Analysis of the intramolecular 1,7-lactone of N-acetylneuraminic acid using HPLC-MS: relationship between detection and stability.

A subclass of the sialic acid family consists of intramolecular lactones that may function as key indicators of physiological and pathological states. However, the existence of these compounds in free form is highly improbable, since they are unlikely to exist in an aqueous solution due to their lability. Current analytical method used to detect them in biological fluids has not recognized their reactivity in solution and is prone to misidentification. However, recent advances in synthetic methods for 1,7-lactones have allowed the preparation of these sialic acid derivatives as authentic reference standards. We report here the development of a new HPLC-MS method for the simultaneous detection of the 1,7-lactone of N-acetylneuraminic acid, its γ-lactone derivative, and N-acetylneuraminic acid that overcomes the limitations of the previous analytical procedure for their identification.

Regulation of Satellite Cells Functions during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration: A Critical Step in Physiological and Pathological Conditions.

Skeletal muscle regeneration is a complex process involving the generation of new myofibers after trauma, competitive physical activity, or disease. In this context, adult skeletal muscle stem cells, also known as satellite cells (SCs), play a crucial role in regulating muscle tissue homeostasis and activating regeneration. Alterations in their number or function have been associated with various pathological conditions. The main factors involved in the dysregulation of SCs' activity are inflammation, oxidative stress, and fibrosis. This review critically summarizes the current knowledge on the role of SCs in skeletal muscle regeneration. It examines the changes in the activity of SCs in three of the most common and severe muscle disorders: sarcopenia, muscular dystrophy, and cancer cachexia. Understanding the molecular mechanisms involved in their dysregulations is essential for improving current treatments, such as exercise, and developing personalized approaches to reactivate SCs.

Challenges in Brugada Syndrome Stratification: Investigating SCN5A Mutation Localization and Clinical Phenotypes.

Brugada Syndrome (BrS) is a genetic heart condition linked to sudden cardiac death. Though the SCN5A gene is primarily associated with BrS, there is a lack of comprehensive studies exploring the connection between SCN5A mutation locations and the clinical presentations of the syndrome. This study aimed to address this gap and gain further understanding of the syndrome. The investigation classified 36 high-risk BrS patients based on SCN5A mutations within the transmembrane/structured (TD) and intra-domain loops (IDLs) lacking a 3D structure. We characterized the intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) abundant in IDLs, using bioinformatics tools to predict IDRs and post-translational modifications (PTMs) in NaV1.5. Interestingly, it was found that current predictive tools often underestimate the impacts of mutations in IDLs and disordered regions. Moreover, patients with SCN5A mutations confined to IDL regions-previously deemed 'benign'-displayed clinical symptoms similar to those carrying 'damaging' variants. Our research illuminates the difficulty in stratifying patients based on SCN5A mutation locations, emphasizing the vital role of IDLs in the NaV1.5 channel's functioning and protein interactions. We advocate for caution when using predictive tools for mutation evaluation in these regions and call for the development of improved strategies in accurately assessing BrS risk.

Neu3 Sialidase Activates the RISK Cardioprotective Signaling Pathway during Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury (IRI).

Coronary reperfusion strategies are life-saving approaches to restore blood flow to cardiac tissue after acute myocardial infarction (AMI). However, the sudden restoration of normal blood flow leads to ischemia and reperfusion injury (IRI), which results in cardiomyoblast death, irreversible tissue degeneration, and heart failure. The molecular mechanism of IRI is not fully understood, and there are no effective cardioprotective strategies to prevent it. In this study, we show that activation of sialidase-3, a glycohydrolytic enzyme that cleaves sialic acid residues from glycoconjugates, is cardioprotective by triggering RISK pro-survival signaling pathways. We found that overexpression of Neu3 significantly increased cardiomyoblast resistance to IRI through activation of HIF-1α and Akt/Erk signaling pathways. This raises the possibility of using Sialidase-3 activation as a cardioprotective reperfusion strategy after myocardial infarction.

Human Sarcopenic Myoblasts Can Be Rescued by Pharmacological Reactivation of HIF-1α.

Sarcopenia, an age-related decline in muscle mass and strength, is associated with metabolic disease and increased risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. It is associated with decreased tissue vascularization and muscle atrophy. In this work, we investigated the role of the hypoxia inducible factor HIF-1α in sarcopenia. To this end, we obtained skeletal muscle biopsies from elderly sarcopenic patients and compared them with those from young individuals. We found a decrease in the expression of HIF-1α and its target genes in sarcopenia, as well as of PAX7, the major stem cell marker of satellite cells, whereas the atrophy marker MURF1 was increased. We also isolated satellite cells from muscle biopsies and cultured them in vitro. We found that a pharmacological activation of HIF-1α and its target genes caused a reduction in skeletal muscle atrophy and activation of PAX7 gene expression. In conclusion, in this work we found that HIF-1α plays a role in sarcopenia and is involved in satellite cell homeostasis. These results support further studies to test whether pharmacological reactivation of HIF-1α could prevent and counteract sarcopenia.

Alterations of the Sialylation Machinery in Brugada Syndrome.

Brugada Syndrome (BrS) is an inherited arrhythmogenic disorder with an increased risk of sudden cardiac death. Recent evidence suggests that BrS should be considered as an oligogenic or polygenic condition. Mutations in genes associated with BrS are found in about one-third of patients and they mainly disrupt the cardiac sodium channel NaV1.5, which is considered the main cause of the disease. However, voltage-gated channel's activity could be impacted by post-translational modifications such as sialylation, but their role in BrS remains unknown. Thus, we analyzed high risk BrS patients (n = 42) and healthy controls (n = 42) to assess an involvement of sialylation in BrS. Significant alterations in gene expression and protein sialylation were detected in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells (PBMCs) from BrS patients. These changes were significantly associated with the phenotypic expression of the disease, as the size of the arrhythmogenic substrate and the duration of epicardial electrical abnormalities. Moreover, protein desialylation caused a reduction in the sodium current in an in vitro NaV1.5-overexpressing model. Dysregulation of the sialylation machinery provides definitive evidence that BrS affects extracardiac tissues, suggesting an underlying cause of the disease. Moreover, detection of these changes at the systemic level and their correlation with the clinical phenotype hint at the existence of a biomarker signature for BrS.

The antithetic role of ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate in cardiac dysfunction.

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally and the number of cardiovascular patients, which is estimated to be over 30 million in 2018, represent a challenging issue for the healthcare systems worldwide. Therefore, the identification of novel molecular targets to develop new treatments is an ongoing challenge for the scientific community. In this context, sphingolipids (SLs) have been progressively recognized as potent bioactive compounds that play crucial roles in the modulation of several key biological processes, such as proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Furthermore, SLs involvement in cardiac physiology and pathophysiology attracted much attention, since these molecules could be crucial in the development of CVDs. Among SLs, ceramide and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) represent the most studied bioactive lipid mediators, which are characterized by opposing activities in the regulation of the fate of cardiac cells. In particular, maintaining the balance of the so-called ceramide/S1P rheostat emerged as an important novel therapeutical target to counteract CVDs. Thus, this review aims at critically summarizing the current knowledge about the antithetic roles of ceramide and S1P in cardiomyocytes dysfunctions, highlighting how the modulation of their metabolism through specific molecules, such as myriocin and FTY720, could represent a novel and interesting therapeutic approach to improve the management of CVDs.

Role of sialidase Neu3 and ganglioside GM3 in cardiac fibroblasts activation.

Cardiac fibrosis is a key physiological response to cardiac tissue injury to protect the heart from wall rupture. However, its progression increases heart stiffness, eventually causing a decrease in heart contractility. Unfortunately, to date, no efficient antifibrotic therapies are available to the clinic. This is primarily due to the complexity of the process, which involves several cell types and signaling pathways. For instance, the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß) signaling pathway has been recognized to be vital for myofibroblasts activation and fibrosis progression. In this context, complex sphingolipids, such as ganglioside GM3, have been shown to be directly involved in TGF-ß receptor 1 (TGF-R1) activation. In this work, we report that an induced up-regulation of sialidase Neu3, a glycohydrolytic enzyme involved in ganglioside cell homeostasis, can significantly reduce cardiac fibrosis in primary cultures of human cardiac fibroblasts by inhibiting the TGF-ß signaling pathway, ultimately decreasing collagen I deposition. These results support the notion that modulating ganglioside GM3 cell content could represent a novel therapeutic approach for cardiac fibrosis, warranting for further investigations.

Hypoxia as a Stimulus for the Maturation of Meniscal Cells: Highway to Novel Tissue Engineering Strategies?

The meniscus possesses low self-healing properties. A perfect regenerative technique for this tissue has not yet been developed. This work aims to evaluate the role of hypoxia in meniscal development in vitro. Menisci from neonatal pigs (day 0) were harvested and cultured under two different atmospheric conditions: hypoxia (1% O2) and normoxia (21% O2) for up to 14 days. Samples were analysed at 0, 7 and 14 days by histochemical (Safranin-O staining), immunofluorescence and RT-PCR (in both methods for SOX-9, HIF-1α, collagen I and II), and biochemical (DNA, GAGs, DNA/GAGs ratio) techniques to record any possible differences in the maturation of meniscal cells. Safranin-O staining showed increments in matrix deposition and round-shape "fibro-chondrocytic" cells in hypoxia-cultured menisci compared with controls under normal atmospheric conditions. The same maturation shifting was observed by immunofluorescence and RT-PCR analysis: SOX-9 and collagen II increased from day zero up to 14 days under a hypoxic environment. An increment of DNA/GAGs ratio typical of mature meniscal tissue (characterized by fewer cells and more GAGs) was observed by biochemical analysis. This study shows that hypoxia can be considered as a booster to achieve meniscal cell maturation, and opens new opportunities in the field of meniscus tissue engineering.

Testing Hypoxia in Pig Meniscal Culture: Biological Role of the Vascular-Related Factors in the Differentiation and Viability of Neonatal Meniscus.

Menisci play an essential role in shock absorption, joint stability, load resistance and its transmission thanks to their conformation. Adult menisci can be divided in three zones based on the vascularization: an avascular inner zone with no blood supply, a fully vascularized outer zone, and an intermediate zone. This organization, in addition to the incomplete knowledge about meniscal biology, composition, and gene expression, makes meniscal regeneration still one of the major challenges both in orthopedics and in tissue engineering. To overcome this issue, we aimed to investigate the role of hypoxia in the differentiation of the three anatomical areas of newborn piglet menisci (anterior horn (A), central body (C), and posterior horn (P)) and its effects on vascular factors. After sample collection, menisci were divided in A, C, P, and they were cultured in vitro under hypoxic (1% O2) and normoxic (21% O2) conditions at four different experimental time points (T0 = day of explant; T7 = day 7; T10 = day 10; T14 = day 14); samples were then evaluated through immune, histological, and molecular analyses, cell morpho-functional characteristics; with particular focus on matrix composition and expression of vascular factors. It was observed that hypoxia retained the initial phenotype of cells and induced extracellular matrix production resembling a mature tissue. Hypoxia also modulated the expression of angiogenic factors, especially in the early phase of the study. Thus, we observed that hypoxia contributes to the fibro-chondrogenic differentiation with the involvement of angiogenic factors, especially in the posterior horn, which corresponds to the predominant weight-bearing portion.

2ß-3,4-Unsaturated sialic acid derivatives: Synthesis optimization, and biological evaluation as Newcastle disease virus hemagglutinin-neuraminidase inhibitors.

The optimization of the synthetic protocol to obtain the 3,4-unsaturated sialic acid derivatives, through the fine-tuning of both the Ferrier glycosylation conditions and the subsequent hydrolysis work-up, is herein reported. The accomplishment of the desired ß-anomers and some selected α-ones, in pure form, led us to evaluate their specific inhibitory activity towards NDV-HN and human sialidase NEU3. Importantly, the resulting data allowed the identification, for the first time, of three active 3,4-unsaturated sialic acid analogs, showing IC50 values against NDV-HN in the micromolar range.

Lactonization Method To Assign the Anomeric Configuration of the 3,4-Unsaturated Congeners of N-Acetylneuraminic Acid.

Assigning the correct configuration at C2 in sialosides is a standing problem because of the absence of an anomeric hydrogen. All different empirical rules that have been proposed over the years lack general applicability. In particular, the correct configuration of several 3,4-unsaturated derivatives of N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac), which have been recently shown to be novel sialidase/neuraminidase inhibitors, could only be tentatively assigned by similarity with the reported 3,4-unsaturated 2O-methyl sialosides. In this work, we overcome this problem as we devised a rapid synthetic method to unequivocally resolve the anomeric configuration of the 3,4-unsaturated Neu5Ac derivatives through the synthesis of the corresponding unreported unsaturated 1,7-lactones. Moreover, we discovered a diagnostic 13C nuclear magnetic resonance signal that allows the formulation of a new empirical rule for the direct assignment of the C2 stereochemistry of these molecules, even when only one of the two C2 epimers is available.

Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α promotes myogenesis through the noncanonical Wnt pathway, leading to hypertrophic myotubes.

Regeneration of skeletal muscle is a complex process that requires the activation of quiescent adult stem cells, called satellite cells, which are resident in hypoxic niches in the tissue. Hypoxia has been recognized as a key factor to maintain stem cells in an undifferentiated state. Herein we report that hypoxia plays a fundamental role also in activating myogenesis. In particular, we found that the activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α under hypoxia, in murine skeletal myoblasts, leads to activation of MyoD through the noncanonical Wnt/ß-catenin pathway. Moreover, chemical inhibition of HIF-1α activity significantly reduces differentiation, thus confirming its crucial role in the process. Furthermore, hypoxia-preconditioned myoblasts, once induced to differentiate under normoxic conditions, tend to form hypertrophic myotubes. These results support the notion that hypoxia plays a pivotal role in activating the regeneration process by directly inducing myogenesis through HIF-1α. Although preliminary, these findings may suggest new perspective for novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of several muscle diseases.-Cirillo, F., Resmini, G., Ghiroldi, A., Piccoli, M., Bergante, S., Tettamanti, G., Anastasia, L. Activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor 1α promotes myogenesis through the noncanonical Wnt pathway, leading to hypertrophic myotubes.

Cell-Based Therapies for Cardiac Regeneration: A Comprehensive Review of Past and Ongoing Strategies.

Despite considerable improvements in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases, heart failure (HF) still represents one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Poor prognosis is mostly due to the limited regenerative capacity of the adult human heart, which ultimately leads to left ventricular dysfunction. As a consequence, heart transplantation is virtually the only alternative for many patients. Therefore, novel regenerative approaches are extremely needed, and several attempts have been performed to improve HF patients' clinical conditions by promoting the replacement of the lost cardiomyocytes and by activating cardiac repair. In particular, cell-based therapies have been shown to possess a great potential for cardiac regeneration. Different cell types have been extensively tested in clinical trials, demonstrating consistent safety results. However, heterogeneous efficacy data have been reported, probably because precise end-points still need to be clearly defined. Moreover, the principal mechanism responsible for these beneficial effects seems to be the paracrine release of antiapoptotic and immunomodulatory molecules from the injected cells. This review covers past and state-of-the-art strategies in cell-based heart regeneration, highlighting the advantages, challenges, and limitations of each approach.

NEU3 Sialidase Protein Interactors in the Plasma Membrane and in the Endosomes.

NEU3 sialidase has been shown to be a key player in many physio- and pathological processes, including cell differentiation, cellular response to hypoxic stress, and carcinogenesis. The enzyme, peculiarly localized on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane, has been shown to be able to remove sialic acid residues from the gangliosides present on adjacent cells, thus creating cell to cell interactions. Nonetheless, herein we report that the enzyme localization is dynamically regulated between the plasma membrane and the endosomes, where a substantial amount of NEU3 is stored with low enzymatic activity. However, under opportune stimuli, NEU3 is shifted from the endosomes to the plasma membrane, where it greatly increases the sialidase activity. Finally, we found that NEU3 possesses also the ability to interact with specific proteins, many of which are different in each cell compartment. They were identified by mass spectrometry, and some selected ones were also confirmed by cross-immunoprecipitation with the enzyme, supporting NEU3 involvement in the cell stress response, protein folding, and intracellular trafficking.

A chemical approach to myocardial protection and regeneration.

The possibility of generating induced pluripotent stem cells from mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human adult fibroblasts has introduced new perspectives for possible therapeutic strategies to repair damaged hearts. However, obtaining large numbers of adult stem cells is still an ongoing challenge, and the safety of genetic reprogramming with lenti- or retro-viruses has several drawbacks not easy to be addressed. Furthermore, the majority of adult stem cell-based clinical trials for heart regeneration have had generally poor and controversial results. Nonetheless, it is now clear that the injected cells activate the growth and differentiation of progenitor cells that are already present in the heart. This is achieved by the release of signalling factors and/or exosomes carrying them. Along this line, chemistry may play a major role in developing new strategies for activating resident stem cells to regenerate the heart. In particular, this review focuses on small molecule approaches for cell reprogramming, cell differentiation, and activation of cell protection.

Synthesis and biological evaluation of several dephosphonated analogues of CMP-Neu5Ac as inhibitors of GM3-synthase.

Previous studies demonstrated that reducing the GM3 content in myoblasts increased the cell resistance to hypoxic stress, suggesting that a pharmacological inhibition of the GM3 synthesis could be instrumental for the development of new treatments for ischemic diseases. Herein, the synthesis of several dephosphonated CMP-Neu5Ac congeners and their anti-GM3-synthase activity is reported. Biological activity testes revealed that some inhibitors almost completely blocked the GM3-synthase activity in vitro and reduced the GM3 content in living embryonic kidney 293A cells, eventually activating the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling cascade.

Gangliosides as a potential new class of stem cell markers: the case of GD1a in human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

Owing to their exposure on the cell surface and the possibility of being directly recognized with specific antibodies, glycosphingolipids have aroused great interest in the field of stem cell biology. In the search for specific markers of the differentiation of human bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) toward osteoblasts, we studied their glycosphingolipid pattern, with particular attention to gangliosides. After lipid extraction and fractionation, gangliosides, metabolically (3)H-labeled in the sphingosine moiety, were separated by high-performance TLC and chemically characterized by MALDI MS. Upon induction of osteogenic differentiation, a 3-fold increase of ganglioside GD1a was observed. Therefore, the hypothesis of GD1a involvement in hBMSCs commitment toward the osteogenic phenotype was tested by comparison of the osteogenic propensity of GD1a-highly expressing versus GD1a-low expressing hBMSCs and direct addition of GD1a in the differentiation medium. It was found that either the high expression of GD1a in hBMSCs or the addition of GD1a in the differentiation medium favored osteogenesis, providing a remarkable increase of alkaline phosphatase. It was also observed that ganglioside GD2, although detectable in hBMSCs by immunohistochemistry with an anti-GD2 antibody, could not be recognized by chemical analysis, likely reflecting a case, not uncommon, of molecular mimicry.

NEU3 sialidase is activated under hypoxia and protects skeletal muscle cells from apoptosis through the activation of the epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway and the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α.

NEU3 sialidase, a key enzyme in ganglioside metabolism, is activated under hypoxic conditions in cultured skeletal muscle cells (C2C12). NEU3 up-regulation stimulates the EGF receptor signaling pathway, which in turn activates the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF-1α), resulting in a final increase of cell survival and proliferation. In the same cells, stable overexpression of sialidase NEU3 significantly enhances cell resistance to hypoxia, whereas stable silencing of the enzyme renders cells more susceptible to apoptosis. These data support the working hypothesis of a physiological role played by NEU3 sialidase in protecting cells from hypoxic stress and may suggest new directions in the development of therapeutic strategies against ischemic diseases, particularly of the cerebro-cardiovascular system.

Design, Synthesis, and Antiviral Evaluation of Sialic Acid Derivatives as Inhibitors of Newcastle Disease Virus Hemagglutinin-Neuraminidase: A Translational Study on Human Parainfluenza Viruses.

Global infections with viruses belonging to the Paramyxoviridae, such as Newcastle disease virus (NDV) or human parainfluenza viruses (hPIVs), pose a serious threat to animal and human health. NDV-HN and hPIVs-HN (HN hemagglutinin-neuraminidase) share a high degree of similarity in catalytic site structures; therefore, the development of an efficient experimental NDV host model (chicken) may be informative for evaluating the efficacy of hPIVs-HN inhibitors. As part of the broad research in pursuit of this goal and as an extension of our published work on antiviral drug development, we report here the biological results obtained with some newly synthesized C4- and C5-substituted 2,3-unsaturated sialic acid derivatives against NDV. All developed compounds showed high neuraminidase inhibitory activity (IC50 0.03-13 µM). Four molecules (9, 10, 23, 24) confirmed their high in vitro inhibitory activity, which caused a significant reduction of NDV infection in Vero cells, accompanied by very low toxicity.