Natural language processing for identification of refractory status epilepticus in children.

OBJECTIVE: Pediatric status epilepticus is one of the most frequent pediatric emergencies, with high mortality and morbidity. Utilizing electronic health records (EHRs) permits analysis of care approaches and disease outcomes at a lower cost than prospective research. However, reviewing EHR manually is time intensive. We aimed to compare refractory status epilepticus (rSE) cases identified by human EHR review with a natural language processing (NLP)-assisted rSE screen followed by a manual review. METHODS: We used the NLP screening tool Document Review Tool (DrT) to generate regular expressions, trained a bag-of-words NLP classifier on EHRs from 2017 to 2019, and then tested our algorithm on data from February to December 2012. We compared results from manual review to NLP-assisted search followed by manual review. RESULTS: Our algorithm identified 1528 notes in the test set. After removing notes pertaining to the same event by DrT, the user reviewed a total number of 400 notes to find patients with rSE. Within these 400 notes, we identified 31 rSE cases, including 12 new cases not found in manual review, and 19 of the 20 previously identified cases. The NLP-assisted model found 31 of 32 cases, with a sensitivity of 96.88% (95% CI = 82%-99.84%), whereas manual review identified 20 of 32 cases, with a sensitivity of 62.5% (95% CI = 43.75%-78.34%). SIGNIFICANCE: DrT provided a highly sensitive model compared to human review and an increase in patient identification through EHRs. The use of DrT is a suitable application of NLP for identifying patients with a history of recent rSE, which ultimately contributes to the implementation of monitoring techniques and treatments in near real time.

Invariant NKT cell-augmented GM-CSF-secreting tumor vaccine is effective in advanced prostate cancer model.

Invariant natural killer T cells (iNKT cells) express a semi-invariant T cell receptor that recognizes certain glycolipids (including α-galactosylceramide, αGC) bound to CD1d, and can induce potent antitumor responses. Here, we assessed whether αGC could enhance the efficacy of a GM-CSF-producing tumor cell vaccine in the transgenic SV40 T antigen-driven TRAMP prostate cancer model. In healthy mice, we initially found that optimal T cell responses were obtained with αGC-pulsed TRAMP-C2 cells secreting GM-CSF and milk fat globule epidermal growth factor protein-8 (MFG-E8) with an RGD to RGE mutation (GM-CSF/RGE TRAMP-C2), combined with systemic low dose IL-12. In a therapeutic model, transgenic TRAMP mice were then castrated at ~ 20 weeks, followed by treatment with the combination vaccine. Untreated mice succumbed to tumor by ~ 40 weeks, but survival was markedly prolonged by vaccine treatment, with most mice surviving past 80 weeks. Prostates in the treated mice were heavily infiltrated with T cells and iNKT cells, which both secreted IFNγ in response to tumor cells. The vaccine was not effective if the αGC, IL-12, or GM-CSF secretion was eliminated. Finally, immunized mice were fully resistant to challenge with TRAMP-C2 cells. Together these findings support further development of therapeutic vaccines that exploit iNKT cell activation.

Genomic analysis of "microphenotypes" in epilepsy.

Large international consortia examining the genomic architecture of the epilepsies focus on large diagnostic subgroupings such as "all focal epilepsy" and "all genetic generalized epilepsy". In addition, phenotypic data are generally entered into these large discovery databases in a unidirectional manner at one point in time only. However, there are many smaller phenotypic subgroupings in epilepsy, many of which may have unique genomic risk factors. Such a subgrouping or "microphenotype" may be defined as an uncommon or rare phenotype that is well recognized by epileptologists and the epilepsy community, and which may or may not be formally recognized within the International League Against Epilepsy classification system. Here we examine the genetic structure of a number of such microphenotypes and report in particular on two interesting clinical phenotypes, Jeavons syndrome and pediatric status epilepticus. Although no single gene reached exome-wide statistical significance to be associated with any of the diagnostic categories, we observe enrichment of rare damaging variants in established epilepsy genes among Landau-Kleffner patients (GRIN2A) and pediatric status epilepticus patients (MECP2, SCN1A, SCN2A, SCN8A).

Adipose tissue invariant NKT cells protect against diet-induced obesity and metabolic disorder through regulatory cytokine production.

Invariant natural killer T (iNKT) cells are evolutionarily conserved innate T cells that influence inflammatory responses. We have shown that iNKT cells, previously thought to be rare in humans, were highly enriched in human and murine adipose tissue, and that as adipose tissue expanded in obesity, iNKT cells were depleted, correlating with proinflammatory macrophage infiltration. iNKT cell numbers were restored in mice and humans after weight loss. Mice lacking iNKT cells had enhanced weight gain, larger adipocytes, fatty livers, and insulin resistance on a high-fat diet. Adoptive transfer of iNKT cells into obese mice or in vivo activation of iNKT cells via their lipid ligand, alpha-galactocylceramide, decreased body fat, triglyceride levels, leptin, and fatty liver and improved insulin sensitivity through anti-inflammatory cytokine production by adipose-derived iNKT cells. This finding highlights the potential of iNKT cell-targeted therapies, previously proven to be safe in humans, in the management of obesity and its consequences.

Clinical presentation of new onset refractory status epilepticus in children (the pSERG cohort).

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to characterize the clinical profile and outcomes of new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) in children, and investigated the relationship between fever onset and status epilepticus (SE). METHODS: Patients with refractory SE (RSE) between June 1, 2011 and October 1, 2016 were prospectively enrolled in the pSERG (Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group) cohort. Cases meeting the definition of NORSE were classified as "NORSE of known etiology" or "NORSE of unknown etiology." Subgroup analysis of NORSE of unknown etiology was completed based on the presence and time of fever occurrence relative to RSE onset: fever at onset (≤24 h), previous fever (2 weeks-24 h), and without fever. RESULTS: Of 279 patients with RSE, 46 patients met the criteria for NORSE. The median age was 2.4 years, and 25 (54%) were female. Forty (87%) patients had NORSE of unknown etiology. Nineteen (48%) presented with fever at SE onset, 16 (40%) had a previous fever, and five (12%) had no fever. The patients with preceding fever had more prolonged SE and worse outcomes, and 25% recovered baseline neurological function. The patients with fever at onset were younger and had shorter SE episodes, and 89% recovered baseline function. SIGNIFICANCE: Among pediatric patients with RSE, 16% met diagnostic criteria for NORSE, including the subcategory of febrile infection-related epilepsy syndrome (FIRES). Pediatric NORSE cases may also overlap with refractory febrile SE (FSE). FIRES occurs more frequently in older children, the course is usually prolonged, and outcomes are worse, as compared to refractory FSE. Fever occurring more than 24 h before the onset of seizures differentiates a subgroup of NORSE patients with distinctive clinical characteristics and worse outcomes.

Factors associated with long-term outcomes in pediatric refractory status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to describe long-term clinical and developmental outcomes in pediatric refractory status epilepticus (RSE) and identify factors associated with new neurological deficits after RSE. METHODS: We performed retrospective analyses of prospectively collected observational data from June 2011 to March 2020 on pediatric patients with RSE. We analyzed clinical outcomes from at least 30 days after RSE and, in a subanalysis, we assessed developmental outcomes and evaluated risk factors in previously normally developed patients. RESULTS: Follow-up data on outcomes were available in 276 patients (56.5% males). The median (interquartile range [IQR]) follow-up duration was 1.6 (.9-2.7) years. The in-hospital mortality rate was 4% (16/403 patients), and 15 (5.4%) patients had died after hospital discharge. One hundred sixty-six (62.9%) patients had subsequent unprovoked seizures, and 44 (16.9%) patients had a repeated RSE episode. Among 116 patients with normal development before RSE, 42 of 107 (39.3%) patients with available data had new neurological deficits (cognitive, behavioral, or motor). Patients with new deficits had longer median (IQR) electroclinical RSE duration than patients without new deficits (10.3 [2.1-134.5] h vs. 4 [1.6-16] h, p = .011, adjusted odds ratio = 1.003, 95% confidence interval = 1.0008-1.0069, p = .027). The proportion of patients with an unfavorable functional outcome (Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended score ≥ 4) was 22 of 90 (24.4%), and they were more likely to have received a continuous infusion. SIGNIFICANCE: About one third of patients without prior epilepsy developed recurrent unprovoked seizures after the RSE episode. In previously normally developing patients, 39% presented with new deficits during follow-up, with longer electroclinical RSE duration as a predictor.

Benzodiazepine administration patterns before escalation to second-line medications in pediatric refractory convulsive status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to evaluate benzodiazepine (BZD) administration patterns before transitioning to non-BZD antiseizure medication (ASM) in pediatric patients with refractory convulsive status epilepticus (rSE). METHODS: This retrospective multicenter study in the United States and Canada used prospectively collected observational data from children admitted with rSE between 2011 and 2020. Outcome variables were the number of BZDs given before the first non-BZD ASM, and the number of BZDs administered after 30 and 45 min from seizure onset and before escalating to non-BZD ASM. RESULTS: We included 293 patients with a median (interquartile range) age of 3.8 (1.3-9.3) years. Thirty-six percent received more than two BZDs before escalating, and the later the treatment initiation was after seizure onset, the less likely patients were to receive multiple BZD doses before transitioning (incidence rate ratio [IRR] = .998, 95% confidence interval [CI] = .997-.999 per minute, p = .01). Patients received BZDs beyond 30 and 45 min in 57.3% and 44.0% of cases, respectively. Patients with out-of-hospital seizure onset were more likely to receive more doses of BZDs beyond 30 min (IRR = 2.43, 95% CI = 1.73-3.46, p < .0001) and beyond 45 min (IRR = 3.75, 95% CI = 2.40-6.03, p < .0001) compared to patients with in-hospital seizure onset. Intermittent SE was a risk factor for more BZDs administered beyond 45 min compared to continuous SE (IRR = 1.44, 95% CI = 1.01-2.06, p = .04). Forty-seven percent of patients (n = 94) with out-of-hospital onset did not receive treatment before hospital arrival. Among patients with out-of-hospital onset who received at least two BZDs before hospital arrival (n = 54), 48.1% received additional BZDs at hospital arrival. SIGNIFICANCE: Failure to escalate from BZDs to non-BZD ASMs occurs mainly in out-of-hospital rSE onset. Delays in the implementation of medical guidelines may be reduced by initiating treatment before hospital arrival and facilitating a transition to non-BZD ASMs after two BZD doses during handoffs between prehospital and in-hospital settings.

Super-Refractory Status Epilepticus in Children: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

OBJECTIVES: To characterize the pediatric super-refractory status epilepticus population by describing treatment variability in super-refractory status epilepticus patients and comparing relevant clinical characteristics, including outcomes, between super-refractory status epilepticus, and nonsuper-refractory status epilepticus patients. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study with prospectively collected data between June 2011 and January 2019. SETTING: Seventeen academic hospitals in the United States. PATIENTS: We included patients 1 month to 21 years old presenting with convulsive refractory status epilepticus. We defined super-refractory status epilepticus as continuous or intermittent seizures lasting greater than or equal to 24 hours following initiation of continuous infusion and divided the cohort into super-refractory status epilepticus and nonsuper-refractory status epilepticus groups. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: We identified 281 patients (157 males) with a median age of 4.1 years (1.3-9.5 yr), including 31 super-refractory status epilepticus patients. Compared with nonsuper-refractory status epilepticus group, super-refractory status epilepticus patients had delayed initiation of first nonbenzodiazepine-antiseizure medication (149 min [55-491.5 min] vs 62 min [33.3-120.8 min]; p = 0.030) and of continuous infusion (495 min [177.5-1,255 min] vs 150 min [90-318.5 min]; p = 0.003); prolonged seizure duration (120 hr [58-368 hr] vs 3 hr [1.4-5.9 hr]; p < 0.001) and length of ICU stay (17 d [9.5-40 d] vs [1.8-8.8 d]; p < 0.001); more medical complications (18/31 [58.1%] vs 55/250 [22.2%] patients; p < 0.001); lower return to baseline function (7/31 [22.6%] vs 182/250 [73.4%] patients; p < 0.001); and higher mortality (4/31 [12.9%] vs 5/250 [2%]; p = 0.010). Within the super-refractory status epilepticus group, status epilepticus resolution was attained with a single continuous infusion in 15 of 31 patients (48.4%), two in 10 of 31 (32.3%), and three or more in six of 31 (19.4%). Most super-refractory status epilepticus patients (30/31, 96.8%) received midazolam as first choice. About 17 of 31 patients (54.8%) received additional treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Super-refractory status epilepticus patients had delayed initiation of nonbenzodiazepine antiseizure medication treatment, higher number of medical complications and mortality, and lower return to neurologic baseline than nonsuper-refractory status epilepticus patients, although these associations were not adjusted for potential confounders. Treatment approaches following the first continuous infusion were heterogeneous, reflecting limited information to guide clinical decision-making in super-refractory status epilepticus.

Aligning medication reconciliation and secure messaging: qualitative study of primary care providers' perspectives.

BACKGROUND: Virtual (non-face-to-face) medication reconciliation strategies may reduce adverse drug events (ADEs) among vulnerable ambulatory patients. Understanding provider perspectives on the use of technology for medication reconciliation can inform the design of patient-centered solutions to improve ambulatory medication safety. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to describe primary care providers' experiences of ambulatory medication reconciliation and secure messaging (secure email between patients and providers), and to elicit perceptions of a virtual medication reconciliation system using secure messaging (SM). METHODS: This was a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews. From January 2012 to May 2012, we conducted structured observations of primary care clinical activities and interviewed 15 primary care providers within a Veterans Affairs Healthcare System in Boston, Massachusetts (USA). We carried out content analysis informed by the grounded theory. RESULTS: Of the 15 participating providers, 12 were female and 11 saw 10 or fewer patients in a typical workday. Experiences and perceptions elicited from providers during in-depth interviews were organized into 12 overarching themes: 4 themes for experiences with medication reconciliation, 3 themes for perceptions on how to improve ambulatory medication reconciliation, and 5 themes for experiences with SM. Providers generally recognized medication reconciliation as a valuable component of primary care delivery and all agreed that medication reconciliation following hospital discharge is a key priority. Most providers favored delegating the responsibility for medication reconciliation to another member of the staff, such as a nurse or a pharmacist. The 4 themes related to ambulatory medication reconciliation were (1) the approach to complex patients, (2) the effectiveness of medication reconciliation in preventing ADEs, (3) challenges to completing medication reconciliation, and (4) medication reconciliation during transitions of care. Specifically, providers emphasized the importance of medication reconciliation at the post-hospital visit. Providers indicated that assistance from a caregiver (eg, a family member) for medication reconciliation was helpful for complex or elderly patients and that patients' social or cognitive factors often made medication reconciliation challenging. Regarding providers' use of SM, about half reported using SM frequently, but all felt that it improved their clinical workflow and nearly all providers were enthusiastic about a virtual medication reconciliation system, such as one using SM. All providers thought that such a system could reduce ADEs. CONCLUSIONS: Although providers recognize the importance and value of ambulatory medication reconciliation, various factors make it difficult to execute this task effectively, particularly among complex or elderly patients and patients with complicated social circumstances. Many providers favor enlisting the support of pharmacists or nurses to perform medication reconciliation in the outpatient setting. In general, providers are enthusiastic about the prospect of using secure messaging for medication reconciliation, particularly during transitions of care, and believe a system of virtual medication reconciliation could reduce ADEs.

Creation of a Novel Child Simulator and Curriculum to Optimize Administration of Seizure Rescue Medication.

INTRODUCTION: Although most cases of pediatric convulsive status epilepticus start in the prehospital setting, many patients do not receive treatment. The use of prehospital seizure rescue medications by caregivers is crucial, but studies suggest a lack of proper training on medication use. METHODS: We created a novel proof of principle mannequin and simulation for training proper administration of rectal diazepam, with a scoring paradigm to standardize and assess the educational process. RESULTS: Twenty-three health care providers (nurses and nurse practitioners, residents/fellows, and attending physicians) and 5 patient guardians/parents were included in the study. The rectal diazepam simulator displayed a high degree of physical and emotional realism (mean ≥ 4/5 on Likert scale survey) that effectively decreased time to treatment (-12.3 seconds; SD, 16.3) and improved the accuracy of medication delivery in a simulation setting (-4.2 points; SD, 3.1). The scoring technique had appropriate interrater reliability (≥86% on all but 2 prompts) and was a feasible instrument to assess the effectiveness of the educational intervention. CONCLUSIONS: A unique procedure-focused child simulator and rescue medication score offer an innovative and effective means to train caregivers on the use of lifesaving seizure rescue medications.

Pediatric status epilepticus management by Emergency Medical Services (the pSERG cohort).

PURPOSE: Delayed treatment in status epilepticus (SE) is independently associated with increased treatment resistance, morbidity, and mortality. We describe the prehospital management pathway and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) timeliness in children who developed refractory convulsive status epilepticus (RCSE). METHODS: Retrospective multicenter study in the United States using prospectively collected observational data from June 2011 to March 2020. We selected pediatric patients (one month-21 years) with RCSE initiated outside the hospital and transported to the hospital by EMS. RESULTS: We included 91 patients with a median (percentile25-percentile75) age of 3.0 (1.5-7.3) years. The median time from seizure onset to hospital arrival was 45 (30-67) minutes, with a median time cared for by EMS of 24 (15-36) minutes. Considering treatment by caregivers and EMS before hospital arrival, 20 (22%) patients did not receive any anti-seizure medications (ASM) and 71 (78%) received one to five doses of benzodiazepines (BZD), without non-BZD ASM. We provided the prehospital treatment flow path of these patients through caregivers and EMS including relevant time points. Patients with a history of SE were more likely to receive the first BZD in the prehospital setting compared to patients without a history of SE (adjusted HR 3.25, 95% CI 1.72-6.12, p<0.001). CONCLUSION: In this multicenter study of pediatric RCSE, prehospital treatment may be streamlined further. Patients with a history of SE were more likely to receive prehospital rescue medication.

Early Clinical Variables Associated With Refractory Convulsive Status Epilepticus in Children.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The objective of this study was to determine patient-specific factors known proximate to the presentation to emergency care associated with the development of refractory convulsive status epilepticus (RSE) in children. METHODS: An observational case-control study was conducted comparing pediatric patients (1 month-21 years) with convulsive SE whose seizures stopped after benzodiazepine (BZD) and a single second-line antiseizure medication (ASM) (responsive established status epilepticus [rESE]) with patients requiring more than a BZD and a single second-line ASM to stop their seizures (RSE). These subpopulations were obtained from the pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group study cohort. We explored clinical variables that could be acquired early after presentation to emergency medical services with univariate analysis of the raw data. Variables with p < 0.1 were retained for univariable and multivariable regression analyses. Multivariable logistic regression models were fit to age-matched and sex-matched data to obtain variables associated with RSE. RESULTS: We compared data from a total of 595 episodes of pediatric SE. Univariate analysis demonstrated no differences in time to the first BZD (RSE 16 minutes [IQR 5-45]; rESE 18 minutes [IQR 6-44], p = 0.068). Time to second-line ASM was shorter in patients with RSE (RSE 65 minutes; rESE 70 minutes; p = 0.021). Both univariable and multivariable regression analyses revealed a family history of seizures (OR 0.37; 95% CI 0.20-0.70, p = 0.0022) or a prescription for rectal diazepam (OR 0.21; 95% CI 0.078-0.53, p = 0.0012) was associated with decreased odds of RSE. DISCUSSION: Time to initial BZD or second-line ASM was not associated with progression to RSE in our cohort of patients with rESE. A family history of seizures and a prescription for rectal diazepam were associated with a decreased likelihood of progression to RSE. Early attainment of these variables may help care for pediatric rESE in a more patient-tailored manner. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class II evidence that patient and clinical factors may predict RSE in children with convulsive seizures.

Seizure-related differences in biosignal 24-h modulation patterns.

A seizure likelihood biomarker could improve seizure monitoring and facilitate adjustment of treatments based on seizure risk. Here, we tested differences in patient-specific 24-h-modulation patterns of electrodermal activity (EDA), peripheral body temperature (TEMP), and heart rate (HR) between patients with and without seizures. We enrolled patients who underwent continuous video-EEG monitoring at Boston Children's Hospital to wear a biosensor. We divided patients into two groups: those with no seizures and those with at least one seizure during the recording period. We assessed the 24-h modulation level and amplitude of EDA, TEMP, and HR. We performed machine learning including physiological and clinical variables. Subsequently, we determined classifier performance by cross-validated machine learning. Patients with seizures (n = 49) had lower EDA levels (p = 0.031), EDA amplitudes (p = 0.045), and trended toward lower HR levels (p = 0.060) compared to patients without seizures (n = 68). Averaged cross-validated classification accuracy was 69% (AUC-ROC: 0.75). Our results show the potential to monitor and forecast risk for epileptic seizures based on changes in 24-h patterns in wearable recordings in combination with clinical variables. Such biomarkers might be applicable to inform care, such as treatment or seizure injury risk during specific periods, scheduling diagnostic tests, such as admission to the epilepsy monitoring unit, and potentially other neurological and chronic conditions.

Time to Treatment in Pediatric Convulsive Refractory Status Epilepticus: The Weekend Effect.

BACKGROUND: Time to treatment in pediatric refractory status epilepticus is delayed. We aimed to evaluate the influence of weekends and holidays on time to treatment of this pediatric emergency. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of prospectively collected observational data of pediatric patients with refractory status epilepticus. RESULTS: We included 329 patients (56% males) with a median (p25 to p75) age of 3.8 (1.3 to 9) years. The median (p25 to p75) time to first BZD on weekdays and weekends/holidays was 20 (6.8 to 48.3) minutes versus 11 (5 to 35) minutes, P = 0.01; adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 1.20 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.95 to 1.55), P = 0.12. The time to first non-BZD ASM was longer on weekdays than on weekends/holidays (68 [42.8 to 153.5] minutes versus 59 [27 to 120] minutes, P = 0.006; adjusted HR = 1.38 [95% CI: 1.08 to 1.76], P = 0.009). However, this difference was mainly driven by status epilepticus with in-hospital onset: among 108 patients, the time to first non-BZD ASM was longer during weekdays than during weekends/holidays (55.5 [28.8 to 103.5] minutes versus 28 [15.8 to 66.3] minutes, P = 0.003; adjusted HR = 1.65 [95% CI: 1.08 to 2.51], P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The time to first non-BZD ASM in pediatric refractory status epilepticus is shorter on weekends/holidays than on weekdays, mainly driven by in-hospital onset status epilepticus. Data on what might be causing this difference may help tailor policies to improve medication application timing.

First-line medication dosing in pediatric refractory status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVE: To identify factors associated with low benzodiazepine (BZD) dosing in patients with refractory status epilepticus (RSE) and to assess the impact of BZD treatment variability on seizure cessation. METHODS: This was a retrospective study with prospectively collected data of children with convulsive RSE admitted between June 2011 and January 2019. We analyzed the initial and total BZD dose within 10 minutes of treatment initiation. We used logistic regression modeling to evaluate predictors of low BZD dosing and multivariate Cox regression analysis to assess the impact of low BZD dosing on time to seizure cessation. RESULTS: We included 289 patients (55.7% male) with a median age of 4.3 (1.3-9.5) years. BZDs were the initial medication in 278 (96.2%). Of those, 161 patients (57.9%) received a low initial dose. Low initial BZD doses occurred in both out-of-hospital (57 of 106; 53.8%) and in-hospital (104 of 172; 60.5%) settings. One hundred three patients (37.1%) received low total BZD dose. Male sex (odds ratio [OR] 2, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.18-3.49; p = 0.012), older age (OR 1.1, 95% CI 1.05-1.17; p < 0.001), no prior diagnosis of epilepsy (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.23-3.69; p = 0.008), and delayed BZD treatment (OR 2.2, 95% CI 1.24-3.94; p = 0.007) were associated with low total BZD dose. Patients who received low total BZD dosing were less likely to achieve seizure cessation (hazard ratio 0.7, 95% CI 0.57-0.95). CONCLUSION: BZD doses were lower than recommended in both out-of-hospital and in-hospital settings. Factors associated with low total BZD dose included male sex, older age, no prior epilepsy diagnosis, and delayed BZD treatment. Low total BZD dosing was associated with decreased likelihood of Seizure cessation. CLASSIFICATION OF EVIDENCE: This study provides Class III evidence that patients with RSE who present with male sex, older age, no prior diagnosis of epilepsy, and delayed BZD treatment are more likely to receive low total BZD doses. This study provides Class III evidence that in pediatric RSE low total BZD dose decreases the likelihood of seizure cessation.

Association of guideline publication and delays to treatment in pediatric status epilepticus.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether publication of evidence on delays in time to treatment shortens time to treatment in pediatric refractory convulsive status epilepticus (rSE), we compared time to treatment before (2011-2014) and after (2015-2019) publication of evidence of delays in treatment of rSE in the Pediatric Status Epilepticus Research Group (pSERG) as assessed by patient interviews and record review. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected dataset from June 2011 to September 2019 on pediatric patients (1 month-21 years of age) with rSE. RESULTS: We studied 328 patients (56% male) with median (25th-75th percentile [p25-p75]) age of 3.8 (1.3-9.4) years. There were no differences in the median (p25-p75) time to first benzodiazepine (BZD) (20 [5-52.5] vs 15 [5-38] minutes, p = 0.3919), time to first non-BZD antiseizure medication (68 [34.5-163.5] vs 65 [33-142] minutes, p = 0.7328), and time to first continuous infusion (186 [124.2-571] vs 160 [89.5-495] minutes, p = 0.2236). Among 157 patients with out-of-hospital onset whose time to hospital arrival was available, the proportion who received at least 1 BZD before hospital arrival increased after publication of evidence of delays (41 of 81 [50.6%] vs 57 of 76 [75%], p = 0.0018), and the odds ratio (OR) was also increased in multivariable logistic regression (OR 4.35 [95% confidence interval 1.96-10.3], p = 0.0005). CONCLUSION: Publication of evidence on delays in time to treatment was not associated with improvements in time to treatment of rSE, although it was associated with an increase in the proportion of patients who received at least 1 BZD before hospital arrival.

The onset of pediatric refractory status epilepticus is not distributed uniformly during the day.

PURPOSE: To evaluate whether the onset of pediatric refractory status epilepticus (rSE) is related to time of day. METHOD: We analyzed the time of day for the onset of rSE in this prospective observational study performed from June 2011 to May 2019 in pediatric patients (1 month to 21 years of age). We evaluated the temporal distribution of pediatric rSE utilizing a cosinor analysis. We calculated the midline estimating statistic of rhythm (MESOR) and amplitude. MESOR is the estimated mean number of rSE episodes per hour if they were evenly distributed. Amplitude is the difference between MESOR and maximum rSE episodes/hour, or between MESOR and minimum rSE episodes/hour. We also evaluated the temporal distribution of time to treatment. RESULTS: We analyzed 368 patients (58% males) with a median (p25 - p75) age of 4.2 (1.3-9.7) years. The MESOR was 15.3 (95% CI: 13.9-16.8) and the amplitude was 3.2 (95% CI: 1.1-5.3), p = 0.0024, demonstrating that the distribution is not uniform, but better described as varying throughout the day with a peak in the morning (11am-12 pm) and trough at night (11 pm-12 am). The duration from rSE onset to application of the first non-benzodiazepine antiseizure medication peaked during the early morning (2am-3 am) with a minimum during the afternoon (2 pm-3 pm) (p = 0.0179). CONCLUSIONS: The distribution of rSE onset is not uniform during the day. rSE onset shows a 24-h distribution with a peak in the mid-morning (11am-12 pm) and a trough at night (11 pm-12am).

Hospital Emergency Treatment of Convulsive Status Epilepticus: Comparison of Pathways From Ten Pediatric Research Centers.

OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate and compare the status epilepticus treatment pathways used by pediatric status epilepticus research group (pSERG) hospitals in the United States and the American Epilepsy Society (AES) status epilepticus guideline. METHODS: We undertook a descriptive analysis of recommended timing, dosing, and medication choices in 10 pSERG hospitals' status epilepticus treatment pathways. RESULTS: One pathway matched the timeline in the AES guideline; nine pathways described more rapid timings. All pathways matched the guideline's stabilization phase in timing and five suggested that first-line benzodiazepine (BZD) be administered within this period. For second-line therapy timing (initiation of a non-BZD antiepileptic drug within 20 to 40 minutes), one pathway matched the guideline; nine initiated the antiepileptic drug earlier (median 10 [range five to 15] minutes). Third-line therapy timings matched the AES guideline (40 minutes) in two pathways; eight suggested earlier timing (median 20 [range 15 to 30] minutes). The first-line BZD recommended in all hospitals was intravenous lorazepam; alternatives included intramuscular midazolam or rectal diazepam. In second-line therapy, nine pathways recommended fosphenytoin. For third-line therapy, eight pathways recommended additional boluses of second-line medications; most commonly phenobarbital. Two pathways suggested escalation to third-line medication; most commonly midazolam. We found variance in dosing for the following medications: midazolam as first-line therapy, fosphenytoin, and levetiracetam as second-line therapy, and phenobarbital as third-line therapy medications. CONCLUSIONS: The pSERG hospitals status epilepticus pathways are consistent with the AES status epilepticus guideline in regard to the choice of medications, but generally recommend more rapid escalation in therapy than the guideline.

Adoptive Transfer of Invariant NKT Cells as Immunotherapy for Advanced Melanoma: A Phase I Clinical Trial.

Purpose: Invariant NKT cells (iNKT) are innate-like CD1d-restricted T cells with immunoregulatory activity in diseases including cancer. iNKT from advanced cancer patients can have reversible defects including IFNγ production, and iNKT IFNγ production may stratify for survival. Previous clinical trials using iNKT cell activating ligand α-galactosylceramide have shown clinical responses. Therefore, a phase I clinical trial was performed of autologous in vitro expanded iNKT cells in stage IIIB-IV melanoma.Experimental Design: Residual iNKT cells [<0.05% of patient peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC)] were purified from autologous leukapheresis product using an antibody against the iNKT cell receptor linked to magnetic microbeads. iNKT cells were then expanded with CD3 mAb and IL2 in vitro to obtain up to approximately 109 cells.Results: Expanded iNKT cells produced IFNγ, but limited or undetectable IL4 or IL10. Three iNKT infusions each were completed on 9 patients, and produced only grade 1-2 toxicities. The 4th patient onward received systemic GM-CSF with their second and third infusions. Increased numbers of iNKT cells were seen in PBMCs after some infusions, particularly when GM-CSF was also given. IFNγ responses to α-galactosylceramide were increased in PBMCs from some patients after infusions, and delayed-type hypersensitivity responses to Candida increased in 5 of 8 evaluated patients. Three patients have died, three were progression-free at 53, 60, and 65 months, three received further treatment and were alive at 61, 81, and 85 months. There was no clear correlation between outcome and immune parameters.Conclusions: Autologous in vitro expanded iNKT cells are a feasible and safe therapy, producing Th1-like responses with antitumor potential. Clin Cancer Res; 23(14); 3510-9. ©2017 AACR.