Disability-Adjusted Life Years Resulting from Ocular Injury among Deployed Service Members, 2001-2020.

PURPOSE: To quantify the burden of ocular injuries on deployed US service members by calculating disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). DESIGN: Retrospective, observational cohort study. PARTICIPANTS: US service members with ocular injuries sustained in combat zones from January 1, 2001 to May 19, 2020. METHODS: Health states and duration of injuries were identified using data from the Defense and Veterans Eye Injury and Vision Registry. These health states were mapped to disability weights from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) study. Average duration of injury or illness was calculated until remission or death. For the latter, life expectancy at age of sustaining injury, as identified from US Life Tables from the National Vital Statistics Reports 2020, was used. Using Defense Manpower Data Center reports capturing number of service members deployed per year, incidence rates were calculated for ocular injury and DALYs. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Disability-adjusted life years of ocular injury. RESULTS: Seventeen thousand five hundred fifty-five patients sustained ocular injury that incurred DALYs. In total, these injuries resulted in 11 214 DALYs (average, 0.64 DALYs per included patient and 20.6 DALYs per 10 000 US service members per year). Severe impairment of distance vision (77.9%) and blindness (10.6%) were the primary contributors of DALYs. Although only 9.3% of patients sustained a permanent ocular injury, permanent disability accounted for 99.5% of total DALYs. The average yearly incidence rate of ocular injury was 32.0 cases per 10 000 US service members. Foreign body was the most frequent injury type (2754 occurrences), followed by abrasion (2419 occurrences) and multiple injury types (1429 occurrences). The most DALYs occurred in patients with multiple injury types (2485 DALYs), followed by abrasion (accounting for 725 DALYs) and foreign body (accounting for 461 DALYs). DISCUSSION: We report higher average DALYs per case ratio among US service members compared with the general population studied by the GBD study, highlighting the differences in probabilities of permanent injury between the two studies. Our study provides understanding of the impact of ocular injuries on active-duty service members and lays the groundwork for further research and interventions to mitigate their burden. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

The Risk of Sympathetic Ophthalmia Associated with Open-Globe Injury Management Strategies: A Meta-analysis.

TOPIC: Sympathetic ophthalmia (SO) is a sight-threatening granulomatous panuveitis caused by a sensitizing event. Primary enucleation or primary evisceration, versus primary repair, as a risk management strategy after open-globe injury (OGI) remains controversial. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This systematic review was conducted to report the incidence of SO after primary repair compared with that of after primary enucleation or primary evisceration. This enabled the reporting of an estimated number needed to treat. METHODS: Five journal databases were searched. This review was registered with International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (identifier, CRD42021262616). Searches were carried out on June 29, 2021, and were updated on December 10, 2022. Prospective or retrospective studies that reported outcomes (including SO or lack of SO) in a patient population who underwent either primary repair and primary enucleation or primary evisceration were included. A systematic review and meta-analysis were carried out in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Random effects modelling was used to estimate pooled SO rates and absolute risk reduction (ARR). RESULTS: Eight studies reporting SO as an outcome were included in total. The included studies contained 7500 patients and 7635 OGIs. In total, 7620 OGIs met the criteria for inclusion in this analysis; SO developed in 21 patients with OGI. When all included studies were pooled, the estimated SO rate was 0.12% (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.00%-0.25%) after OGI. Of 779 patients who underwent primary enucleation or primary evisceration, no SO cases were reported, resulting in a pooled SO estimate of 0.05% (95% CI, 0.00%-0.21%). For primary repair, the pooled estimate of SO rate was 0.15% (95% CI, 0.00%-0.33%). The ARR using a random effects model was -0.0010 (in favour of eye removal; 95% CI, -0.0031 [in favor of eye removal] to 0.0011 [in favor of primary repair]). Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluations analysis highlighted a low certainty of evidence because the included studies were observational, and a risk of bias resulted from missing data. DISCUSSION: Based on the available data, no evidence exists that primary enucleation or primary evisceration reduce the risk of secondary SO. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): Proprietary or commercial disclosure may be found in the Footnotes and Disclosures at the end of this article.

DeepLensNet: Deep Learning Automated Diagnosis and Quantitative Classification of Cataract Type and Severity.

PURPOSE: To develop deep learning models to perform automated diagnosis and quantitative classification of age-related cataract from anterior segment photographs. DESIGN: DeepLensNet was trained by applying deep learning models to the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) dataset. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 18 999 photographs (6333 triplets) from longitudinal follow-up of 1137 eyes (576 AREDS participants). METHODS: Deep learning models were trained to detect and quantify nuclear sclerosis (NS; scale 0.9-7.1) from 45-degree slit-lamp photographs and cortical lens opacity (CLO; scale 0%-100%) and posterior subcapsular cataract (PSC; scale 0%-100%) from retroillumination photographs. DeepLensNet performance was compared with that of 14 ophthalmologists and 24 medical students. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Mean squared error (MSE). RESULTS: On the full test set, mean MSE for DeepLensNet was 0.23 (standard deviation [SD], 0.01) for NS, 13.1 (SD, 1.6) for CLO, and 16.6 (SD, 2.4) for PSC. On a subset of the test set (substantially enriched for positive cases of CLO and PSC), for NS, mean MSE for DeepLensNet was 0.23 (SD, 0.02), compared with 0.98 (SD, 0.24; P = 0.000001) for the ophthalmologists and 1.24 (SD, 0.34; P = 0.000005) for the medical students. For CLO, mean MSE was 53.5 (SD, 14.8), compared with 134.9 (SD, 89.9; P = 0.003) for the ophthalmologists and 433.6 (SD, 962.1; P = 0.0007) for the medical students. For PSC, mean MSE was 171.9 (SD, 38.9), compared with 176.8 (SD, 98.0; P = 0.67) for the ophthalmologists and 398.2 (SD, 645.4; P = 0.18) for the medical students. In external validation on the Singapore Malay Eye Study (sampled to reflect the cataract severity distribution in AREDS), the MSE for DeepSeeNet was 1.27 for NS and 25.5 for PSC. CONCLUSIONS: DeepLensNet performed automated and quantitative classification of cataract severity for all 3 types of age-related cataract. For the 2 most common types (NS and CLO), the accuracy was significantly superior to that of ophthalmologists; for the least common type (PSC), it was similar. DeepLensNet may have wide potential applications in both clinical and research domains. In the future, such approaches may increase the accessibility of cataract assessment globally. The code and models are available at https://github.com/ncbi/deeplensnet.

POSTERIOR SEGMENT INJURIES IN OPERATION IRAQI FREEDOM AND OPERATION ENDURING FREEDOM: 2001 to 2011.

BACKGROUND/PURPOSE: To characterize the nature of posterior segment ocular injuries in combat trauma. METHODS: Eyes in the Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database were evaluated for the presence of posterior segment injury. Final visual outcomes in open-globe versus closed-globe injuries and by zone of injury and the types of posterior segment injuries in open-globe versus closed-globe injuries were assessed. RESULTS: Four hundred fifty-two of 890 eyes (50.8%) had at least one posterior segment injury. The mechanism of injury was most commonly an improvised explosive device in 280 (62.0%) eyes. Sixty-one patients (13.5%) had a Zone I injury, 50 (11.1%) a Zone II injury, and 341 (75.4%) a Zone III injury. Patients with Zone I injuries were more likely to have a final visual acuity of 20/200 or better compared with patients with either a Zone II (P < 0.001) or Zone III injury (P = 0.007). Eyes with a closed-globe injury were more likely to have a final visual acuity of 20/200 or better compared with those with an open-globe injury (P < 0.001). Furthermore, closed-globe injury compared with open-globe injury had a lower risk of vitreous hemorrhage (odds ratio 0.32, P < 0.001), proliferative vitreoretinopathy (odds ratio 0.14, P < 0.001), and retinal detachment (odds ratio 0.18, P < 0.001) but a higher risk of chorioretinal rupture (odds ratio 2.82, P < 0.001) and macular hole (odds ratio 3.46, P = 0.004). CONCLUSION: Patients with combat ophthalmic trauma had similar posterior segment injury patterns to civilian trauma in open-globe versus closed-globe injuries. Zone II and III injuries were associated with a worse visual prognosis.

Endophthalmitis: a bibliographic review.

PURPOSE: To analyze the 100 most cited articles pertaining to endophthalmitis using bibliometric analysis. METHODS: An all-time Web of Science literature search and refined to peer-reviewed articles in the field of ophthalmology with the keyword "endophthalmitis" was completed. Total citation count of articles published pertaining to endophthalmitis, topic, incidence rate, publishing journals, year published, language, country of origin, number of authors, names of the first and last authors, study type, and number of patients/eyes studied. RESULTS: The top 100 most cited articles pertaining to endophthalmitis had a mean citation count of 362.92, with a range of 175 to 3583. They were published in 20 peer-reviewed journals, with Ophthalmology publishing the most (n = 42). Thirteen different countries were represented, with the majority (n = 77) originating from the USA. The most common study type was clinical experiences (n = 52), though eight of the top ten were clinical trials. The number of patients varied widely, represented by a mean of 9680, but with a median of only 229. The majority (n = 67) examined the incidence of endophthalmitis which included 24 articles after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections, 18 after ocular surgeries/procedures, 15 after intraocular steroid injections, eight after chemotoxic drug use, and three after ocular injuries. CONCLUSION: This bibliographic study serves as a unique historical analysis of the top 100 cited scholarly articles pertaining to endophthalmitis with many of the articles related to post-procedural endophthalmitis.

Idelalisib inhibits vitreous-induced Akt activation and proliferation of retinal pigment epithelial cells from epiretinal membranes.

Proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is a blinding fibrotic eye disease that develops in 8-10% of patients who undergo primary retinal detachment-reparative surgery and in 40-60% of patients with open-globe injury. At present, there is no pharmacological treatment for this devastating disease. Vitreal growth factors activate their respective receptors of cells in the vitreous, trigger their downstream signaling transduction (e.g. phosphoinositide 3 kinases (PI3Ks)/Akt), and drive cellular responses intrinsic to the pathogenesis of PVR. PI3Ks play a central role in experimental PVR. However, which isoform(s) are involved in PVR pathogenesis remain unknown. Herein, we show that p110δ, a catalytic subunit of receptor-regulated PI3K isoform δ, is highly expressed in epiretinal membranes from patients with PVR, and that idelalisib, a specific inhibitor of PI3Kδ, effectively inhibits vitreous-induced Akt activation, proliferation, migration and contraction of retinal pigment epithelial cells derived from an epiretinal membrane of a PVR patient. Small molecules of kinase inhibitors have shown great promise as a class of therapeutics for a variety of human diseases. The data herein suggest that idelalisib is a promising PVR prophylactic.

Neuro-Ophthalmic Injuries With Systemic Neurologic Injury or Traumatic Brain Injury in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom.

BACKGROUND: To analyze the final visual acuity (VA) of neuro-ophthalmologic injuries (NOI) in combat ocular trauma and to study the association of NOI with systemic neurologic injury (SNI) and traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS: The Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database was reviewed. Inclusion criteria were any US service member and Department of Defense civilians who suffered NOI, SNI, or TBI in Operation Iraqi Freedom or Operation Enduring Freedom. The primary outcome measure was the rate of poor final VA in patients with an NOI with secondary outcome measures the rate of SNI and TBI. in patients with NOI. RESULTS: One hundred seventy-eight (20.00%) of 890 eyes had an NOI. Optic nerve injury was observed in 79 (44.38%) eyes, other cranial nerve injury in 68 (38.20%), Horner syndrome in 4 (2.25%), diplopia in 45 (25.28%), and ptosis in 13 (7.30%). In patients with NOI, 76 (42.69%) eyes had a final VA less than 20/200. In injured eyes (n = 359) of patients (n = 251) with TBI, 154 eyes (34.26%) had a final VA less than 20/200. In multivariate analysis, optic nerve injury (P < 0.001), unlike TBI (P = 0.47), was associated with final VA less than 20/200. SNI (n = 229) had a statistically significant association (odds ratio 29.8, 95% confidence interval 19.2-47.8, P < 0.001) with NOI. Optic nerve injury and cranial nerve injury were associated with TBI and SNI (all, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Optic nerve injury and cranial nerve injury are associated with TBI and SNI. Optic nerve injury, but not TBI or cranial nerve injury, is associated with a poor final VA.

Orbital Fractures and Associated Ocular Injuries in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom Referred to a Tertiary Care Military Hospital and the Effect on Final Visual Acuity.

PURPOSE: To update the incidence of orbital fractures in U.S. Soldiers admitted to the former Walter Reed Army Medical Center from 2001 to 2011 after sustaining combat injuries in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. METHODS: Data were collected in the Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database. Inclusion criteria were any U.S. Soldier or Department of Defense civilian with an orbital fracture injured in Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom. Primary outcome measures were final visual acuity and the effect of orbital fracture, number of fractures, and anatomic location of fracture on final visual acuity. RESULTS: Eight-hundred ninety eye injuries occurred in 652 patients evacuated to Walter Reed Army Medical Center between 2001 and 2011. Orbital fractures occurred in 304 eyes (34.2%). A single wall was fractured in 140 eyes (46.05%), 2 in 99 (32.6%) eyes, 3 in 31 (10.2%), 4 in 28 (9.2%), and unknown in 6 (1.9%) eyes. Roof fractures were found in 74 (24.34%), medial wall in 135 (44.41%), lateral wall in 109 (35.9%), and floor fractures in 217 (71.4%). Final visual acuity was analyzed and 140 (46.05%) eyes had greater than 20/40 vision, 17 (5.59%) were 20/50 to 20/200, 26 (8.5%) were count fingers to light perception, and 95 (31.3%) were no light perception. In logistic regression analysis, roof (p = 0.001), medial (p = 0.009), and lateral fractures (p = 0.016) were significantly associated with final visual acuity less than 20/200, while floor fractures were not (p = 0.874). Orbital fracture and all fracture subtypes were significantly associated with traumatic brain injury, retrobulbar hematoma, optic nerve injury, but not for vitreous hemorrhage, commotio, hyphema, and choroidal rupture. Fracture repair was noted in 45 (14.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Orbital fractures occurred in a third of Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom eyes of ocular trauma patients referred to one tertiary care military hospital. This resulted in approximately 40% of these eyes remaining legally blind after injury.Orbital fractures occur commonly during combat trauma and a significant number are legally blind despite appropriate treatment.

Lateral Canthotomy and Cantholysis in Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom: 2001-2011.

PURPOSE: To describe outcomes and associated ocular injuries of lateral canthotomy and cantholysis (LCC) as performed in combat ocular trauma. METHODS: Data from the Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database of patients requiring LCC during Operations Iraqi Freedom and Enduring Freedom was reviewed as a retrospective cohort. Primary outcome measures included final visual acuity (VA) and Ocular Trauma Score. Secondary outcome measures were associated injuries and timing of surgery. RESULTS: Thirty-six LCCs were recorded on a total of 890 eyes (4.04 %) in the Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database. Eighteen out of 36 eyes (50.00%) had a final VA of the affected eye of 20/200 or worse vision. From the initial available VA measured either at the time of injury or at Walter Reed Army Medical Center, 13 eyes (40.63%) had no change in VA, 15 eyes (46.88%) had improvement, and 4 (12.5%) had a decrease in VA (n = 32, data unavailable for 4 eyes). Ocular Trauma score 0-65 was noted in 14 (38.9%) and 66-100 (61.1%). Retinal detachment (6, 16.67%), optic nerve injuries (7, 19.44%), orbital fractures (20, 55.56%), and retrobulbar hematoma (25, 69.44%) were commonly associated injuries. Of the 36 LCC, 18 (50.00%) were performed as the first surgery performed at the combat support hospital, 13 (36.11%) as the second, 4 (11.11%) as the third, and 1 (2.78%) as the fourth. CONCLUSIONS: The largest subgroup of patients had an improvement in VA associated with performance of LCC; however, half of patients remained with a final VA of equal to or worse than 20/200 due to severe ocular trauma.

Enucleations and Eviscerations for Combat Ocular Trauma Performed During Operations Iraqi and Enduring Freedom: 2001 to 2011.

PURPOSE: To describe the demographics and clinical outcomes of patients who underwent posttraumatic enucleation or evisceration during Operations Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Enduring Freedom (OEF) from 2001 to 2011. METHODS: The Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database is a retrospective case series of US Servicemembers and Department of Defense civilians who had combat ocular injuries in OIF and OEF. Data regarding posttraumatic enucleations and eviscerations performed during OIF and OEF were extracted. The main outcomes analyzed were the number of enucleations and eviscerations performed, location of the surgery, laterality, and graft type. The secondary outcome measures included: mechanism of injury and Ocular Trauma Score classification. RESULTS: One hundred nine enucleations and eviscerations were performed on the 890 eyes (12.24%). Sixty-three (57.80%) primary enucleations, 36 (33.03%) secondary enucleations, 5 (4.59%) postretinal detachment repair enucleations, and 5 (4.59%) primary eviscerations were completed. The surgeries were completed at a combat support hospital (57; 52.3%), or Walter Reed Army Medical Center (49; 45.0%). All surgeries were unilateral except in 2 patients. The most common graft type used was silicone (n = 56; 51.38%). Improvised explosive devices caused 76 (69.72%) eye injuries. Ocular Trauma Score were recorded as 56 (51.38%) between 0 and 44, 44 (40.37%) between 45 and 65, and unknown in 9 (8.26%). CONCLUSION: Posttraumatic enucleation or evisceration due to devastating ocular trauma is required in about 15% of ophthalmic patients in modern combat trauma. The psychosocial impact on veterans who have required an enucleation or evisceration from combat trauma has been poorly studied and requires further review.

Intraocular Foreign Body Trauma in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom: 2001 to 2011.

PURPOSE: We update the incidence of intraocular foreign bodies (IOFB) in soldiers admitted to Walter Reed Army Medical Center from 2001 to 2011 after sustaining combat injuries in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom. DESIGN: This consecutive retrospective case series included 890 eyes of 652 patients. METHODS: Data were collected in the Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database. Inclusion criteria were any American soldier or Department of Defense civilian with an IOFB injured in Operation Iraqi Freedom/Operation Enduring Freedom. Closed globe injuries with orbital foreign bodies, injury outside of a combat zone, or non-Department of Defense civilian trauma were the exclusion criteria. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Primary outcome measures were final visual outcome and the number, size, and location of IOFBs. Secondary outcome measures included surgical procedures, use of eye protection, associated complications, source of injury and Ocular Trauma Score. RESULTS: There were 890 eye injuries in 652 patients evacuated to Walter Reed Army Medical Center between 2001 and 2011. IOFBs were found in 166 eyes of 149 patients (18.6%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 16.2%-21.3%). Most patients had a single IOFB (80.7%). An IOFB was positively associated with Ocular Trauma Score grade 1 or 2 (0-65) injuries (odds ratio [OR], 1.58; 95% CI, 1.07-2.38; P = 0.01). There were 130 eyes (78.33%) that had recorded time from initial visual acuity to final visual acuity and it ranged from 8 to 2421 days (mean, 433.24 days). Thirty-eight (25.16%; 95% CI, 18.89%-32.67%) eyes had no change in visual acuity, 98 (64.90%; 95% CI, 57.00%-72.07%) had improved visual acuity, and 15 (9.93%; 95% CI, 6.01%-15.84%) had decreased visual acuity. IOFB was not found to predict final visual acuity of <20/200 in multivariate analysis when other injury features were known (P = 0.1). Pars plana vitrectomy was completed on 124 eyes (74.70%). Removal of IOFB was performed in 118 eyes (71.08%; average of 31.67 days after initial injury) with a delayed procedure occurring after primary closure and antibiotics owing to a lack of surgical capacity in Iraq and Afghanistan. Retinal detachment occurred in 48 eyes (28.92%) and proliferative vitreoretinopathy in 44 eyes (26.5%). CONCLUSIONS: IOFBs occur frequently in combat ocular trauma and are significantly associated with more severe injuries. However, IOFBs were not found to be a significant risk factor for visual acuity of <20/200.

Closed globe macular injuries after blasts in combat.

PURPOSE: To describe the macular findings after closed globe ocular injuries sustained from blasts. METHODS: A retrospective chart review from February 2003 to March 2010 of all soldiers with closed globe ocular injuries sustained during combat with macular findings of trauma on examination was completed. RESULTS: There were 36 eyes that met the inclusion criteria. The mean age of the soldiers was 29.5 years and 97% were men. The average follow-up time was 18.6 months. Improvised explosive device blasts accounted for 86% of injuries. Forty-five percent of soldiers had bilateral ocular injuries. Eight of 36 eyes (22.2%) developed a macular hole. One eye had spontaneous closure and five eyes underwent surgical repair. There was a range of macular findings from retinal pigment epitheliopathy alone to retinal pigment epitheliopathy with full-thickness atrophy. Eight eyes (22.2%) had macular scarring on examination but no optical coherence tomography study. One eye (2.8%) developed phthisis bulbi. Fifteen eyes (42%) had an orbital fracture. Seven eyes (19%) sustained optic neuropathy. CONCLUSION: Closed globe injuries after blasts resulted in a spectrum of macular findings. The integrity of the foveal inner segment/outer segment junction was the most important retinal factor in visual outcomes. Orbital fractures were not found to be a risk factor for developing optic neuropathy and may improve visual outcomes. The rate of long-term complications is unknown, and it is important for ophthalmologists to follow these patients closely.

Ophthalmic Trauma Malpractice in the Ophthalmic Mutual Insurance Company Database.

PURPOSE: To review ophthalmic trauma malpractice claims in the Ophthalmic Mutual Insurance Company (OMIC) database to determine the frequency and causes of litigation. METHODS: A retrospective case series analysis of ophthalmic trauma claims from 2009 to 2019 was completed. Cases were selected only if the injury was secondary to trauma (e.g., fall, gunshot wound, paintball injury, etc.); iatrogenic traumatic surgical injuries were excluded. RESULTS: 31 closed cases associated with 40 total claims related to ophthalmic trauma out of 2565 claims (1.56%) in the OMIC database were analysed. 13 of the 31 cases (41.9%) were decided for the plaintiff. In decisions for the plaintiff, the median settlement amount was $330,000 (range $125,000-$1,000,000). The most frequent initial diagnoses were corneal abrasion (n = 10), hyphema (n = 5) and open-globe injury (n = 5), and the most common final diagnoses were endophthalmitis (n = 8), intraocular foreign body (n = 7) and retinal detachment (n = 7). The most common causes of malpractice litigation were a delay in referral or follow-up (n = 11) and failure to get appropriate imaging (n = 8). In the 13 cases decided for the plaintiff, experts concluded nine did not meet standard of care. CONCLUSIONS: Ophthalmic trauma malpractice claims are very uncommon in the United States, however, the payout is higher than non-trauma settlements, and approximately 40% of cases were decided for the plaintiff. Care could be improved with a careful history and complete ophthalmic examination (with dilated fundoscopy), imaging in appropriate patients, meticulous documentation, and early sub-specialist referral when the diagnosis or management plan was unclear.

The Use of Preoperative Prophylactic Systemic Antibiotics for the Prevention of Endopthalmitis in Open Globe Injuries: A Meta-Analysis.

TOPIC: This study reports the effect of systemic prophylactic antibiotics (and their route) on the risk of endophthalmitis after open globe injury (OGI). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Endophthalmitis is a major complication of OGI; it can lead to rapid sight loss in the affected eye. The administration of systemic antibiotic prophylaxis is common practice in some health care systems, although there is no consensus on their use. METHODS: PubMed, CENTRAL, Web of Science, CINAHL, and Embase were searched. This was completed July 6, 2021 and updated December 10, 2022. We included randomized and nonrandomized prospective studies which reported the rate of post-OGI endophthalmitis when systemic preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis (via the oral or IV route) was given. The Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and ROBINS-I tool were used for assessing the risk of bias. Where meta-analysis was performed, results were reported as an odds ratio. PROSPERO registration: CRD42021271271. RESULTS: Three studies were included. One prospective observational study compared outcomes of patients who had received systemic or no systemic preoperative antibiotics. The endophthalmitis rates reported were 3.75% and 4.91% in the systemic and no systemic preoperative antibiotics groups, a nonsignificant difference (P = 0.68). Two randomized controlled trials were included (1555 patients). The rates of endophthalmitis were 17 events in 751 patients (2.26%) and 17 events in 804 patients (2.11%) in the oral antibiotics and IV (± oral) antibiotics groups, respectively. Meta-analysis demonstrated no significant differences between groups (odds ratio, 1.07; 95% confidence interval, 0.54-2.12). CONCLUSIONS: The incidences of endophthalmitis after OGI were low with and without systemic antibiotic prophylaxis, although high-risk cases were excluded in the included studies. When antibiotic prophylaxis is considered, there is moderate evidence that oral antibiotic administration is noninferior to IV. FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE(S): The author(s) have no proprietary or commercial interest in any materials discussed in this article.

Update on ocular tuberculosis.

PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Despite recent downtrends, tuberculosis remains a worldwide public health concern. This review provides an update on recent demographic data, clinical and experimental data, and diagnostic modalities. RECENT FINDINGS: Quantitative PCR showing mycobacterial load in intraocular fluids may have an emerging role in the diagnosis of ocular tuberculosis when used in combination with ophthalmic features of tuberculosis. Recent investigations in porcine models of ocular tuberculosis have provided valuable insight into the microbiologic, histologic, and clinical features of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection of the choroid. Differentiating features between sarcoidosis and tuberculosis include tuberculin skin test status, the presence of ocular surface disease, and the anatomic relationship between vasculitis and choroiditis. SUMMARY: The diagnosis of presumed ocular tuberculosis remains a clinical challenge with currently available diagnostic modalities. Although newer interferon-γ release assays can distinguish exposure to M. tuberculosis from the Bacille-Calmette-Guérin vaccine strain, they currently lack the specificity to distinguish between latent tuberculosis infection and active tuberculosis. Continued improvement in the currently available molecular diagnostic techniques including quantitative PCR may be valuable in our ability to establish an earlier etiologic diagnosis and institute appropriate antimycobacterial therapy.

ACUTE POSTERIOR MULTIFOCAL PLACOID PIGMENT EPITHELIOPATHY AFTER IMMUNIZATION WITH MULTIPLE VACCINES.

PURPOSE: To report a case of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy occurring in temporal association with multiple immunizations in a previously healthy 25-year-old woman. METHODS: Acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy was diagnosed based on ophthalmological findings of bilateral placoid subretinal lesions complicated by a serous retinal detachment in the left eye. RESULTS: Through HLA typing, the patient was found to possess the HLA-B*40 and HLA-DB1*15 alleles. She was treated with topical prednisolone acetate 1% and monitored for several months. The serous retinal detachment resolved, and visual acuity returned to normal. CONCLUSION: This case report adds to the body of knowledge regarding possible atypical interplay between vaccines and specific T-cell receptors of the host immune system and adds Polio and Tetanus to the growing list of vaccines potentially triggering acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy. Increased awareness of the presentation of acute posterior multifocal placoid pigment epitheliopathy and that it may arise after immunization may also improve evaluation of acute changes in visual acuity.

Risk Factors for Failure of Final Anatomic Surgical Reattachment in Retinal Detachments From Combat Ocular Trauma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to determine the anatomic outcome of traumatic retinal detachment (RD) from combat ocular trauma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective study of patients sustaining a traumatic RD in Operation Iraqi Freedom and Operation Enduring Freedom who were evacuated to Walter Reed Army Medical Center from 2001 to 2011. The Fisher exact test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, and Agresti and Coull methods were used for analyses. RESULTS: There were 143 eyes of 134 patients in which a traumatic RD developed, of a total of 890 eyes of 652 patients in the Walter Reed Ocular Trauma Database. Based on our results, predictors for failure to reattach the retina include maculaoff status (P = .0002), open-globe injury (P = .03), proliferative vitreoretinopathy postoperatively (P = .002), and presence of hyphema (P = .02). Intraocular foreign body and time to initial retinal surgery did not increase risk for failure. Thirty-four percent (34%) of eyes failed to be reattached. CONCLUSIONS: Traumatic RD due to injury sustained in a combat zone resulted in poor prognosis, with 82.09% of eyes with RD having a best-corrected visual acuity worse than 20/200. The anatomic success of RD repair was shown to be 65.71%, likely owing to the severity of the injuries, concomitant systemic injuries, and delayed surgical intervention. [Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina 2022;53:493-501.].

Correlative Factors for Traumatic Brain Injury in Combat Ocular Trauma.

INTRODUCTION: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a significant source of disability for active duty service members in both deployed and training settings as well as those who have left active service. Service members with ocular trauma are at risk for a TBI and should be screened appropriately. Early detection results in treatment to minimize long-term sequelae which can often be debilitating. This study is the first to evaluate different combat-related ocular injuries and their associations with TBI. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A secondary analysis of existing data was conducted from a prospective study of patients who sustained combat ocular trauma (COT) during Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) and Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) between 2006 and 2020. Clinical data of a total of 88 participants were gathered and each case reviewed, including patient demographics, injury-related factors, history of TBI, and treatments rendered. All cases were then categorized to compare COT (n = 13) versus COT-T (Combat Ocular Trauma associated with TBI; n = 75). The Fisher's exact test was completed for each category to assess for predictive factors of TBI within the ophthalmic trauma cohort. Odds ratios were calculated with their 95% CI. RESULTS: When compared to COT, COT-T was significantly associated with closed globe injuries (56%; OR 4.24, 95% CI 1.08-16.67), blast injuries (89.3%; OR 3.72, 95% CI 0.93-14.9), multiple surgeries (89%; OR 2.51, 95% CI 0.57-11.08), anterior segment injuries (69.3%; OR 1.41, 95% CI 0.42-4.79), optic nerve injuries (24%; OR 1.05, 95% CI 0.26-4.25), orbital fractures (48%; OR 2.08, 95% CI 0.59-7.34), enucleation (17.3%; OR 2.52, 95% CI 0.300-21.08), the use of eye protection (68.6%; OR 2.18, 95% CI 0.57-8.32), and the need to undergo plastic surgery (78.7%; OR 2.30, 95% CI 0.66-8.02). Significant factors associated with COT included penetrating injury (30.8%; OR 0.027, 95% CI 0.07-1.08), posterior segment injuries (92%; OR 0.264, 95% CI 0.032-2.17), bilateral injuries (76.9%; OR 0.678, 95% CI 0.17-2.69), and bilateral blindness (7.7%; OR 0.857, 95% CI 0.092-7.99). CONCLUSIONS: Patients who have sustained combat-related ocular injuries, specifically blast injury, anterior segment injury, or an orbital fracture, were noted to be more likely to have also sustained a TBI. However, of the evaluated variables in predicting the co-occurrence of TBI, only closed globe injury was identified as statistically significant. Service members with injuries requiring multiple surgical procedures, reconstructive plastic surgery, or enucleation of an eye were also more likely to be diagnosed with a TBI, but these variables were not found to be predictive of TBI among ocular trauma patients. The presence of eye protection was not protective against TBI. Further studies are needed to find significant predictors of TBI in combat ocular trauma patients to assist in the early and accurate detection of TBI.