Midpalatal suture maturation in 15- to 35-year-olds: morphological assessment in the coronal plane using CBCT-an exploratory study.

Rapid maxillary expansion (RME) is used in patients presenting transverse maxillary deficiency. However, RME may be unpredictable after late adolescence if the midpalatal sutural maturation stage (MPMS) is in late stage. Since MPMS evaluation is influenced by the expertise of the operator and image quality, this classification method could be complemented. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the morphology of the midpalatal suture (MPS) and its surrounding bone in the coronal plane using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images of adolescents and young adults and to correlate the findings with their respective MPMS status. CBCT scans of 200 patients aged 15-35 years of both sexes were evaluated. MPS and surrounding bone tissue characteristics in the coronal and axial sections were analyzed, and MPMS was evaluated (A to E). Six categories were identified for the coronal evaluation, analyzing it in 2 standardized locations. Sutural morphology: I, hypodense sutural line limited by 2 hyper-dense para-sutural lines; II, hypodense sutural line; and III, suture not visible. The presence of para-sutural cancellous bone: CB0, compact bone; CB1, dense cancellous tissue; CB2, spaced cancellous bone. Midpalatal bone thickness (MBTh) was also measured. ANOVA-Bonferroni, chi-square, logistic regression and t-tests were used. MPMS increased with age. Sutural morphology I and CB0 bone were the most prevalent. Here we show that sutural morphology, para-sutural bone characteristics, and MPSM were significantly associated. The coronal evaluation of the MPS can complement the information from the MPSM assessment, allowing the identification of patent MPS even in the presence of late MPSM.

Determination of presence and morphometry of lingual foramina and canals in Chilean mandibles using cone-beam CT images.

PURPOSE: To describe the presence and anatomical characteristics of lingual foramina and canals using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) in a sample of Chilean dry mandibles. METHODS: Cone-beam computed tomography images of 68 adult mandibles of indeterminate sex and age were analyzed. The description of number and position of lingual foramina were tabulated using a position regarding the mental spines (superior, between, and inferior to the mental spines). Area and diameter of the foramina and length of the canals found were measured. RESULTS: All the mandibles had one or more lingual foramen. The median was 3 foramina with a minimum of 1 and a maximum of 4. The most frequent positions were superior and inferior with 88% and 85% of presence, respectively. The lingual canal diameter obtained for the superior position was 1.04 ± 0.38 mm, for the between position was 1.02 ± 0.5 mm, and finally 1 ± 0.3 mm for the inferior position. The lingual canal length for the superior position was 6.38 ± 2.4 mm, for the between position 6.77 ± 1.33, and 5.38 ± 0.25 mm for the inferior position. CONCLUSIONS: All the mandibles have one or more lingual foramina. The most frequent positions were superior and inferior. Many of the lingual foramina found were over 1 mm in diameter. The lingual canal length was over 5 mm for all the positions.

Regenerative endodontic procedure combined with non-surgical root canal treatment in an immature permanent maxillary molar: A 7-year follow-up case report.

The aim of this report is to present the results of a personalised endodontic treatment for an immature molar, using regenerative endodontic procedure (REP) combined with non-surgical root canal treatment (NSRCT), with 7 years of follow-up. The tooth#3 presented combined endodontic pathologies in each root, with different pulpal and periapical status. A REP in the palatal (P) canal and a NSCRT in the mesio-buccal (MB) and disto-buccal (DB) canals were performed. Absence of clinical signs/symptoms and continuous palatal root development with apical closure were observed over 4-years. After 5-years an apical lesion in the MB root was observed. Both MB canals were selectively retreated by completely filling them with TotalFill BC RRM Fast Set putty. After 7-years, the tooth remained functional and the apical lesion was resolving. The palatal root was completely mature. This case report reveals the potential for use of combined treatment approaches for immature multirooted teeth.

Seasonal reproductive activity of domestic queens (Felis catus) in the tropics of Mexico.

The objective of this study was to determine the seasonal ovarian activity of domestic queens under the tropical conditions of southern Mexico (19° 30' and 21° 35' N latitude). A total of 250 reproductive tracts were evaluated, and the frequencies of queens with ovarian activity (oestrus, dioestrus or pregnant), anoestrus, pregnancies and ovulation rate by season of the year (spring, summer, autumn and winter) were calculated. Ovarian activity was observed throughout the year, but a significant reduction occurred during the winter; conversely, anoestrous cases were lower during spring and showed an increase during summer, autumn and winter. Pregnancies were most common during spring and decreased during summer, autumn and winter. Ovulation rate varied from 2.5 to 2.8 during the four seasons. Cystic endometrial hyperplasia, pyometra and ovarian follicular cysts were the most common lesions found. The results demonstrate that domestic queens are not seasonal in tropical conditions, but a clear effect of the season of the year reducing ovarian activity is present.

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst in a 31 Year-Old Male: Imaging Findings in Computed Tomography / Quiste del Canal Nasopalatino en un Hombre de 31 años: Hallazgos en Imágenes de Tomografía Computarizada

A 31-year-old man is presented and is evaluated by panoramic radiography. As a finding, an extensive lesion with a cystic appearance was detected in the anterior part of the maxilla. Computed tomography shows a lesion corresponding to the characteristics of a cyst. In the histology the combination of two types of epithelium is observed, pseudostratified columnar and stratified squamous, confirming that this was a nasopalatine duct cyst.

Se presenta el caso de un hombre de 31 años, evaluado mediante radiografía panorámica. Como hallazgo se detecta una extensa lesión de aspecto quístico en la parte anterior del maxilar. En la tomografía computada se observa una lesión que corresponde a las carácterísticas de un quiste. La histología muestra una combinación de dos tipos de epitelio, pseudostratificado columnar y estratificado escamoso, confirmando que se trataba de un quiste del canal nasopalatino.

Root and canal morphology of mandibular premolars using cone-beam computed tomography in a Chilean and Belgian subpopulation: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To describe mandibular premolar root and canal morphology and its variability in Chilean and Belgian samples using cone-beam computed tomography. METHODS: A cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted. A total of 402 mandibular premolars were examined using cone-beam computed tomography images of Chilean and Belgian patients. Premolars that met the inclusion criteria were studied in relation to the number of roots, number of canals, root canal configuration, presence of C-shaped configuration, tooth length, and root length. RESULTS: The mandibular first premolar frequently presented with one root (94% Chilean; 100% Belgian), as did the mandibular second premolar (99% Chilean; 98% Belgian). One canal was present in 69% of Chilean, and 83% of Belgian mandibular first premolars, and in 95% of Chilean and 91% of Belgian second premolars. A type I root canal configuration was found in 69% of Chilean and 83% of Belgian first premolars and in 95% of Chilean and 92% of Belgian second premolars. CONCLUSIONS: The anatomical parameters analyzed in the Chilean and Belgian samples are similar. However, it should be noted that there are anatomical variations in mandibular premolars.

Cephalometric Characteristics in Chilean Latino Population with Normal Occlusion and Harmonic Profiles in Permanent Dentition. A Retrospective Study / Características Cefalométricas en Población Latina Chilena con Oclusión Normal y Perfiles Armónicos en Dentición Permanente. Un Estudio Retrospectivo

SUMMARY: Malocclusion is usually treated based on clinical decisions complemented with a cephalometric analysis, allowing the comparison of an individual with standard reference norms. Cephalometric standards have mostly been obtained from Caucasian population, but may not be appropriate for other ethnic groups, becoming a clinically relevant problem in multicultural and multiracial societies. The present study aimed to establish cephalometric norms for Chilean-Latino population, using a representative sample of class I individuals in permanent dentition. A sample of 72 cephalometric x-rays of class I growing individuals (47 women and 25 men) between 10 and 20 years of age with class I occlusion and harmonic profile was obtained from the records of the Universidad de los Andes taken between 2012 and 2019, including 1164 individuals. The radiographs were classified according to their cervical vertebral maturation status, and cephalometrically analyzed, obtaining vertical and sagittal parameters in soft and hard tissues, which were compared with Caucasian cephalometric norms. The statistical analysis was performed using descriptive and inferential statistics (T-test, ANOVA and Bonferroni tests). Cephalometric norms were obtained for hard and soft tissues. Upon comparison with Caucasian norms, the subjects included in the sample present a tendency towards a convex profile, significant incisal proclination, dental protrusion, labial biprotrusion and an acute nasolabial angle. There are cephalometric differences between the Caucasian cephalometric norms and those observed Chilean Latino population, displaying differences at a hard and soft tissue level that should be taken into account for clinical decision making in Orthodontics.

La maloclusión generalmente se trata con base en decisiones clínicas complementadas con un análisis cefalométrico, lo que permite la comparación de un individuo con normas de referencia estándar. Los estándares cefalométricos se han obtenido en su mayoría de población caucásica, pero pueden no ser apropiados para otros grupos étnicos, convirtiéndose en un problema clínicamente relevante en sociedades multiculturales y multirraciales. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo establecer normas cefalométricas para población chileno-latina, utilizando una muestra representativa de individuos clase I en dentición permanente. Se obtuvo una muestra de 72 radiografías cefalométricas de individuos en crecimiento clase I (47 mujeres y 25 hombres) entre 10 y 20 años de edad con oclusión clase I y perfil armónico de los registros de la Universidad de los Andes tomados entre 2012 y 2019, incluidas 1164 personas. Las radiografías se clasificaron según su estado de maduración vertebral cervical, y se analizaron cefalométricamente, obteniendo parámetros verticales y sagitales en tejidos blandos y duros, que se compararon con normas cefalométricas caucásicas. El análisis estadístico se realizó mediante estadística descriptiva e inferencial (T-test, ANOVA y pruebas de Bonferroni). Se obtuvieron normas cefalométricas para tejidos duros y blandos. En comparación con las normas caucásicas, los sujetos incluidos en la muestra presentan una tendencia hacia un perfil convexo, proinclinación incisal significativa, protrusión dental, biprotrusión labial y un ángulo nasolabial agudo. Existen diferencias entre las normas cefalométricas caucásicas y las observadas en población latina chilena, mostrando diferencias a nivel de tejidos duros y blandos que se deben considerar para la toma de decisiones clínicas en Ortodoncia.

Efectividad del B-learning como Metodología de Enseñanza-Aprendizaje de Radiología Oral en 6 ° año de la Carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de los Andes, Chile

RESUMEN: Se realizó una innovación metodológica en el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje de radiología oral en la carrera de Odontología de la Universidad de los Andes. Se implementó un curso Radiología Oral con la modalidad b-learning en el 6° año 2018, basado en la plataforma Moodle. Esta intervención no constituía un cambio curricular, sino que solo metodológico. Se evaluó si el b-learning era una metodología efectiva para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el curso de radiología oral de 6° año de Odontología de la Universidad de los Andes, Chile. Se compararon las calificaciones obtenidas en una prueba sumativa final por el grupo de estudio (b-learning) respecto de las obtenidas por el grupo control (metodología tradicional aplicada los 5 años anteriores). Se valoró la percepción de los estudiantes, respecto de la metodología b-learning, para lo cual se aplicó una encuesta que consideraba 4 variables: comprensión, tiempo ocupado, motivación y rol moderador del profesor. Los alumnos con modalidad b-learning obtuvieron notas significativamente más altas que los alumnos que siguieron el mismo curso con modalidad presencial. Los estudiantes que trabajaron con modalidad b-learning se declararon satisfechos con el enfoque b-learning para aprender radiología oral en 6 ° año de Odontología de la Universidad de los Andes. El 95,5 % señaló que esta metodología motiva su aprendizaje y el 100 % la recomendaría a un compañero. El 97,7 % de los alumnos indicó que la metodología b-learning les permitía contar con la ayuda oportuna del profesor y el 95,5 % que el actuar del profesor facilitó su aprendizaje. El b-learning es una metodología efectiva para el proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje en el curso de radiología oral. Los alumnos con modalidad b-learning obtuvieron notas significativamente más altas que los alumnos que siguieron el mismo curso con modalidad presencial. Los estudiantes se declaran satisfechos con el enfoque b-learning.

ABSTRACT: A methodological innovation is carried out in the teaching-learning process of oral radiology in the Dentistry career of the Universidad de los Andes, an Oral Radiology course was implemented with the b-learning modality in the 6th year 2018, based on on the Moodle platform. This intervention does not constitute a curricular change, but only a methodological one. It was evaluated whether b-learning is an effective methodology for the teaching-learning process in the oral radiology course of the 6th year of Dentistry at the Universidad de los Andes. The scores obtained in a final summative test by the study group (b-learning) were compared with those obtained by the control group (traditional methodology applied the previous 5 years). The perception of the students regarding the b-learning methodology was assessed, for which a survey was applied that considers 4 variables: comprehension, time occupied, motivation and the moderating role of the teacher. The students with the b-learning modality obtained significantly higher grades than the students who followed the same course with the face-to-face modality. The students who worked with the b-learning modality declared themselves satisfied with the b-learning approach to learn oral radiology in the 6th year of Dentistry at the Universidad de los Andes. 95.5% indicated that this methodology motivates their learning and 100% would recommend it to a colleague. 97.7% of the students indicated that the b-learning methodology allows them to have timely help from the teacher and 95.5% that the teacher's actions facilitated their learning. B-learning is an effective methodology for the teaching-learning process in the oral radiology course. The students with the b-learning modality obtained significantly higher grades than the students who followed the same course with the face-to-face modality. The students declare themselves satisfied with the b-learning approach.

Maduración de la Sutura Palatina Media En Adolescentes y Adultos Jóvenes Chilenos: Estudio Transversal / Midpalatal Sutural Maturation in Chilean Adolescents and Young Adults: Cross-sectional Study

RESUMEN: Objetivo: Evaluar la maduración de la sutura palatina media en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes chilenos, mediante valoración morfológica de imágenes de tomografía computarizada de haz cónico del maxilar. Material y método: Se analizó la sutura palatina media de 150 sujetos entre 15 y 30 años, seleccionados desde la base de datos radiológicos de un centro universitario de salud. La maduración sutural fue evaluada en el corte axial, utilizando el método de Angelieri y cols., clasificándola en cinco etapas (A, B, C, D y E). Se utilizaron las pruebas de correlación de Pearson para medir la concordancia intra e interexaminador, y T-Student para las diferencias entre sexos. Resultados: El estado de maduración más frecuente fue C (43,3%), seguido por E (33,3%) y D (22%). En hombres, la etapa C fue más frecuente (49%), mientras que en mujeres fue la etapa E (39%). Sin embargo, no se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre ambos sexos. Conclusiones: Aunque la mayoría de la muestra presentó una etapa tardía de maduración sutural, el 45% presentó estados de maduración sutural donde sería posible la expansión de naturaleza no quirúrgica. Debido a la variabilidad observada en adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, se recomienda la evaluación individual con imagenología 3D.

ABSTRACT: Objective: To evaluate midpalatal suture maturation in Chilean adolescents and young adults through morphological assessment of cone-beam computed tomography images of the maxilla. Materials and methods: Analysis of the midpalatal suture of 150 subjects aged between 15 and 30 was performed, selected from a university clinical center radiological database. Sutural maturation was evaluated in the axial cross-section, using the method described by Angelieri et al., classifying it in five stages (A, B, C, D and E). Pearson's correlation tests were used to assess intra- and inter-examiner agreement, and T-Student for assessing differences between genders. Results: The most frequent maturation stage was C (43.3%), followed by E (33.3%) and D (22%). In men, stage C was more frequent (49%), while in women it was stage E (39%). However, no statistically significant differences were found between genders. Conclusions: Although the majority of the sample presented a late stage of sutural maturation, 45% presented states of sutural maturation where the expansion of a non-surgical nature would be possible. Due to the variability observed in adolescents and young adults, individual evaluation with 3D imaging is recommended.

Characterization of mandibular molar root and canal morphology using cone beam computed tomography and its variability in Belgian and Chilean population samples.

PURPOSE: This study used cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) to characterize mandibular molar root and canal morphology and its variability in Belgian and Chilean population samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We analyzed the CBCT images of 515 mandibular molars (257 from Belgium and 258 from Chile). Molars meeting the inclusion criteria were analyzed to determine (1) the number of roots; (2) the root canal configuration; (3) the presence of a curved canal in the cross-sectional image of the distal root in the mandibular first molar and (4) the presence of a C-shaped canal in the second mandibular molar. A descriptive analysis was performed. The association between national origin and the presence of a curved or C-shaped canal was evaluated using the chi-squared test. RESULTS: The most common configurations in the mesial root of both molars were type V and type III. In the distal root, type I canal configuration was the most common. Curvature in the cross-sectional image was found in 25% of the distal canals of the mandibular first molars in the Belgian population, compared to 11% in the Chilean population. The prevalence of C-shaped canals was 10% or less in both populations. CONCLUSION: In cases of unclear or complex root and canal morphology in the mandibular molars, CBCT imaging might assist endodontic specialists in making an accurate diagnosis and in treatment planning.

Presencia y morfometría de forámenes y canales linguales en cone beam CT de mandíbulas de individuos chilenos: correlación con medición directa en hueso / Presence and morphometry of lingual foramina and canal in cone beam CT of Chilean dry mandibles: correlation with direct bone measures

Se han descrito forámenes ubicados en la cara interna del sector mandibular anterior, ya sea en hueso seco, radiografía convencional y en estudios mediante cone beam CT (CBCT). El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar la presencia, posición y las características anatómicas de los forámenes y canales linguales encontrados en CBCT de mandíbulas Chilenas secas, con los resultados de la misma muestra estudiada con visión directa en hueso seco. Se utilizaron 68 mandíbulas secas de la unidad de morfología de la Universidad de los Andes. Se evaluó número de dientes remanentes, número de forámenes relacionados con las espinas mentonianas, posición, área y longitud de cada canal en hueso seco y en CBCT de la misma muestra. Se encontró presencia del foramen lingual en 100 % de CBCT y 97 % de observación directa en hueso. Se observaron 150 forámenes en hueso seco y 170 forámenes en CBCT. La mayor cantidad se encontró por superior (hueso: 55; CBCT:61) e inferior (hueso:66 ; CBCT:92) a las espinas mentonianas. La confiablidad no fue la esperada, con un kappa para el número de forámenes superiores de 0,43, una correlación intraclase (rho) para el número de forámenes inferiores de 0,31. El área de forámenes superiores tuvo un rho de 0,059 e inferiores un rho de 0,144, mientras que, la longitud de los canales superiores, un rho de 0,5 e inferiores un rho de 0,246. Se observó una tendencia a mayores diámetros y longitudes de canales en las mediciones realizadas en CBCT comparadas con las mediciones en hueso seco. Teniendo en cuenta la alta prevalencia de estos forámenes, es recomendable previo a cualquier cirugía en el sector mandibular anterior, el estudio mediante CBCT. Además de mantener un margen de seguridad respecto a los forámenes linguales debido a una mínima distorsión esperable de estas estructuras.

On several studies, there has been described foramina located in the inner face of the anterior mandible, whether on dry bone, conventional radiography and cone beam CT (CBCT). The aim of this study was compare the presence, position and anatomical characteristics of foramina and lingual canals found in CBCT of Chilean mandibles, with the results of the same sample studied with direct vision in dry bone. We studied 68 mandibles from the morphology unit of Universidad de los Andes. The number of teeth, foramina related to mental spines, position, area and length of each canal were evaluated, in dry bone and CBCT from the same sample. Presence of lingual foramen was found in 100 % of CBCT and 97 % of direct observation in bone. There were 150 foramina in dry bone and 170 foramina in CBCT. The greatest amount was found superior (bone: 55; CBCT: 61) and inferior (bone: 66; CBCT: 92) to the mental spines. . The reliability was not as expected, with a kappa for the number of upper foramina of 0.43, an intraclass correlation for the number of lower foramen of 0.31. The upper foramen area had an intraclass correlation of 0,059 and an inferior correlation of 0.144 while, the length of the superior canals, had a 0.5 and inferior 0.246 of intraclass correlation. A trend was observed for higher diameters and canal lengths in the measurements performed with CBCT compared to the measurements in dry bone. Taking into account the high prevalence of these foramina, it is advisable prior to any surgery in the anterior mandible, the prior study using CBCT. In addition to maintaining a margin of safety with respect to lingual foramina.

Radiología de quistes de los maxilares / Radiology of maxillary cysts

Esta revisión actualiza y resume los conocimientos radiográficos sobre los quistes que pueden desarrollarse en los maxilares. Este tipo de patología es de carácter benigno, pero por su naturaleza asintomática puede llegar a comprometer grandes extensiones de territorio. Por esto y por su elevada frecuencia constituyen un grupo importante dentro de las patologías tumorales maxilofaciales. El origen del epitelio de un quiste permite clasificarlos en odontogénicos y del desarrollo

Aplicaciones de la tomografía computada al diagnóstico en el territorio maxilofacial y la cavidad bucal / Applications of the computed tomography to the diagnosis in the maxilofacial territory and the buccal cavity

La Tomografía Computada es muy útil para el diagnóstico de la patología maxilofacial y de la cavidad bucal. El advenimiento de los equipos multicorte ha permitido obtener imágenes de alta resolución, en diversidad de presentaciones y en menor tiempo. En este trabajo se revisan diversas aplicaciones de este examen para el diagnóstico en el territorio maxilofacial.