.01. Length of hospital stay varied (1.55 days vs 6.68 days, P < 0.01), but there was no difference in operating time and complications. There was no difference in percent of excess weight loss between the two groups at 6 months (29.7 vs 33.8, P = 0.13). Hepatic steatosis index (HSI) was higher in the UCLA group both before (54.2 vs 51.5, P < 0.01) and after (44.4 vs 40.0, P = 0.02) surgery. LSG was the most frequently performed operation, and robotic surgery and revisions were performed only in the UCLA program. CONCLUSION: There were differences in age, BMI, length of stay, and choice of operation between Korean and American bariatric patients. Also, there were differences in the degree of fatty liver disease using HSI and liver enzymes before and after surgery. There was no significant differences in operation time and complications. These findings suggest differences in bariatric practices and reactions to bariatric surgery in Eastern and Western settings.

Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adults With Turner Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Turner syndrome (TS) is a common chromosomal abnormality, which is caused by loss of all or part of one X chromosome. Hormone replacement therapy in TS is important in terms of puberty, growth and prevention of osteoporosis however, such a study has never been conducted in Korea. Therefore, the purpose of our study was to determine relationship between the starting age, duration of estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in TS and develop a hormone replacement protocol suitable for the situation in Korea. METHODS: This is retrospective study analyzed the medical records in TS patients treated at the Severance hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea from 1997 to 2019. Total of 188 subjects who had received a bone density test at least once were included in the study. Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) was used for achieving bone mineral density (BMD) of normal control group. Student's t-test, Mann-Whitney U test, ANOVA and correlation analysis were performed using SPSS 18.0. RESULTS: Each BMD measurement was significantly lower in women with TS than in healthy Korean women. Early start and longer duration of ERT is associated with higher lumbar spine BMD but not femur neck BMD. Femur neck BMD, but not lumbar spine BMD was significantly higher in women with mosaicism than 45XO group. CONCLUSION: Early onset and appropriate duration of hormone replacement therapy is important for increasing bone mineral density in patients with Turner syndrome. Also, ERT affects differently to TS patients according to mosaicism.

Erratum: Correction of Text in the Article "Effects of Hormone Replacement Therapy on Bone Mineral Density in Korean Adults With Turner Syndrome".

This corrects the article on p. e9 in vol. 39, PMID: 38193328.

Identification of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms as Biomarkers for Recurrent Pregnancy Loss in Korean Women.

BACKGROUND: Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are reportedly associated with repeated abortion. Thus, genetic analysis based on race is the key to developing accurate diagnostic tests. This study analyzed the genetic polymorphisms of recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) patients among Korean women compared to the controls. METHODS: In 53 women of RPL group and 50 controls, the genetic analysis was performed. The genotype distribution and allele frequency were analyzed statistically for the difference between the two groups. The association between each SNP marker and RPL risk was analyzed. RESULTS: The genotypes of LEPR, endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), KDR, miR-27a, miR-449b, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were analyzed using odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Only the AG genotype of miR-449b (A>G) polymorphism showed significant association with the risk of RPL when compared to the AA genotype (OR, 2.39). The combination of GG/AG+GG/CA+AA genotypes for eNOS/miR-449b/TNF-α was associated with 7.36-fold higher risk of RPL (OR, 7.36). The GG/AG+GG combination for eNOS/miR-449b showed 2.43-fold higher risk for RPL (OR, 2.43). The combination of AG+GG/CA+AA genotypes for miR-449b/TNF-α showed a significant association with the risk of RPL (OR, 7.60). From the haplotype-based analysis, the G-G-A haplotype of eNOS/miR-449b/TNF-α and the G-A haplotype of miR-449b/TNF-α were associated with increased risk of RPL (OR, 19.31; OR, 22.08, respectively). CONCLUSION: There is a significant association between the risk of RPL and miR-449b/TNF-α combination, and therefore, genetic analysis for specific combined genotypes can be an important screening method for RPL in Korean women.

Optimized culture system to maximize ovarian cell growth and functionality in vitro.

Ovaries are the primary physiological source of female sex hormones, which play a crucial role in maintaining ovarian cycle, determining secondary sexual characteristics and preparing the endometrium for implantation. In vitro follicle engineering has been used to investigate follicle development, including ovarian hormone production and gamete maturation. To engineer functional follicles, culture and expansion of the primary ovarian cells are essential. However, the phenotypic and functional characteristics of primary ovarian cells are often lost during culture. The objective of this study is to develop an optimized culture system for maintaining ovarian cell growth and functionality. Granulosa cells (GCs) and theca cells (TCs) were isolated from female rats. The addition of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) or luteinizing hormone (LH) to the basal culture media significantly enhanced the secretion of estradiol from GCs and androstenedione from TCs. Serum concentrations of 5% and 10% had a similar role in promoting ovarian cell expansion and secretion of estradiol and androstenedione hormones from both types of cells. Growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9), bone morphogenic protein 15 (BMP15), BMP7 and basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) enhanced GC proliferation and estradiol production, respectively. Among them, the effect of bFGF was most significant. bFGF also enhanced TC proliferation. When GCs and TCs were cultured in 5% serum, gonadotropin and bFGF-containing medium, they proliferated exponentially throughout the culture period of up to 40 days while maintaining their functional characteristics. Taken together, these results indicate that our medium formula is optimal for maximizing proliferation of functionally differentiated ovarian cells.

Cytokines in culture media of preimplantation embryos during in vitro fertilization: Impact on embryo quality.

Cytokine support of embryonic development includes promotion of implantation and protection of blastomeres from cell stress and apoptosis. Correlations between embryo quality and concentrations of specific cytokines in culture media of human embryos have been investigated for many years. The aim of this study was to assess the concentrations of cytokines in preimplantation embryo culture media and to investigate their relationships with embryo quality and in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes. Seventy-two samples were obtained from 39 infertile couples undergoing IVF or intracytoplasmic sperm injection treatment between October 2018 and May 2019. Each embryo was cultured separately, and the embryo culture medium was collected 72 h after fertilization. Before embryo transfer on day 3, a morphological evaluation of each embryo was performed. Cytokine concentrations of each culture medium were analyzed for 23 selected cytokines using the Multiplex Cytokine/Chemokine Panel II Assay (Merck Millipore®). The results were categorized into two groups (top-quality and non-top-quality embryos). The median age of the 39 patients was 34 years. Nine of 23 cytokines were quantified and compared between the top-quality embryo group and non-top-quality embryo group. Among the nine cytokines, CCL15, CCL27, and CXCL-12 were significantly elevated in the top-quality embryo group. These results suggested that specific cytokines measured in human embryo culture media can be used to predict embryo quality and IVF outcomes.

Vulvar Crohn's disease in an adolescent diagnosed after unsuccessful surgical treatment.

BACKGROUND: This case report presents a case of Vulvar Crohn's disease (VCD) in an adolescent, that is an uncommon manifestation of Crohn's disease (CD) without gastrointestinal symptoms. Before treating CD itself with proper medication, vulvar abscess continued to recur without improvement. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of an 18-year-old woman with VCD. After treatment with azathioprine 50 mg daily and mesalazine 1 g three times daily, vulvar lesions resolved after 6 weeks. We collected electronic medical data on patient characteristics, and evaluated findings of physical examinations, pelvic MRI, and biopsy specimen obtained from gastroduodenoscopy/colonoscopy. CONCLUSIONS: VCD is a rare manifestation of CD that may be misdiagnosed in the absence of gastrointestinal symptoms leading to delayed treatment. If a patient has an unexplained vulvar inflammatory lesion and with repeated failed surgical treatment, gynecologists should consider the possibility of a VCD.

Robotic single-site versus multi-port myomectomy: a case-control study.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the compatibility of robotic single-site (RSS) myomectomy in comparison with the conventional robotic multi-port (RMP) myomectomy to achieve successful surgical outcomes with reliability and reproducibility. METHODS: This retrospective case-control study was performed on 236 robotic myomectomies at a university medical center. After 1:1 propensity score matching for the total myoma number, total myoma diameter, and patient age, 90 patients in each group (RSS: n = 90; RMP: n = 90) were evaluated. Patient demographics, preoperative parameters, intraoperative characteristics, and postoperative outcome measures were analyzed. RESULTS: The body mass index, parity, preoperative hemoglobin levels, mean maximal myoma diameter, and anatomical type of myoma showed no mean differences between RSS and RMP myomectomies. The RSS group was younger, had lesser number of myomas removed, and had a smaller sum of the maximal diameter of total myomas removed than the RMP group. After propensity score matching, the total operative time (RSS: 150.9 ± 57.1 min vs. RMP: 170 ± 74.5 min, p = 0.0296) was significantly shorter in the RSS group. The RSS group tended to have a longer docking time (RSS: 9.8 ± 6.5 min vs. RMP: 8 ± 6.2 min, p = 0.0527), shorter console time (RSS: 111.1 ± 52.3 min vs. RMP: 125.8 ± 65.1 min, p = 0.0665), and shorter time required for in-bag morcellation (RSS: 30.1 ± 17.2 min vs. RMP: 36.2 ± 25.7 min, p = 0.0684). The visual analog scale pain score 1 day postoperatively was significantly lower in the RSS group (RSS: 2.4 ± 0.8 days vs. RMP: 2.7 ± 0.8 days, p = 0.0149), with similar consumption of analgesic drugs. The rate of transfusion, estimated blood loss during the operation, and length of hospital stay were not different between the two modalities. No other noticeable complications were observed in either group. CONCLUSIONS: Da Vinci RSS myomectomy is a compatible option with regard to reproducibility and safety, without significantly compromising the number and sum of the maximal diameter of myomas removed. The advantage of shorter total operative time and less pain with the same amount of analgesic drugs in RSS myomectomy will contribute to improving patient satisfaction.

Potential roles of aquaporin 9 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Aquaporins (AQPs) are involved in cell migration, proliferation and carcinogenesis in tumor development and physiologic inflammatory processes, but their associations with endometriosis have not been fully evaluated. In this study, tissue samples were obtained from women undergoing laparoscopic surgery for endometriosis and other benign conditions. Analysis of expressions of AQP subtypes in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of patients with endometriosis (Eu-EMS and Ect-EMS, respectively) and eutopic endometrium of control patients without endometriosis (Eu-CTL) were performed using the NanoString nCounter System and western blotting. Human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) were cultured and transfected with the siRNA of the AQP of interest. Among the AQP1-9 subtypes, endometrial expression of AQP2 and AQP8 was significantly increased, whereas AQP9 expression was significantly decreased in the Eu-EMS group compared to the Eu-CTL group. Comparison of expression of AQP2, AQP8 and AQP9 among Eu-EMS, Ect-EMS and Eu-CTL groups revealed significant differences for only AQP9. Expression of AQP9 in the Eu-EMS group was decreased compared with that in Eu-CTL. After transfection of AQP9 siRNA in HESCs, expressions of MMP2 and MMP9 were significantly elevated. Increased expression of phosphorylated ERK 1/2 and phosphorylated p38 MAPK proteins after transfection was also confirmed using western blot analysis. Increased migration and invasion potentials of HESCs after transfection were determined by migration and wound healing assays. These findings suggest that AQP9 may be involved in the pathogenesis of endometriosis and warrant further investigation as a potential therapeutic target for treating endometriosis.

Effect of deflazacort on pregnancy outcome in kidney transplant patients: should we change the immunosuppressant before conception?

BACKGROUND: Despite the good prognosis in patients with transplant organs, limited evidence is available on how immunosuppressants affect pregnancy. The aim of this study was to determine whether immunosuppressant use affects the pregnancy outcome and to identify whether there is any need to change the immunosuppressant before the patient tries to conceive. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included women with previous kidney transplantation history who visited the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology for either infertility or antenatal care between January 2005 and May 2016. A total of 40 cases (36 women) met the inclusion criteria. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4. RESULTS: There were no differences in the immunosuppressant regimen between the pregnant and non-pregnant groups (never-pregnant+miscarriage) (P = 0.73). Individual immunosuppressant use was significantly different in terms of pregnancy outcome among the never-pregnant, miscarriage, and clinical pregnancy groups (azathioprine, P = 0.01; deflazacort, P < 0.0001). Only deflazacort use differed significantly between the clinical pregnancy and non-pregnant groups (P = 0.003). After adjusting for factors that may affect pregnancy outcome, deflazacort use remained significantly associated with a decreased odds ratio for clinical pregnancy (P = 0.02). Cox regression analysis also showed that deflazacort use was the only remaining factor that could hinder the success of clinical pregnancy (P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Our study suggests that the type of immunosuppressive regimen may not affect the success of clinical pregnancy. However, deflazacort may decrease the possibility of clinical pregnancy in women with kidney transplant when they try to conceive.

Use of the Endometriosis Fertility Index to Predict Natural Pregnancy after Endometriosis Surgery: A Single-Center Study.

AIMS: Our objective was to predict natural pregnancy after endometriosis surgery using the endometriosis fertility index (EFI). METHODS: A retrospective medical records review was conducted, examining patients surgically treated for endometriosis at a single center in Korea between January 2009 and February 2015. In total, 68 women attempting natural conception were analyzed by assessing age, preoperative serum CA-125, body mass index, revised American Fertility Society (rAFS) stage, EFI, and pregnancy outcome. Kaplan-Meier estimates and log-rank tests were used to generate cumulative natural pregnancy rate curves based on an EFI cut-point. A receiver-operating characteristic (ROC) curve was plotted for EFI. RESULTS: Seventy-seven patients attempted conceptions, resulting in 33 natural and 9 assisted conceptions. Excluding assisted conceptions, the mean EFI scores of 68 women who were not pregnant and pregnant were 5.43 ± 0.36 and 6.88 ± 0.28 respectively. The relation between EFI and natural pregnancy was significant (cumulative overall pregnancy rate, p = 0.006), whereas rAFS stage was not (univariate logistics, p = 0.853). The cut-point for maximum natural pregnancy outcomes was 6 (area under ROC curve = 0.710, 95% CI 0.586-0.835). CONCLUSION: The EFI is a reliable staging system for predicting natural pregnancy after endometriosis surgery. EFI scores can be used to guide postoperative treatment of women with endometriosis.

MiR-150-5p May Contribute to Pathogenesis of Human Leiomyoma via Regulation of the Akt/p27Kip1 Pathway In Vitro.

Uterine leiomyoma is found in ~50-80% of women of a reproductive age and is the most common reason for hysterectomy. Recently, posttranscriptional gene silencing by microRNAs (miRs) has been reported as a mechanism for regulating gene expression stability in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas. In this study, miR microarray analysis of leiomyomas and paired myometrial tissue revealed numerous aberrantly expressed miRs, including miR-150. In functional assays, transfection with miR-150 mimic resulted in decreased migration and fibrosis, implying an inhibition of leiomyoma growth. To identify the target genes of miR-150 in leiomyoma, gene set analysis and network analysis were performed. To overcome the limitations of in silico analysis, changes in expression levels of hallmark genes in leiomyoma after transfection with a miR-150 mimic were also evaluated using qRT-PCR. As a result, the Akt/p27Kip1 pathway was presumed to be one of the target pathways of miR-150. After transfecting cultured leiomyoma cells with the miR-150 mimic, expression levels of its target gene Akt decreased, whereas those of p27Kip1 increased significantly. Our results suggest that miR-150 affects the cell cycle regulation in uterine leiomyoma through the Akt/p27Kip1 pathway.

Role of B-Cell Translocation Gene 1 in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis.

Estrogen affects endometrial cellular proliferation by regulating the expression of the c-myc gene. B-cell translocation gene 1 (BTG1), a translocation partner of the c-myc, is a tumor suppressor gene that promotes apoptosis and negatively regulates cellular proliferation and cell-to-cell adhesion. The aim of this study was to determine the role of BTG1 in the pathogenesis of endometriosis. BTG1 mRNA and protein expression was evaluated in eutopic and ectopic endometrium of 30 patients with endometriosis (endometriosis group), and in eutopic endometrium of 22 patients without endometriosis (control group). The effect of BTG1 downregulation on cellular migration, proliferation, and apoptosis was evaluated using transfection of primarily cultured human endometrial stromal cells (HESCs) with BTG1 siRNA. BTG1 mRNA expression level of eutopic and ectopic endometrium of endometriosis group were significantly lower than that of the eutopic endometrium of the control group. Migration and wound healing assays revealed that BTG1 downregulation resulted in a significant increase in migration potential of HESCs, characterized by increased expression of matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2) and MMP9. Downregulation of BTG1 in HESCs significantly reduced Caspase 3 expression, indicating a decrease in apoptotic potential. In conclusion, our data suggest that downregulation of BTG1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of endometriosis.

Common Causes of Postmenopausal Bleeding in Korean Women: 10-Year Outcomes from a Single Medical Center.

The common causes of postmenopausal bleeding (PMB), according to the data from the western world, are atrophy, hormone replacement therapy (HRT), endometrial cancer, etc. We conducted a retrospective study to assess whether the causes of PMB in Korean postmenopausal women are similar to those already known. This retrospective study used 10-year medical records (March 2005 to December 2014) of 792 PMB women in the Yonsei University Health System. The data were divided into 2 categories by 5-year intervals to compare the differences between the 2 periods. The most common cause of PMB in Korean women was atrophy (51.1%). Polyps and HRT were the second, followed by anticoagulant medications, cervical cancer, and endometrial cancer. The proportion of patients with cervical cancer significantly decreased during the second half of the decade (8.7% vs. 5.2%; P = 0.048). Although no significant change was noted for HRT, its rank was higher during the latter 5-year period. Only the most common cause of PMB was the same as the conventional data. Interestingly, the proportion of patients with cervical cancer decreased during the latter half of the decade, reflecting the changes in the nation's cancer prevalence rate, while the use of HRT increased.

Alteration in the intrafollicular thiol-redox system in infertile women with endometriosis.

The aim of this study was to compare intrafollicular biomarkers of thiol-redox system and chronic inflammation in infertile patients with and without endometriosis, and examine correlations between biomarkers and IVF outcomes. The study included 65 patients receiving IVF: 31 patients with endometriosis vs 34 patients without endometriosis. Follicular fluid (FF) was obtained from a single-dominant follicle during oocyte retrieval and stored at -70 °C. Malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase 3 (GPX3), thioredoxin (TRX), TRX-binding protein 2 (TBP2), and peroxiredoxin-4 levels were measured in the FF samples by ELISAs as biomarkers of oxidative stress. The inflammatory cytokines interleukin 1 beta (IL1ß), IL6, IL8, and tumor-necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) were also measured by ELISAs. GSH levels were significantly lower in the endometriosis group compared with the controls. TBP2 levels were significantly higher in the endometriosis group. IL6, IL8, and TNFα levels were significantly higher in the endometriosis group. The levels of all of the inflammatory cytokines positively correlated with the levels of TRX. GSH levels positively correlated with the number of high-quality embryos. GPX3 and TRX levels negatively correlated with the percentage of mature oocytes. TNFα levels negatively correlated with the cumulative embryo score per embryo. Logistic regression analysis revealed that the number of high-quality embryos was an independent factor predicting clinical pregnancy. In conclusion, there may be an imbalance in the thiol-redox system and increased levels of inflammatory cytokines in the intrafollicular microenvironment of infertile patients with endometriosis, which may affect the qualities of the oocyte and embryo.

Evaluation of elevated urinary enolase I levels in patients with endometriosis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to validate and investigate the clinical value of urinary enolase I in patients with endometriosis. METHODS: Urine samples of 39 patients with histologically confirmed endometriosis and 20 patients without endometriosis were collected. Western blot analysis and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay were used to detect the increase of enolase I in patients' urine. RESULTS: Urinary enolase I expression corrected for creatinine ratio (non neuronal enolase (NNE)-Cr) was significantly greater in patients with endometriosis (p = 0.026). When the diagnostic performance of NNE-Cr was evaluated with serum CA-125 combination, the area under the curve was 0.821 (95% confidence interval 0.713-0.928) with sensitivity and specificity of 76.9% and 85.0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Elevated urinary enolase I, in conjunction with serum CA-125, may be used as a potential biomarker for endometriosis.

Postoperative levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system versus oral contraceptives after gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist treatment for preventing endometrioma recurrence.

OBJECTIVE: Although the levonorgestrel-releasing intrauterine system (LNG-IUS) is effective in reducing the recurrence of endometriosis-associated pain, its efficacy in preventing endometrioma recurrence is questionable. We compared the efficacy of postoperative use of LNG-IUS with oral contraceptives (OC) for preventing endometrioma recurrence. DESIGN: A retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Medical university hospital. POPULATION: Ninety-nine women with endometriomas. METHODS: A chart review was performed of women of reproductive age who had undergone laparoscopic surgery for endometrioma followed by three cycles of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (leuprolide acetate) treatment. Women were categorized into two groups: a group that had postoperative LNG-IUS placement (n = 42) and a group that received postoperative, cyclic, low-dose, monophasic, OCs (n = 57). Main outcome measures. Endometrioma recurrence was analyzed according to several clinical variables and postoperative treatment modalities. RESULTS: During the follow-up period (median 17 months), recurrent endometriomas were detected in eight women (8.1%). Patients with LNG-IUS had a recurrence rate of 4.8% (2/42), whereas women receiving OC had a recurrence rate of 10.5% (6/57). Cumulative recurrence-free survival assessment revealed that mean disease-free survival times for both groups were similar, but that for LNG-IUS was slightly longer than that for OC, with statistical significance (34.4 ± 1.0 months, 95% confidence interval 32.3­36.5, vs. 33.4 ± 1.3 months, 95% confidence interval 30.8­36.0, p = 0.045). Univariate analysis revealed a hazard ratio of 0.178 (95% confidence interval 0.029­1.075) (p = 0.060) for postoperative LNG-IUS use and endometrioma recurrence. However, for the multivariate regression analysis, only postoperative serum CA 125 levels were significantly associated with endometrioma recurrence (hazard ratio 1.012, p = 0.010). CONCLUSIONS: Postoperative LNG-IUS use seemed to be comparable to the use of cyclic OC in preventing endometrioma recurrence.