Energetic responses of head-out water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequence on anaerobic mechanical power.

PURPOSE: While exercise recovery may be beneficial from a physiological point of view, it may be detrimental to subsequent anaerobic performance. To investigate the energetic responses of water immersion at different temperatures during post-exercise recovery and its consequences on subsequent anaerobic performance, a randomized and controlled crossover experimental design was performed with 21 trained cyclists. METHOD: Participants were assigned to receive three passive recovery strategies during 10 min after a Wingate Anaerobic Test (WAnT): control (CON: non-immersed condition), cold water immersion (CWI: 20 â„ƒ), and hot water immersion (HWI: 40 â„ƒ). Blood lactate, cardiorespiratory, and mechanical outcomes were measured during the WAnT and its recovery. Time constant (τ), asymptotic value, and area under the curve (AUC) were quantified for each physiologic parameter during recovery. After that, a second WAnT test and 10-min recovery were realized in the same session. RESULTS: Regardless the water immersion temperature, water immersion increased [Formula: see text] (+ 18%), asymptote ([Formula: see text]+ 16%, [Formula: see text] + 13%, [Formula: see text] + 17%, HR + 16%) and AUC ([Formula: see text]+ 27%, [Formula: see text] + 18%, [Formula: see text] + 20%, HR + 25%), while decreased [Formula: see text] (- 33%). There was no influence of water immersion on blood lactate parameters. HWI improved the mean power output during the second WAnT (2.2%), while the CWI decreased 2.4% (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Independent of temperature, water immersion enhanced aerobic energy recovery without modifying blood lactate recovery. However, subsequent anaerobic performance was increased only during HWI and decreased during CWI. Despite higher than in other studies, 20 °C effectively triggered physiological and performance responses. Water immersion-induced physiological changes did not predict subsequent anaerobic performance.

Clinimetric properties of the pressure biofeedback unit method for estimating respiratory pressures.

OBJECTIVE: The Pressure Biofeedback Unit (PBU) is used to assess the transversus abdominis muscle activity in order to determine the effectiveness of segmental stabilization, but not to verify its accuracy for measuring the pressure values of breathing from transversus abdominis activation. The objective of this study was to cross-validate the PBU pressure evaluated in transversus abdominis muscle activation with the respiratory pressure assessed through manovacuometry in order to verify the extent to which the PBU can be used to indirectly evaluate the strength of the respiratory muscle in both men and women and verify the reliability of the methods. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 39 healthy subjects. METHODS: Manovacuometry and Pressure Biofeedback Unit tests were performed in three days each with three replications: 1) Maximal Inspiratory Pressure; 2) Maximal Expiratory Pressure; and 3) Pressure Biofeedback Unit. RESULTS: Both tests showed good reliability and low correlation between the Pressure Biofeedback Unit and Maximal Inspiratory Pressure (r = 0.40; p = 0.01) and Maximal Expiratory Pressure (r = 0.33; p = 0.04). High differences were observed between pressures and wide limits of agreement in Bland-Altman analysis. CONCLUSION: It seems that the Pressure Biofeedback Unit is not able to effectively predict the respiratory muscles' strength as routinely evaluated through the use of the manovacuometry presenting a low cross-validation and good reliability.

Chronic adaptations of lung function in breath-hold diving fishermen.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to verify and analyze the existence of chronic adaptations of lung function in free-diving fishermen whose occupation is artisanal fishing. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This was a cross-sectional study involving 11 breath-hold diving fishermen and 10 non-breath-hold diving fishermen (control) from the village of Bitupitá in the municipality of Barroquinha (Ceará - Brazil). Anthropometric measurements, chest and abdominal circumferences as well as spirometric and respiratory muscle strength tests were conducted according to the specifications of the American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS). In order to compare the measured values versus the predicted values, Student t test was used in the case of parametric test and Wilcoxon test in the case of nonparametric test. To compare the inter-group means Student t test was used for parametric test and Mann-Whitney test for the nonparametric one. The level of significance was set at α = 5%. RESULTS: The forced vital capacity (FVC) (4.9 ± 0.6 l vs. 4.3 ± 0.4 l) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1) (4.0 ± 0.5 l vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 l) were, respectively, higher in the group of divers compared to the control group (p ≤ 0.05). Furthermore, in the group of free divers, the measured FVC, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC ratios were significantly greater than the predicted ones. No differences were found between the measured respiratory pressures. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that breath-hold diving seems to produce chronic adaptations of the respiratory system, resulting in elevated lung volumes with no airway obstruction.

Can the single-breath helium dilution method predict lung volumes as measured by whole-body plethysmography?

OBJECTIVE: To compare TLC and RV values obtained by the single-breath helium dilution (SBHD) method with those obtained by whole-body plethysmography (WBP) in patients with normal lung function, patients with obstructive lung disease (OLD), and patients with restrictive lung disease (RLD), varying in severity, and to devise equations to estimate the SBHD results. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study involving 169 individuals, of whom 93 and 49 presented with OLD and RLD, respectively, the remaining 27 having normal lung function. All patients underwent spirometry and lung volume measurement by both methods. RESULTS: TLC and RV were higher by WBP than by SBHD. The discrepancy between the methods was more pronounced in the OLD group, correlating with the severity of airflow obstruction. In the OLD group, the correlation coefficient of the comparison between the two methods was 0.57 and 0.56 for TLC and RV, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). We used regression equations, adjusted for the groups studied, in order to predict the WBP values of TLC and RV, using the corresponding SBHD values. It was possible to create regression equations to predict differences in TLC and RV between the two methods only for the OLD group. The TLC and RV equations were, respectively, ∆TLCWBP-SBHD in L = 5.264 - 0.060 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.33; adjusted r2 = 0.32) and ∆RVWBP-SBHD in L = 4.862 - 0.055 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.31; adjusted r2 = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: The correction of TLC and RV results obtained by SBHD can improve the accuracy of this method for assessing lung volumes in patients with OLD. However, additional studies are needed in order to validate these equations.

Can the single-breath helium dilution method predict lung volumes as measured by whole-body plethysmography? / Pode o metodo de diluicao do helio em respiracao unica estimar os volumes pulmonares medidos pela pletismografia de corpo inteiro?

OBJECTIVE: To compare TLC and RV values obtained by the single-breath helium dilution (SBHD) method with those obtained by whole-body plethysmography (WBP) in patients with normal lung function, patients with obstructive lung disease (OLD), and patients with restrictive lung disease (RLD), varying in severity, and to devise equations to estimate the SBHD results. METHODS: This was a retrospective cross-sectional study involving 169 individuals, of whom 93 and 49 presented with OLD and RLD, respectively, the remaining 27 having normal lung function. All patients underwent spirometry and lung volume measurement by both methods. RESULTS: TLC and RV were higher by WBP than by SBHD. The discrepancy between the methods was more pronounced in the OLD group, correlating with the severity of airflow obstruction. In the OLD group, the correlation coefficient of the comparison between the two methods was 0.57 and 0.56 for TLC and RV, respectively (p < 0.001 for both). We used regression equations, adjusted for the groups studied, in order to predict the WBP values of TLC and RV, using the corresponding SBHD values. It was possible to create regression equations to predict differences in TLC and RV between the two methods only for the OLD group. The TLC and RV equations were, respectively, ∆TLCWBP-SBHD in L = 5.264 − 0.060 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.33; adjusted r2 = 0.32) and ∆RVWBP-SBHD in L = 4.862 − 0.055 × FEV1/FVC (r2 = 0.31; adjusted r2 = 0.30). CONCLUSIONS: The correction of TLC and RV results obtained by SBHD can improve the accuracy of this method for assessing lung volumes in patients with OLD. However, additional studies are needed in order to validate these equations. .

OBJETIVO: Comparar resultados de CPT e VR obtidos pelo método de diluição de hélio em respiração única (DHRU) com aqueles obtidos por pletismografia de corpo inteiro (PCI) em indivíduos com função pulmonar normal, portadores de distúrbio ventilatório obstrutivo (DVO) e portadores de distúrbio ventilatório restritivo (DVR) com diferentes níveis de gravidade e elaborar equações para estimar CPT e VR por DHRU. MÉTODOS: Estudo transversal retrospectivo com 169 indivíduos, dos quais, respectivamente, 93, 49 e 27 apresentavam DVO, DVR e espirometria normal. Todos realizaram espirometria e determinação de volumes pulmonares pelos dois métodos. RESULTADOS: Os valores de CPT e VR foram maiores por PCI que por DHRU. A discrepância entre os métodos foi mais acentuada no grupo com DVO e se relacionou com a gravidade da obstrução ao fluxo aéreo. No grupo com DVO, o coeficiente de correlação da comparação entre os dois métodos foi de 0,57 e 0,56 para CPT e VR, respectivamente (p < 0,001 para ambos). Para predizer os valores de CPT e VR por PCI utilizando os respectivos valores por DHRU foram utilizadas equações de regressão, corrigidas de acordo com os grupos estudados. Somente foi possível criar equações de regressão para predizer as diferenças de CPT e VR entre os dois métodos para pacientes com DVO. Essas equações foram, respectivamente, ∆CPTPCI-DHRU em L = 5,264 − 0,060 × VEF1/CVF (r2 = 0,33; r2 ajustado = 0,32) e ∆VRPCI-DHRU em L = 4,862 − 0,055 × VEF1/CVF (r2 = 0,31; r2 ajustado = 0,30). CONCLUSÕES: A correção de CPT e VR obtidos por DHRU pode melhorar a acurácia desse método para avaliar os volumes pulmonares em pacientes com DVO. Entretanto, estudos adicionais ...

Adaptações crônicas sobre a função pulmonar em indivíduos infectados pela leishmaniose visceral / Chronic adaptations on lung function in individuals infected with Visceral Leishmaniasis

INTRODUÇÃO: Apesar de escassas, as principais alterações cardiopulmonares verificadas durante a infecção com Leishmaniose Visceral (LV) se referem a alterações histológicas e imunológicas e poucos relatos de repercussões funcionais. OBJETIVO: Verificar e analisar a existência de adaptações crônicas na função pulmonar de indivíduos assintomáticos previamente infectados pela LV. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo transversal descritivo, para o qual foram selecionados todos os indivíduos que contraíram LV em Parnaíba (Piauí, Brasil) entre 2007 e 2010 de acordo com informações do Setor de Epidemiologia do município. De um total de 20 indivíduos com confirmação parasitológica de LV, foram avaliados nove com idades entre 18 e 62 anos entre setembro e outubro de 2011. Excluíram-se indivíduos que não apresentaram diagnóstico parasitológico de LV, doenças ou sintomas cardiorrespiratórios recentes, usuários crônicos de drogas ilícitas e gestantes. Foram realizadas medidas antropométricas e testes de espirometria e de manovacuometria conforme especificações da American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS). Para comparação das médias dos valores medidos e preditos foi realizado Teste t Student para dados dependentes. O nível de significância adotado foi p < 0,05. RESULTADOS: A Capacidade Vital Forçada (CVF) (3,8 ± 0,9 vs. 4,2 ± 0,8 L) e o Volume Expiratório Forçado no primeiro segundo (VEF1) (3,3 ± 0,7 vs. 3,5 ± 0,7 L) foram estatisticamente menores do que os valores medidos (p < 0,01). A relação VEF1/CVF (87,6 vs. 84,4%) foi maior nos valores medidos (p = 0,08). CONCLUSÃO: Apesar de o número de indivíduos avaliados ser pequeno, os dados indicam que a infecção por LV parece desenvolver adaptações crônicas sobre o sistema respiratório, resultando em volumes pulmonares significativamente diminuídos e uma tendência a padrões respiratórios restritivos.

INTRODUCTION: Although scarce, the main changes observed during cardiopulmonary infection with Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) refer to histological and immunological and few reports of functional repercussions. OBJECTIVE: To verify and analyze the existence of chronic adaptations in pulmonary function in individuals who have been infected by VL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a descriptive cross-sectional study, which evaluated nine people aged between 18 and 62 years. Anthropometric measurements and spirometry and manometer tests were performed according to the specifications of the American Thoracic Society / European Respiratory Society (ATS/ERS). For comparison of the measured and predicted values was performed Student t test for dependent data. The level of significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: The Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) (3,8 ± 0,9 ± 0,8 vs. 4,2 l) and Forced expiratory volume in first second (FEV1) (3,3 ± 0,7 ± 0,7 vs. 3,5 l) were statistically smaller in measured values (p < 0.05). The FEV1/FVC ratio (87.6 vs. 84.4%) was higher in the measured values (p = 0.08). CONCLUSION: The data indicate that infection with VL seems to develop chronic adaptations on the respiratory system, resulting in decreased lung volumes and a tendency to restrictive breathing patterns.