Are very thin patients at a higher risk of complications when submitted to percutane-ous nephrolithotomy?

PURPOSE: To assess the impact of thinness on the outcome of the percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A matched case-control study was performed using a prospectively collected database of all patients who underwent PCNL between June 2011 and October 2021. The patients were stratified into two groups according to their phenotypic characteristics, arbitrarily defined according to their body mass index (BMI): <0kg/m2 (Group 1, very thin patients, G<20) and ≥25 kg/m2 (Group 2, non-thin patients, G≥25). Patients were randomly matched based on Guy's Stone Score (GSS) according to case complexity at a ratio of 1:3. RESULTS: A total of 204 patients were enrolled in this study: 51 patients (G<20) and 153 controls (G≥25). Complications occurred in 15.2% of the patients, with 5.4% of these complications classified as major complications (Clavien grade ≥ 3). According to complications there were no significant differences between the groups. The overall complication rates were 17.6% in the G<20 and 14.4% in the G≥25 (p = 0.653). The major complication rates were 3.9% in the G<20 and 5.8% in the G≥25 (p=0.429). No differences in transfusion or urinary fistula rates were found. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, very thin patients were not at a higher risk of complications when submitted to PCNL than in those with a BMI of ≥25 kg/m2. Apparently, this technique can be used in these patients, just as it is used in any other type of patient, independently of their BMI.

Effectiveness of Intrarectal Povidone-iodine Cleansing Plus Formalin Disinfection of the Needle Tip in Decreasing Infectious Complications After Transrectal Prostate Biopsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: Prostate biopsy is mostly performed through the transrectal route worldwide and infectious complications may occur in up to 7% of cases. Therefore, alternative strategies to decrease infectious complications are needed. Our aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of intrarectal povidone-iodine cleansing plus formalin disinfection of the needle tip in decreasing infectious complications after transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We conducted a prospective, single-center, phase III trial in patients undergoing transrectal ultrasound guided prostate biopsy randomized 1:1 to rectal mucosa cleansing with gauze soaked in 10% povidone-iodine solution wrapped around the gloved index finger and needle tip disinfection by immersion in a 10% formalin solution before each puncture vs control group. The primary end point was the rate of infectious complications defined as 1 or more of the following events: fever, urinary tract infection, or sepsis. RESULTS: Overall, 633 patients were randomized to the intervention group and 623 to the control group. The infectious complication rate was 3.9% in the intervention group and 6.4% in the control group (RR 0.61; 95% CI 0.36-0.99; P = .049). The rates of sepsis, urinary tract infection, and fever were 0.3% vs 0.5% (P = .646), 2.3% vs 4.1% (P = .071), and 1.3% vs 1.9% (P = .443), respectively. The positive urine culture rate was 5.2% in the intervention group and 9% in the control group (RR 0.57; P = .015). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the occurrence of noninfectious adverse events. CONCLUSIONS: Intrarectal povidone-iodine cleansing plus formalin disinfection of the biopsy needle tip was associated with a reduction in infectious complications after transrectal prostate biopsy.

Supine versus Prone Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy for Complex Stones: A Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial.

PURPOSE: High-quality evidence comparing supine to prone percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) for the treatment of complex stones is lacking. This study aimed to compare the outcomes of supine position (SUP) and prone position (PRO) PCNL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A noninferior randomized controlled trial was performed according to the CONSORT (Consolidated Standards for Reporting Trials) criteria. The inclusion criteria were patients over 18 years of age with complex stones. SUP was performed in the Barts flank-free modified position. Except for positioning, all the surgical parameters were identical. The primary outcome was the difference in the success rate on the first postoperative day (POD1) between groups. The secondary outcome was the difference in the stone-free rate (SFR) on the 90th postoperative day (final SFR). A noninferiority margin of 15% was used. Demographic, operative, and safety variables were compared between the groups. Statistical significance was set at p <0.05. RESULTS: Overall, 112 patients were randomized and their demographic characteristics were comparable. The success rates on POD1 were similar (SUP: 62.5% vs PRO: 57.1%, p=0.563). The difference observed (-5.4%) was lower than the predefined limit. The final SFRs were also similar (SUP: 55.4% vs PRO: 50.0%, p=0.571). SUP had a shorter operative time (mean±SD 117.9±39.1 minutes vs 147.6±38.8 minutes, p <0.001) and PRO had a higher rate of Clavien ≥3 complications (14.3% vs 3.6%, p=0.045). CONCLUSIONS: Positioning during PCNL for complex kidney stones did not impact the success rates; consequently, both positions may be suitable. However, SUP might be associated with a lower high-grade complication rate.

Ultrasound guided endoscopic combined Intrarenal surgery - 10 steps for the success.

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic combined intrarenal surgery (ECIRS) has been used to treat complex kidney stones (1). The combined use of ultrasound (US) has the potential to improve safety and reduce radiation exposure, however, it is still underutilized (2). OBJECTIVES: Our objective is to describe, in a step-by-step manner, the ultrasound-guided ECIRS (USG ECIRS) technique, in order to facilitate learning by urologists. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We describe the 10 standardized steps that we recommend to achieve a good outcome, based on our previous experience on a high-volume kidney stone center. We recorded a case of a 37-year-old female patient with complex bilateral kidney stones that underwent a left simultaneous combined retrograde and antegrade approach. The 10 described steps are: 1 - case evaluation with CT scan (3); 2 - preoperative care with antibiotics and tranexamic acid; 3 - warm-up and training with phantoms; 4 - patient positioning in Barts flank free position; 5 - retrograde nephroscopy with flexible ureteroscope; 6 - US and endoscopic guided puncture; 7 - tract dilation under endoscopic view; 8 - stone fragmentation; 9 - status free checking and 10, kidney drainage. Images were captured by external and internal cameras, promoting a complete understanding of the procedure. The patient has signed a written informed consent form. RESULTS: Puncture was achieved under US guidance with one attempt. Another puncture was necessary in the lower pole, parallel to the initial puncture, due to a large fragment. Surgical time was 140 min. Stone-free status was verified by retrograde and antegrade view. Kidney drainage was done with ureteral stent on string, removed after 7 days. Hb drop was 1.1 Hb/dL. The first postoperative day CT scan showed no residual stones and no complications. The patient was discharged after the CT and urethral catheter removal. CONCLUSION: The USG ECIRS seems to be a very efficient and reproducible technique for the treatment of complex kidney stones. Its use should be widespread.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in patients with spinal cord injury: should all these patients be automatically assigned a Guy's stone score of 4?

PURPOSE: To assess the complication and stone-free rates of PCNL in patients with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to evaluate whether this population should be assigned a Guy's stone score (GSS) of 4. METHODS: A case-control study was conducted, and electronic charts were reviewed to search for patients with SCI, bladder dysfunction, and kidney stones who had undergone PCNL. Control cases were randomly selected from among patients with complete staghorn calculus (GSS = 4). RESULTS: One hundred and seventeen patients were included. Patients with SCI had a significant shorter operative time (119 vs. 141 min; p = 0.018). There were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the patients' position, number of renal tracts, bleeding or transfusion rate; however, there was a significantly higher complication rate (23.1% vs. 7.8%; p = 0.009) and a longer hospital stay (5.8 vs. 3.1 days; p = 0.002) among patients with SCI. With regards to the stone-free rate in patients with different grades of GSS patients with SCI who had a GSS of 1 had a stone-free rate of 85.7%, while those with a GSS of 2, 3, or 4 had 50%, 50%, and 31.5%, respectively (p = 0.024). Only patients with a GSS of 4 in the SCI group had outcomes that were similar to those of control patients (31.5% vs. 31.6%). CONCLUSION: Patients with SCI should not be automatically assigned GSS 4. Stone-free rate is related to stone burden in these patients, although they do show a higher complication rate and a longer hospital stay than non-neurological patients.

Patients with encrusted ureteral stents can be treated by a single session combined endourological approach.

PURPOSE: To describe our experience in the management of retained encrusted ureteral stents using a single session combined endourological approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with retained encrusted ureteral stents who had been submitted to a single session combined endourological approach from June 2010 to June 2018 were prospectively evaluated. Patients were divided according to the Forgotten-Encrusted-Calcified (FECal) classification. The stone burden, surgical intervention, number of interventions until stone free status, operation time, hospital stay, complications, stone analysis, and stone-free rate were compared between groups. ANOVA was used to compare numerical variables, and the Mann-Whitney or Chi-square test to compare categorical variables between groups. RESULTS: We evaluated 50 patients with a mean follow-up of 2.9±1.4 years (mean±SD). The groups were comparable in terms of age, sex, laterality, BMI, comorbidities, ASA, reason for stent passage, and indwelling time. The stone burden was higher for grades IV and V (p=0.027). Percutaneous nephrolithotomy was the most common procedure (p=0.004) for grades IV and V. The number of procedures until the patients were stone-free was 1.92±1.40, and the hospital stay (4.2±2.5 days), complications (22%), and stone analysis (66% calcium oxalate) were similar between groups. The stone-free rate was lower in grades III to V (60%, 54.5%, and 50%). CONCLUSIONS: The endoscopic combined approach in the supine position is a safe and feasible technique that allows removal of retained and encrusted stents in a single procedure. The FECal classification seems to be useful for surgical planning.

Comparative study of percutaneous nephrolithotomy performed in the traditional prone position and in three different supine positions.

PURPOSE: To compare the outcomes of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) performed in the prone position (PRON) and in three variations of the supine position. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of patients that underwent PCNL at our institution from June 2011 to October 2016 in PRON and in three variations of the supine position: complete supine (COMPSUP), original Valdivia (VALD), and Galdakao - modified Valdivia (GALD). All patients had a complete pre - operative evaluation, including computed tomography (CT). Success was defined as the absence of residual fragments larger than 4 mm on the first post - operative day CT. RESULTS: We analyzed 393 PCNLs: 100 in COMPSUP, 94 in VALD, 100 in GALD, and 99 in PRON. The overall success rate was 50.9% and was similar among groups (p = 0.428). There were no differences between groups in the number of punctures, stone - free rate, frequency of blood transfusions, drop in hemoglobin level, length of hospital stay, and severe complications (Clavien ≥ 3). COMPSUP had a significantly lower operative time than the other positions. COMPSUP had lower fluoroscopy time than VALD. CONCLUSION: Patient positioning in PCNL does not seem to impact the rates of success or severe complications. However, COMPSUP is associated with a shorter surgical time than the other positions.

Outcomes of more than 1 000 percutaneous nephrolithotomies and validation of Guy's stone score.

OBJECTIVE: To present the experience with percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) at a high-volume Brazilian centre and to evaluate Guy's stone score (GSS) as a predictor of success and complications in PCNL. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We prospectively evaluated patients who underwent PCNL between June 2011 and October 2016. Indications for PCNL included renal stones >2 cm in size and stones <2 cm in size in which first-line techniques had failed. All patients underwent a complete preoperative evaluation, including non-contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography (CT). Stone complexity was assessed using GSS. Success was defined as the absence of fragments >2 mm on CT on postoperative day 1. Complications were classified according to the Clavien grade. RESULTS: A total of 1 066 PCNLs were performed on 891 patients. In all, 20.2% were classified as GSS1, 27.4% as GSS2, 35.0% as GSS3, and 17.4% as GSS4. The mean operating time was 108.44 min, and the mean fluoroscopy time was 13.57 min. The overall immediate success rate based on postoperative day 1 CT was 43.8%. Complications occurred in 14.9% of cases, and the mean length of hospital stay was 54.55 h. Stratifying patients according to GSS, success rate was inversely proportional to the calculus complexity: GSS1: 87.9%; GSS2: 62.1%; GSS3: 44.0%; and GSS4: 24.3% (P < 0.001). Higher GSS categories were significantly correlated with the number of puncture tracts (P < 0.001), operating time (P < 0.001), fluoroscopy time (P < 0.001), blood transfusion rate (P < 0.001), complications (P < 0.001) and length of stay (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: In a high-volume centre, PCNL was a reliable surgical technique, with low morbidity and short hospital stay. GSS was confirmed to be a very useful tool for predicting the outcomes of PCNL, and its use should be encouraged.

Impact of patient position on the outcomes of percutaneous neprolithotomy for complex kidney stones.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the impact of the patient position on the outcomes of PCNL among patients with complex renal stones. MATERIAL AND METHODS: From July 2011 to July 2014, we collected prospective data of consecutive patients who underwent PCNL. We included all patients with complex stones (Guy's Stone Score 3 or 4 (GSS) based on a CT scan) and divided them based on the position used during PCNL (prone or supine). The variables analyzed were gender, age, body mass index, ASA score, stone diameter, GSS, number of punctures, calyx puncture site, intercostal access and patient positioning. Complications were graded according to the modified-Clavien Classification. Success was considered if fragments ≤ 4mm were observed on the first postoperative day CT scan. RESULTS: We analyzed 240 (46.4%) of 517 PCNL performed during the study period that were classified as GGS 3-4. Regarding patient positions, 21.2% were prone and 79.8% were supine. Both groups were comparable, although intercostal access was more common in prone cases (25.5% vs 10.5%; p=0.01). The success rates, complications, blood transfusions and surgical times were similar for both groups; however, there were significantly more visceral injuries (10.3% vs 2.6%; p=0.046) and sepsis (7.8% vs 2.1%; p=0.042) in prone cases. CONCLUSION: Supine or prone position were equally suitable for PCNL with complex stones and did not impact the success rates. However, supine position was associated with fewer sepsis cases and visceral injuries.

Increased risk of bladder cancer recurrence due to bacillus Calmette-Guérin shortage in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: Our study aimed to evaluate the impact of bacillus Calmette-Guérin shortage on recurrence and progression in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer in a Brazilian cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed the clinicopathological data of 409 patients who had their first transurethral resection of the bladder tumor for intermediate or high-risk non-muscle invasive bladder cancer between June 2014 and May 2021 in a tertiary public hospital in Brazil. Patients included had non-muscle-invasive urothelial carcinoma of the bladder resected completely for the first time, regardless of bacillus Calmette-Guérin use. Low-risk disease patients were excluded from the analysis. Demographic, clinicopathological, and bacillus Calmette-Guérin use data were collected from our database. Recurrence and progression data were obtained from patient records or through telephone interviews. Recurrence-free survival and progression-free survival were calculated from the date of transurethral resection of the bladder tumor until the events of recurrence, progression, last office visit, or phone interview. RESULTS: Within a median follow-up period of 26.7 months, 168 (41.1%) patients experienced a recurrence in a median time of 27 months (95%CI 16.1-38). Bacillus Calmette-Guérin was administered to 57 (13.9%) individuals after transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. Patients with ≥3 lesions (p<0.001), those with lesions >3 cm (p=0.02), and those without bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment (p<0.001) had shorter recurrence-free survival. According to a Cox multivariate regression model, bacillus Calmette-Guérin use was independently associated with a reduced recurrence rate, with an HR of 0.43 (95%CI 0.25-0.72). Out of the patients studied, 26 (6.4%) experienced progression. T1 stage (p<0.001) and high-grade (p<0.001) were associated with shorter progression-free survival. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin did not influence bladder cancer progression. In the Cox multivariate analysis, high-risk disease was independently associated with progression (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Our study confirms that non-muscle invasive bladder cancer exhibits a high recurrence rate. The use of adjuvant bacillus Calmette-Guérin in intermediate and high-risk patients significantly reduces this rate. Furthermore, the bacillus Calmette-Guérin shortage could have negatively impacted these patients.

Factors associated with complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an analysis of 1,066 cases.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to identify predictive factors for complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. METHODS: We prospectively analyzed patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy from June 2011 to October 2018. The association of preoperative and intraoperative factors with the presence of complications was assessed using univariate and multivariate analyses. The significance level was set at p<0.05. RESULTS: A total of 1,066 surgeries were evaluated, and the overall complication rate was 14.9%. In all, 105 (9.8%) surgeries were performed in the prone position, and 961 (90.2%) were performed in the supine position. Univariate analysis demonstrated that surgical position, upper pole puncture, surgical time, number of tracts, and Guys Stone Score were associated with complications. In multivariate analyses, prone position (odds ratio [OR] 2.10; p=0.003), surgical time ≥90 min (OR 1.76; p=0.014), upper pole puncture (OR 2.48; p<0.001), and Guys Stone Score 3 or 4 (OR 1.90; p=0.033) were independent predictive factors for complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. CONCLUSION: Performing percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the supine position, in under 90 min, and avoiding upper pole punctures may reduce complications during the treatment of large kidney stones.

Single port transvesical prostatectomy.

PURPOSE: To describe a case of a transvesical prostatectomy performed by a single port technique. PATIENT AND METHODS: JLS, 64y, diabetic and hypertense, under treatment of LUTS for 8 years with 4mg doxazosin and 5mg finasteride. The IPSS score was 26. The digital rectal exam showed a more than 60g benign prostate. The Body Mass Index was 28.9. The total PSA was 5.4ng/mL and the free/total PSA was 22%. A 12-fragments prostate biopsy showed BPH. The sonography revealed a 106g prostate and the maximum urinary flow was 12 mL/s. The patient was under general anesthesia and was positioned in dorsal decubitus with Trendelemburg. The bladder was filled until that a bexigoma was visible. A 2 cm longitudinal infra-umbelical incision was done. The Gel Point Single Port System (Applied, Ca, USA) was placed inside the bladder and the pneumovesicum was done until 10mmHg. A peri-bladder neck incision was done and the adenoma dissection was performed until its remotion. The hemostasia was done under vision. A 3-way 24-Fr Foley catheter and an 8-Fr plastic catheter were placed inside the bladder. The adenoma was removed and the bladder and the abdominal wall were closed. RESULTS: The procedure took 55 minutes and the blood loss was 180 ml. The patient evolved uneventfully, the bladder irrigation stayed for 24 h, the hemoglobin drop was 2.4g/dL and the patient was discharge after 36 hours. The urethral catheters stayed for 5 days. The postoperative IPSS was 6 and the maximum flow was 26 ml/s. CONCLUSION: The surgery was safe and effective, showing that the single port transvesical prostatectomy can be an option in the surgical treatment of large prostates.

Predictive factors for success after supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy: an analysis of 961 patients.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the predictive factors for success following percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the supine position. METHODS: Patients who underwent percutaneous nephrolithotomy in the supine position from June 2011 to October 2018 were evaluated. Age, sex, body mass index, the American Society of Anesthesiologists physical status classification, hemoglobin level, number of previous surgeries, stone size, and the Guy's Stone Score were analyzed. Success was considered if no fragments were observed on the computed tomography scan on the first postoperative day. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine significant parameters. RESULTS: We evaluated 961 patients; of them, 483 (50.2%) underwent previous stone-related surgery, and 499 (51.9%) had Guy's Stone Score 3 or 4. The overall success rate in a single procedure was 40.7%, and complication rate was 13.7%. The univariate analysis showed that the maximum diameter of the stone (25.10±10 mm; p<0.001), previous percutaneous nephrolithotomy (OR 0.52; p<0.001), number of previous percutaneous nephrolithotomy (OR 0.15; p<0.001), the Guy's Stone Score (OR 0.28; p<0.001), and the number of tracts (OR 0.32; p<0.001) were significant. In the multivariate analysis, the number of previous percutaneous nephrolithotomy (OR 0.54; p<0.001) and the Guy's Stone Score (OR 0.25; p<0.001) were statically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Guy's Stone Score and the number of previous percutaneous nephrolithotomy are predictors of success with the supine position. Complex cases and with previous percutaneous interventions may require technical improvements to achieve higher stone-free rates.

High CD39 expression is associated with the non-muscle-invasive phenotype of human bladder cancer.

BACKGROUND: An accurate prediction of progression is critical to define the management of bladder cancer (BC). The ectonucleotidases CD39 and CD73 play strategic roles in calibrating purinergic signals via an extracellular balance between ATP and adenosine. The altered expression of these enzymes plays a potential role in tumor invasion and metastasis, therefore, has been proposed to be used for prognosis of solid tumor. In BC this is not yet clear. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate CD39 and CD73 expression in a cohort of patients with non-muscle-invasive (NMI) and muscle-invasive (MI) BC regard to its association with clinicopathological features. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective clinical follow-up data and primary urothelial BC specimens of 162 patients were used (87 from patients who underwent transurethral resection and 75 from cystectomized patients). Tissue microarrays were constructed, and immunohistochemistry for CD39 and CD73 was performed to make associations with clinicopathological data. RESULTS: Overall, 96 were NMI (59.3%) and 66 MI (40.7%). CD39 immunoreactivity in BC cells was found in 72% of the cases, while CD73 was found in 97%. High CD39 expression alone was more frequent in NMI BC (p < 0.001), while CD73 expression was not powerful to predict the stage of BC. The association of both markers confirmed that only CD39 has potential in BC prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: The altered expression of CD39 presented herein supports the idea that this ectonucleotidase may be involved in bladder tumorigenesis. High expression of CD39 in tumor cells is correlated with the early stage of BC.

Early Effects of High-intensity Focused Ultrasound (HIFU) Treatment for Prostate Cancer on Fecal Continence and Anorectal Physiology.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) effects on anorectal physiology and fecal continence or constipation, and on quality of life (QoL). METHODS: We prospectively evaluated 26 patients with localized prostate cancer who underwent HIFU. The Rome III criteria for functional constipation, the Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Score, and the Fecal Incontinence QoL Score questionnaires were answered before and after treatment. Anorectal manometry was used to evaluate resting and squeezing pressures, sustained contraction, paradoxical puborectalis contraction, rectal sensation, and rectal capacity. RESULTS: Thirteen patients underwent hemiablation and 13 underwent whole-gland ablation. There was no difference between groups regarding the Rome III criteria for functional constipation results. The Cleveland Clinic Florida Fecal Incontinence Score results showed that 3 (11.5%) of patients had mild fecal incontinence before HIFU and 5 (19.2%) had it afterward (P = .625). No patients reported poor QoL due to fecal incontinence in the Fecal Incontinence QoL Score. Anorectal manometry demonstrated no decrease in resting pressure after treatment (P = .299), while squeezing pressure significantly increased from 151.87 to 167.91 mm Hg (P = .034). The number of patients with normal sustained contraction remained the same (20 [77%]). Paradoxical puborectalis contraction was seen in 12 (46%) of the patients before the procedure and in 13 (50%) after (P = .713). Improvement in sensory parameters was not significant: first sense changed from 73.46 to 49.71 mL (P = .542) and first urge from 98.27 to 82.88 mL (P = .106). Rectal capacity had a nonsignificant decrease from 166.15 to 141.15mL (P = .073). CONCLUSION: HIFU did not cause significant changes in anorectal physiology. Fecal incontinence or constipation after HIFU was not observed via validated questionnaires.

Penile prosthesis implantation in an academic institution in Latin America.

PURPOSE: We performed a retrospective study to analyze the effectiveness of implantable penile prostheses in the treatment of erectile dysfunction. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study included 249 patients who received implants between 2001 and 2008. A total of 139 patients who underwent penile prosthesis implantation were interviewed. RESULTS: Approximately half of patients had previously used oral drugs before implantation of the prosthesis. About 45% had diabetes, 25.9% had previously undergone radical prostatectomy (RP), and 64% had hypertension. Exchange was performed in 5.7% for fracture, inadequate size, or extrusion. A total of 24.5% of men had immediate postoperative pain, 7.9% had local infection, and 8.6% had other complications. Patients who had previously undergone RP were 3.2 times more likely to experience a postoperative complication than patients who had not (p = 0.061). Eighty-nine (64%) patients returned to having sex as they had before being diagnosed with ED. Ninety-two of the men (66.2%) had sexual intercourse one to two times per week. One hundred twenty patients (86.3%) rated their level of satisfaction as good, excellent or very good, which was similar to the percentage of partners. The mean follow-up was 40 months. CONCLUSION: Higher rates of postoperative infections and mechanical problems with the implant were found in this study as compared to other studies, which was probably associated with the relative lack of experience of the trainees who were performing the surgeries. Patients with a history of RP or diabetes mellitus prior to implantation were at higher risk of postoperative complications.

Hemorrhagic complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy: angiographic diagnosis and management by transcatheter arterial embolization.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the main hemorrhagic complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy, as well as the results obtained with transcatheter arterial embolization (TAE) at an interventional radiology center. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of patients undergoing TAE for the treatment of hemorrhagic complications after percutaneous nephrolithotomy. All patients underwent computed tomography angiography (CTA). RESULTS: We evaluated a total of nine patients. At emergency department readmission, the most common symptom was macroscopic hematuria, which was seen in five patients. Three patients had an isolated pseudoaneurysm, two had a pseudoaneurysm together with active bleeding (perirenal hematoma), and one had a pseudoaneurysm together with arteriocalyceal fistula. Arteriovenous fistula was diagnosed in three patients and was not seen in combination with other vascular lesions. We did not identify arteriocalyceal fistula in isolation. Five patients underwent TAE with 6 × 15 mm and 6 × 20 mm microcoils. Four patients underwent TAE with n-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate and ethiodized oil. Follow-up CTAs revealed no complications. CONCLUSION: Because of its high diagnostic accuracy, CTA provides the interventional radiologist with valuable data for individualized therapeutic planning. The TAE procedure is safe and effective. It can therefore be used as a first-line treatment for hemorrhagic complications resulting from percutaneous renal procedures.

OBJETIVO: Demonstrar as principais complicações hemorrágicas após nefrolitotripsia percutânea, bem como os resultados após o tratamento por embolização arterial transcateter (EAT) em um centro de radiologia intervencionista. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Coleta e análise de dados retrospectivos de pacientes submetidos a EAT por complicações hemorrágicas após nefrolitotripsia percutânea. RESULTADOS: O sintoma mais comum foi hematúria macroscópica, presente em cinco pacientes no momento da readmissão ao pronto-socorro, e nestes pacientes identificamos três pseudoaneurismas isolados, dois casos de combinação de pseudoaneurisma e sangramento ativo (hematoma perirrenal) e um caso de associação de pseudoaneurisma e fístula arteriocalicinal. Fístula arteriovenosa foi diagnosticada em três pacientes, não sendo observada em associação com outras lesões vasculares. Não identificamos fístula arteriocalicinal isolada, somente associada a pseudoaneurisma. Cinco pacientes foram submetidos a embolização por micromolas 6 × 15 mm e 6 × 20 mm. Quatro pacientes foram submetidos a embolização por Histoacryl e Lipiodol. Não observamos complicações pela angiotomografia computadorizada de controle. CONCLUSÃO: A angiotomografia computadorizada apresenta alta acurácia diagnóstica e guarnece o radiologista intervencionista de dados para um planejamento terapêutico individualizado. EAT é um procedimento seguro e eficaz e pode ser utilizado como primeira linha para o tratamento de complicações hemorrágicas resultantes de procedimentos percutâneos renais.

Impact of Obesity on Outcomes of Supine Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy.

Objectives: To determine whether obesity has an impact on the outcomes of supine percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated a prospectively created database of patients who underwent PCNL in the supine position from June 2009 to June 2014. The patients were divided into two groups according to their body mass index (BMI): <30 kg/m2 (group 1, nonobese) and ≥30 kg/m2 (group 2, obese). Pre, peri, and postoperative data were analyzed. Stone complexity was classified according to Guy's stone score. The primary endpoint was the absence of stone fragments of ≥4 mm on CT scans at postoperative day 1. Complications were graded according to the modified Clavien classification. Results: Of the 401 patients, 307 (76.6%) were nonobese and 94 (23.4%) were obese. Regarding demographic and stone characteristics, group 2 (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) had a higher percentage of female patients (67.3% vs 50.4%, p = 0.002) and a higher mean BMI (34.8 vs 24.5 kg/m2, p < 0.001) than group 1. Success rates were not statistically different between the groups (group 1 = 61.8%, group 2 = 51%, p = 0.08). There were no differences in the transfusion rate (group 1 = 2.9%, group 2 = 4.2%, p = NS) or total number of complications greater than Clavien grade 1 (group 1 = 13.6%, group 2 = 13.8%, p = NS). Conclusion: In a retrospective study of 400 patients undergoing PCNL, the outcomes were not different between nonobese and obese patients. To our knowledge, this is the first study evaluating these outcomes for PCNL performed in the supine position. Further multicenter and prospective studies are necessary to verify these findings.