RESUMO
Divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) cotransports ferrous iron and protons and is the primary mechanism for uptake of nonheme iron by enterocytes. Inhibitors are potentially useful as therapeutic agents to treat iron overload disorders such as hereditary hemochromatosis or ß-thalassemia intermedia, provided that inhibition can be restricted to the duodenum. We used a calcein quench assay to identify human DMT1 inhibitors. Dimeric compounds were made to generate more potent compounds with low systemic exposure. Direct block of DMT1 was confirmed by voltage clamp measurements. The lead compound, XEN602, strongly inhibits dietary nonheme iron uptake in both rats and pigs yet has negligible systemic exposure. Efficacy is maintained for >2 weeks in a rat subchronic dosing assay. Doses that lowered iron content in the spleen and liver by >50% had no effect on the tissue content of other divalent cations except for cobalt. XEN602 represents a powerful pharmacological tool for understanding the physiologic function of DMT1 in the gut. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: This report introduces methodology to develop potent, gut-restricted inhibitors of divalent metal transporter 1 (DMT1) and identifies XEN602 as a suitable compound for in vivo studies. We also report novel animal models to quantify the inhibition of dietary uptake of iron in both rodents and pigs. This research shows that inhibition of DMT1 is a promising means to treat iron overload disorders.
Assuntos
Sobrecarga de Ferro , Humanos , Ratos , Animais , Suínos , Sobrecarga de Ferro/tratamento farmacológico , Ferro/metabolismo , Transporte Biológico , Proteínas de Ligação ao Ferro/metabolismo , Modelos AnimaisRESUMO
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) plays an important role in lipid metabolism. Inhibition of SCD1 activity represents a potential novel approach for the treatment of metabolic diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes and dyslipidemia, as well as skin diseases, acne and cancer. Herein, we report the synthesis and structure-activity relationships (SAR) of a series of novel triazolone derivatives, culminating in the identification of pyrazolyltriazolone 17a, a potent SCD1 inhibitor, which reduced plasma C16:1/C16:0 triglycerides desaturation index (DI) in an acute Lewis rat model in a dose dependent manner, with an ED50 of 4.6 mg/kg. In preliminary safety studies, compound 17a did not demonstrate adverse effects related to SCD1 inhibition after repeat dosing at 100mg/kg. Together, these data suggest that sufficient safety margins can be achieved with certain SCD1 inhibitors, thus allowing exploration of clinical utility in metabolic disease settings.
Assuntos
Estearoil-CoA Dessaturase/antagonistas & inibidores , Triazóis/química , Triazóis/farmacologia , Animais , Descoberta de Drogas , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Metabolismo dos Lipídeos/efeitos dos fármacos , Doenças Metabólicas/tratamento farmacológico , Camundongos , Ratos , Ratos Endogâmicos Lew , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Several five- and six-membered heterocycles were introduced to replace the C2-position amide bond of the original 2-aminothiazole-based hit compound 5. Specifically, replacement of the amide bond with an imidazolidinone moiety yielded a novel and potent thiazolylimidazolidinone series of SCD1 inhibitors. XEN723 (compound 22) was identified after optimization of the thiazolylimidazolidinone series. This compound demonstrated a 560-fold improvement in in vitro potency and reduced plasma desaturation indices in a dose dependent manner, with an EC50 of 4.5 mg/kg.
Assuntos
Amidas/química , Descoberta de Drogas/métodos , Imidazolidinas/química , Doenças Metabólicas , Estearoil-CoA Dessaturase/antagonistas & inibidores , Amidas/farmacologia , Amidas/uso terapêutico , Animais , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos/métodos , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Feminino , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Imidazolidinas/farmacologia , Imidazolidinas/uso terapêutico , Doenças Metabólicas/tratamento farmacológico , Doenças Metabólicas/enzimologia , Camundongos , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Estearoil-CoA Dessaturase/metabolismoRESUMO
The voltage gated sodium channel Nav1.7 represents an interesting target for the treatment of pain. Human genetic studies have identified the crucial role of Nav1.7 in pain signaling. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a novel series of benzenesulfonamide-based Nav1.7 inhibitors. Structural-activity relationship (SAR) studies were undertaken towards improving Nav1.7 activity and minimizing CYP inhibition. These efforts resulted in the identification of compound 12k, a highly potent Nav1.7 inhibitor with a thousand-fold selectivity over Nav1.5 and negligible CYP inhibition.
Assuntos
Citocromo P-450 CYP3A/metabolismo , Descoberta de Drogas , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/farmacologia , Relação Dose-Resposta a Droga , Inibidores Enzimáticos/síntese química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Humanos , Estrutura Molecular , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/síntese química , Sulfonamidas/química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/síntese química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/química , BenzenossulfonamidasRESUMO
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Inhibitors of voltage-gated sodium channels (NaVs) are important anti-epileptic drugs, but the contribution of specific channel isoforms is unknown since available inhibitors are non-selective. We aimed to create novel, isoform selective inhibitors of Nav channels as a means of informing the development of improved antiseizure drugs. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH: We created a series of compounds with diverse selectivity profiles enabling block of NaV1.6 alone or together with NaV1.2. These novel NaV inhibitors were evaluated for their ability to inhibit electrically evoked seizures in mice with a heterozygous gain-of-function mutation (N1768D/+) in Scn8a (encoding NaV1.6) and in wild-type mice. KEY RESULTS: Pharmacologic inhibition of NaV1.6 in Scn8aN1768D/+ mice prevented seizures evoked by a 6-Hz shock. Inhibitors were also effective in a direct current maximal electroshock seizure assay in wild-type mice. NaV1.6 inhibition correlated with efficacy in both models, even without inhibition of other CNS NaV isoforms. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: Our data suggest NaV1.6 inhibition is a driver of efficacy for NaV inhibitor anti-seizure medicines. Sparing the NaV1.1 channels of inhibitory interneurons did not compromise efficacy. Selective NaV1.6 inhibitors may provide targeted therapies for human Scn8a developmental and epileptic encephalopathies and improved treatments for idiopathic epilepsies.
RESUMO
New drugs to treat tuberculosis which target intractable bacterial populations are required to develop shorter and more effective treatment regimens. The benzene amide ether scaffold has activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but low activity against extracellular, actively replicating M. tuberculosis. We determined that these molecules have bactericidal activity against non-replicating M. tuberculosis but not actively replicating bacteria. Exposure to compounds depleted ATP levels in non-replicating bacteria and increased the oxygen consumption rate; a subset of molecules led to the accumulation of intrabacterial reactive oxygen species. A comprehensive screen of M. tuberculosis strains identified a number of under-expressing strains as more sensitive to compounds under replicating conditions including QcrA and QcrB hypomorphs. We determined the global gene expression profile after compound treatment for both replicating and nutrient-starved M. tuberculosis. We saw compound-dependent changes in the expression of genes involved in energy metabolism under both conditions. Taken together, our data suggest that the scaffold targets respiration in M. tuberculosis.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose , Humanos , Antituberculosos/metabolismo , Benzeno/farmacologia , Éter/metabolismo , Éter/farmacologia , Éter/uso terapêutico , Amidas/farmacologia , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Tuberculose/tratamento farmacológico , Tuberculose/microbiologia , Etil-Éteres/metabolismo , Etil-Éteres/farmacologia , Etil-Éteres/uso terapêutico , Éteres/metabolismo , Éteres/farmacologia , Éteres/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Inhibition of intestinal brush border DMT1 offers a novel therapeutic approach to the prevention and treatment of disorders of iron overload. Several series of diaryl and tricyclic benzylisothiourea compounds as novel and potent DMT1 inhibitors were discovered from the original hit compound 1. These compounds demonstrated in vitro potency against DMT1, desirable cell permeability properties and a dose-dependent inhibition of iron uptake in an acute rat model of iron hyperabsorption. Tricyclic compounds increased the in vitro potency by up to 16-fold versus the original hit. Diaryl compounds 6b and 14a demonstrated significant iron absorption inhibition in vivo with both 25 and 50 mg/kg doses. The diaryl and tricyclic compounds described in this report represent promising structural templates for further optimization.
Assuntos
Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/antagonistas & inibidores , Tioureia/química , Animais , Células CACO-2 , Proteínas de Transporte de Cátions/metabolismo , Permeabilidade da Membrana Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Modelos Animais de Doenças , Avaliação Pré-Clínica de Medicamentos , Humanos , Ferro/metabolismo , Sobrecarga de Ferro/metabolismo , Sobrecarga de Ferro/patologia , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Tioureia/síntese química , Tioureia/farmacologiaRESUMO
We previously identified a phenylthiourea series with activity against intracellular Mycobacterium tuberculosis using a high-throughput, high-content assay. We conducted a catalog structure-activity relationship study with a collection of 35 analogs. We identified several thiourea derivatives with excellent potency against intracellular bacteria and good selectivity over eukaryotic cells. Compounds had much lower activity against extracellular bacteria, which was not increased by using cholesterol as the sole carbon source. Compounds were equally active against strains with mutations in QcrB or MmpL3, thereby excluding common, promiscuous targets as the mode of action. The phenylthiourea series represents a good starting point for further exploration to develop novel antitubercular agents. IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the highest number of deaths from a bacterial pathogen, with >1.5 million in 2020. M. tuberculosis is a sophisticated pathogen that can replicate inside immune cells. There is an urgent need for new drugs to combat M. tuberculosis and to shorten therapy from 6 to 24 months. We have identified a series of molecules that inhibit the growth of M. tuberculosis inside macrophages; we tested a number of derivatives to link structural features to biological activity. The compounds are likely to have novel mechanism of action and so could be developed as new agents for drug-resistant tuberculosis.
Assuntos
Mycobacterium tuberculosis , Tuberculose dos Linfonodos , Tuberculose Resistente a Múltiplos Medicamentos , Antituberculosos/química , Antituberculosos/farmacologia , Humanos , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , FeniltioureiaRESUMO
NBI-921352 (formerly XEN901) is a novel sodium channel inhibitor designed to specifically target NaV1.6 channels. Such a molecule provides a precision-medicine approach to target SCN8A-related epilepsy syndromes (SCN8A-RES), where gain-of-function (GoF) mutations lead to excess NaV1.6 sodium current, or other indications where NaV1.6 mediated hyper-excitability contributes to disease (Gardella and Møller, 2019; Johannesen et al., 2019; Veeramah et al., 2012). NBI-921352 is a potent inhibitor of NaV1.6 (IC500.051 µM), with exquisite selectivity over other sodium channel isoforms (selectivity ratios of 756 X for NaV1.1, 134 X for NaV1.2, 276 X for NaV1.7, and >583 Xfor NaV1.3, NaV1.4, and NaV1.5). NBI-921352is a state-dependent inhibitor, preferentially inhibiting inactivatedchannels. The state dependence leads to potent stabilization of inactivation, inhibiting NaV1.6 currents, including resurgent and persistent NaV1.6 currents, while sparing the closed/rested channels. The isoform-selective profile of NBI-921352 led to a robust inhibition of action-potential firing in glutamatergic excitatory pyramidal neurons, while sparing fast-spiking inhibitory interneurons, where NaV1.1 predominates. Oral administration of NBI-921352 prevented electrically induced seizures in a Scn8a GoF mouse,as well as in wild-type mouse and ratseizure models. NBI-921352 was effective in preventing seizures at lower brain and plasma concentrations than commonly prescribed sodium channel inhibitor anti-seizure medicines (ASMs) carbamazepine, phenytoin, and lacosamide. NBI-921352 waswell tolerated at higher multiples of the effective plasma and brain concentrations than those ASMs. NBI-921352 is entering phase II proof-of-concept trials for the treatment of SCN8A-developmental epileptic encephalopathy (SCN8A-DEE) and adult focal-onset seizures.
Assuntos
Epilepsia , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.6 , Animais , Mutação com Ganho de Função , Camundongos , Mutação , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.6/genética , Neurônios/fisiologia , Ratos , Sódio , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Sódio/farmacologiaRESUMO
Starting from the oxindole 2a identified through a high-throughput screening campaign, a series of Na(V)1.7 blockers were developed. Following the elimination of undesirable structural features, preliminary optimization of the oxindole C-3 and N-1 substituents afforded the simplified analogue 9b, which demonstrated a 10-fold increase in target potency versus the original HTS hit. A scaffold rigidification strategy then led to the discovery of XEN907, a novel spirooxindole Na(V)1.7 blocker. This lead compound, which in turn showed a further 10-fold increase in potency, represents a promising structure for further optimization efforts.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/síntese química , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Indóis/síntese química , Indóis/farmacologia , Dor , Canais de Sódio/metabolismo , Compostos de Espiro/síntese química , Compostos de Espiro/farmacologia , Analgésicos/química , Regulação da Expressão Gênica/efeitos dos fármacos , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Indóis/química , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Estrutura Molecular , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7 , Oxindóis , Compostos de Espiro/química , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Nav1.7 is an extensively investigated target for pain with a strong genetic link in humans, yet in spite of this effort, it remains challenging to identify efficacious, selective, and safe inhibitors. Here, we disclose the discovery and preclinical profile of GDC-0276 (1) and GDC-0310 (2), selective Nav1.7 inhibitors that have completed Phase 1 trials. Our initial search focused on close-in analogues to early compound 3. This resulted in the discovery of GDC-0276 (1), which possessed improved metabolic stability and an acceptable overall pharmacokinetics profile. To further derisk the predicted human pharmacokinetics and enable QD dosing, additional optimization of the scaffold was conducted, resulting in the discovery of a novel series of N-benzyl piperidine Nav1.7 inhibitors. Improvement of the metabolic stability by blocking the labile benzylic position led to the discovery of GDC-0310 (2), which possesses improved Nav selectivity and pharmacokinetic profile over 1.
Assuntos
Azetidinas/farmacologia , Benzamidas/farmacologia , Descoberta de Drogas , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/farmacologia , Animais , Azetidinas/química , Azetidinas/farmacocinética , Benzamidas/química , Benzamidas/farmacocinética , Células Cultivadas , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Piperidinas/química , Piperidinas/farmacocinética , Piperidinas/farmacologia , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
Nonselective antagonists of voltage-gated sodium (NaV) channels have been long used for the treatment of epilepsies. The efficacy of these drugs is thought to be due to the block of sodium channels on excitatory neurons, primarily NaV1.6 and NaV1.2. However, these currently marketed drugs require high drug exposure and suffer from narrow therapeutic indices. Selective inhibition of NaV1.6, while sparing NaV1.1, is anticipated to provide a more effective and better tolerated treatment for epilepsies. In addition, block of NaV1.2 may complement the anticonvulsant activity of NaV1.6 inhibition. We discovered a novel series of aryl sulfonamides as CNS-penetrant, isoform-selective NaV1.6 inhibitors, which also displayed potent block of NaV1.2. Optimization focused on increasing selectivity over NaV1.1, improving metabolic stability, reducing active efflux, and addressing a pregnane X-receptor liability. We obtained compounds 30-32, which produced potent anticonvulsant activity in mouse seizure models, including a direct current maximal electroshock seizure assay.
Assuntos
Amidas/química , Sistema Nervoso Central/metabolismo , Epilepsia/tratamento farmacológico , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.6/metabolismo , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Sódio/metabolismo , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Sódio/farmacologia , Animais , Cães , Células Hep G2 , Humanos , Células Madin Darby de Rim Canino , Camundongos , Modelos Moleculares , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.6/química , Domínios Proteicos , Isoformas de Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoformas de Proteínas/química , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Sódio/química , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Sódio/uso terapêutico , Relação Estrutura-AtividadeRESUMO
Using structure- and ligand-based design principles, a novel series of piperidyl chromane arylsulfonamide Nav1.7 inhibitors was discovered. Early optimization focused on improvement of potency through refinement of the low energy ligand conformation and mitigation of high in vivo clearance. An in vitro hepatotoxicity hazard was identified and resolved through optimization of lipophilicity and lipophilic ligand efficiency to arrive at GNE-616 (24), a highly potent, metabolically stable, subtype selective inhibitor of Nav1.7. Compound 24 showed a robust PK/PD response in a Nav1.7-dependent mouse model, and site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify residues critical for the isoform selectivity profile of 24.
Assuntos
Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/química , Sulfonamidas/química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/química , Analgésicos/química , Analgésicos/metabolismo , Analgésicos/farmacologia , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Linhagem Celular , Sobrevivência Celular/efeitos dos fármacos , Dor Crônica/tratamento farmacológico , Dor Crônica/patologia , Cães , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Ligantes , Masculino , Camundongos , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Mutagênese Sítio-Dirigida , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/genética , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Isoformas de Proteínas/antagonistas & inibidores , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Ratos , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/metabolismo , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/farmacologia , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Herein, we report the discovery and optimization of a series of orally bioavailable acyl sulfonamide NaV1.7 inhibitors that are selective for NaV1.7 over NaV1.5 and highly efficacious in in vivo models of pain and hNaV1.7 target engagement. An analysis of the physicochemical properties of literature NaV1.7 inhibitors suggested that acyl sulfonamides with high fsp3 could overcome some of the pharmacokinetic (PK) and efficacy challenges seen with existing series. Parallel library syntheses lead to the identification of analogue 7, which exhibited moderate potency against NaV1.7 and an acceptable PK profile in rodents, but relatively poor stability in human liver microsomes. Further, design strategy then focused on the optimization of potency against hNaV1.7 and improvement of human metabolic stability, utilizing induced fit docking in our previously disclosed X-ray cocrystal of the NaV1.7 voltage sensing domain. These investigations culminated in the discovery of tool compound 33, one of the most potent and efficacious NaV1.7 inhibitors reported to date.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/química , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/química , Sulfonamidas/química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/química , Analgésicos/metabolismo , Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Desenho de Fármacos , Meia-Vida , Humanos , Masculino , Camundongos , Camundongos Transgênicos , Microssomos Hepáticos/metabolismo , Simulação de Acoplamento Molecular , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Dor/induzido quimicamente , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Dor/patologia , Estrutura Terciária de Proteína , Ratos , Ratos Sprague-Dawley , Relação Estrutura-Atividade , Sulfonamidas/metabolismo , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/metabolismo , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
Selective block of NaV1.7 promises to produce non-narcotic analgesic activity without motor or cognitive impairment. Several NaV1.7-selective blockers have been reported, but efficacy in animal pain models required high multiples of the IC50 for channel block. Here, we report a target engagement assay using transgenic mice that has enabled the development of a second generation of selective Nav1.7 inhibitors that show robust analgesic activity in inflammatory and neuropathic pain models at low multiples of the IC50. Like earlier arylsulfonamides, these newer acylsulfonamides target a binding site on the surface of voltage sensor domain 4 to achieve high selectivity among sodium channel isoforms and steeply state-dependent block. The improved efficacy correlates with very slow dissociation from the target channel. Chronic dosing increases compound potency about 10-fold, possibly due to reversal of sensitization arising during chronic injury, and provides efficacy that persists long after the compound has cleared from plasma.
Assuntos
Analgésicos/uso terapêutico , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Neuralgia/tratamento farmacológico , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Sódio/uso terapêutico , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Analgésicos/farmacocinética , Animais , Sítios de Ligação , Células Cultivadas , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Concentração Inibidora 50 , Camundongos , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/química , Ligação Proteica , Bloqueadores dos Canais de Sódio/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinéticaRESUMO
The sodium channel NaV1.7 has emerged as a promising target for the treatment of pain based on strong genetic validation of its role in nociception. In recent years, a number of aryl and acyl sulfonamides have been reported as potent inhibitors of NaV1.7, with high selectivity over the cardiac isoform NaV1.5. Herein, we report on the discovery of a novel series of N-([1,2,4]triazolo[4,3- a]pyridin-3-yl)methanesulfonamides as selective NaV1.7 inhibitors. Starting with the crystal structure of an acyl sulfonamide, we rationalized that cyclization to form a fused heterocycle would improve physicochemical properties, in particular lipophilicity. Our design strategy focused on optimization of potency for block of NaV1.7 and human metabolic stability. Lead compounds 10, 13 (GNE-131), and 25 showed excellent potency, good in vitro metabolic stability, and low in vivo clearance in mouse, rat, and dog. Compound 13 also displayed excellent efficacy in a transgenic mouse model of induced pain.
Assuntos
Desenho de Fármacos , Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem NAV1.7/metabolismo , Dor/tratamento farmacológico , Sulfonamidas/química , Sulfonamidas/farmacologia , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/química , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/farmacologia , Sequência de Aminoácidos , Animais , Cães , Estabilidade de Medicamentos , Humanos , Cinética , Camundongos , Conformação Molecular , Dor/metabolismo , Ratos , Sulfonamidas/farmacocinética , Sulfonamidas/uso terapêutico , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/farmacocinética , Bloqueadores do Canal de Sódio Disparado por Voltagem/uso terapêuticoRESUMO
We report on a novel series of aryl sulfonamides that act as nanomolar potent, isoform-selective inhibitors of the human sodium channel hNaV1.7. The optimization of these inhibitors is described. We aimed to improve potency against hNaV1.7 while minimizing off-target safety concerns and generated compound 3. This agent displayed significant analgesic effects in rodent models of acute and inflammatory pain and demonstrated that binding to the voltage sensor domain 4 site of NaV1.7 leads to an analgesic effect in vivo. Our findings corroborate the importance of hNaV1.7 as a drug target for the treatment of pain.
RESUMO
Stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) catalyzes de novo synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids from saturated fatty acids. Studies have demonstrated that rodents lacking a functional SCD1 gene have an improved metabolic profile, including reduced weight gain, lower triglycerides, and improved insulin response. In this study, we discovered a series of piperazinylpyridazine-based highly potent, selective, and orally bioavailable compounds. Particularly, compound 49 (XEN103) was highly active in vitro (mSCD1 IC(50) = 14 nM and HepG2 IC(50) = 12 nM) and efficacious in vivo (ED(50) = 0.8 mg/kg). It also demonstrated striking reduction of weight gain in a rodent model. Our findings with small-molecule SCD1 inhibitors confirm the importance of this target in metabolic regulation, describe novel models for assessing SCD1 inhibitors for efficacy and tolerability and demonstrate an opportunity to develop a novel therapy for metabolic disease.
Assuntos
Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Síndrome Metabólica/tratamento farmacológico , Obesidade/tratamento farmacológico , Piperazinas/uso terapêutico , Piridazinas/uso terapêutico , Estearoil-CoA Dessaturase/antagonistas & inibidores , Animais , Inibidores Enzimáticos/química , Inibidores Enzimáticos/farmacologia , Humanos , Espectroscopia de Ressonância Magnética , Camundongos , Piperazinas/química , Piperazinas/farmacologia , Piridazinas/química , Piridazinas/farmacologia , Ratos , Ratos Zucker , Espectrometria de Massas por Ionização por ElectrosprayRESUMO
The synthesis of a new endo-calix[4]naphthalene is described. The reaction sequence involves the cyclocondensation of a key bisnaphthylmethane intermediate (8) with formaldehyde. This key intermediate (8) is formed using a modified Suzuki-Miyaura Pd-catalyzed cross-coupling reaction between bromomethylnaphthyl (6) and naphthylboronic acid (7), both of which can be derived from 2-hydroxynaphthoic acid.