Whoever wants better healthcare simply pays more: citizens' perception about voluntary private health insurance in Colombia.

OBJECTIVES: To explore the perceptions that Colombians have about voluntary private health insurance plans (VPHI) in the health system to identify the tensions that exist between the public and private systems. METHODS: A qualitative case study approach with 46 semi structured interviews of patients, healthcare workers, healthcare administrators, decision-makers, and citizens. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, anonymized, digitally stored, and analyzed following grounded theory guidelines. RESULTS: We developed a paradigmatic matrix that explores how, in a context mediated by both the commodification of health and social stratification, perceptions about the failures in the public health system related to lack of timely care, extensive administrative procedures, and the search for privileged care led to positioning VPHI as a solution to these failures. The interviewees identified three consequences of using VPHI: first, the worsening of problems of timely access to care in the public system; second, higher costs for citizens translated into double payment for technologies and services to which they are entitled; third, the widening of inequity gaps in access to health services between people with similar needs but different payment capacities. CONCLUSIONS: These findings can help decision makers to understand citizens´ perceptions about the implications that VPHI may have in worsening equity gaps in the Colombian health system. It also shows, how VPHI is perceived as a double payment for services covered within social security plans and suggests that the perceived lack of timely access to care in the public systems and the fear that citizens have for themselves or their family members when using suboptimal healthcare are important drivers to purchase these private insurances.

RESUMEN: OBJETIVOS: Explorar las percepciones que tienen los colombianos sobre los planes de seguro de salud privados voluntarios (VPHI) en el sistema de salud para identificar las tensiones que existen entre los sistemas público y privado. MéTODOS: Un estudio cualitativo de caso con 46 entrevistas semiestructuradas a pacientes, trabajadores de la salud, administradores de salud, tomadores de decisiones y ciudadanos. Las entrevistas se grabaron, transcribieron y almacenaron de manera anónima. El análisis se hizo siguiendo conceptos de la teoría fundamentada. RESULTADOS: Desarrollamos una matriz paradigmática que explora cómo, en un contexto mediado tanto por la mercantilización de la salud como por la estratificación social, las percepciones sobre las fallas en el sistema de salud público relacionadas con la falta de atención oportuna, procedimientos administrativos extensos y la búsqueda de atención privilegiada llevaron a posicionar los VPHI como una solución a estas fallas. Los entrevistados identificaron tres consecuencias del uso de los VPHI: primero, el empeoramiento de los problemas de acceso oportuno a la atención en el sistema público; segundo, mayores costos para los ciudadanos, traducidos en un pago doble por tecnologías y servicios a los que tienen derecho; tercero, el aumento de las brechas de equidad en el acceso a los servicios de salud entre personas con necesidades similares pero diferentes capacidades de pago. CONCLUSIONES: Estos hallazgos pueden ayudar a los tomadores de decisiones a comprender las percepciones de los ciudadanos sobre las implicaciones que el VPHI puede tener en el empeoramiento de las brechas de equidad en el sistema de salud colombiano. También muestra cómo el VPHI se percibe como un pago doble por servicios cubiertos dentro de los planes de seguridad social y sugiere que la falta percibida de acceso oportuno a la atención en los sistemas públicos y el miedo que los ciudadanos tienen por sí mismos o por sus familiares cuando utilizan una atención sanitaria subóptima son factores importantes para adquirir estos seguros privados.

Stenting of femoropopliteal lesions using interwoven nitinol stents.

OBJECTIVE: The Supera stent (Abbott Laboratories, Abbott Park, Ill) has a unique biomimetic design allowing axial and longitudinal flexibility and fracture resistance. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the midterm patency of Supera stents used to treat patients with superficial femoral and popliteal arterial disease by a single practice. METHODS: From April 2010 to December 2011, 53 patients and 59 limbs with symptomatic femoropopliteal lesions underwent angioplasty and stenting with the Supera stent. Five patients had no follow-up and were excluded. Demographics of the patients, radiographic images, morphologic features of the lesions, procedural reports, reinterventions, and follow-up clinical visit notes were reviewed. Primary patency was defined as clinical resolution of symptoms with no secondary interventions. Primary and secondary patency rates at 12, 24, and 36 months were estimated by Kaplan-Meier analysis. RESULTS: A total of 48 patients (42 men, six women; 54 limbs; mean age, 64.3 years [range, 51-87]) received Supera stents and had at least one follow-up visit as part of their treatment for femoropopliteal disease. Primary indications for intervention included claudication, rest pain, and tissue loss, at rates of 54% (29 of 54), 26% (14 of 54), and 20% (11 of 54), respectively; 22% of lesions were TransAtlantic Inter-Society Consensus type A or B and 78% were type C or D. Mean lesion length was 24.0 cm (range, 3-51). Mean follow-up was 27.5 months (range, 1-45). The ankle-brachial index increased from 0.58 ± 0.20 preoperatively to 0.77 ± 0.18 postoperatively (P = .00004). Primary, primary assisted, and secondary patency rates at latest follow-up were 79.6%, 88.9%, and 92.3%, respectively. Cumulative primary patency rates by Kaplan-Meier analysis at 12, 24, and 36 months were 85.6%, 83.1%, and 76.7%, respectively. Secondary patency rates by Kaplan-Meier estimates at 12, 24, and 36 months were 93.8%, 93.8%, and 89.3%, respectively. No stent fractures were found at the time of any reinterventions. Long lesions >30 cm (n = 18) showed equivalent patency to lesions of 1 to 15 cm (n = 18) and lesions 15 to 30 cm in length (n = 18). CONCLUSIONS: Our midterm results show that Supera stents are durable in treating femoropopliteal lesions, with notably high patency rates in patients with long lesion lengths.

Prevalence of HIV, Treponema pallidum and Their Coinfection in Men Who Have Sex with Men, Medellín-Colombia.

Introduction: In Colombia, HIV and gestational syphilis are notifiable events; however, they are poorly investigated infections in men who have sex with men (MSM). Objective: To determine the prevalence of HIV, Treponema pallidum, and their co-infection in MSM treated at a Health Services Provider Institution (HSPI) specialized in infectious diseases from Medellín. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 3454 MSM. Prevalence was determined with its 95% confidence interval; associated factors were identified using Fisher's Exact test, Pearson's Chi-square, and trend Chi-square. Multivariate adjustment was performed using logistic regression. Analyses were performed using SPSS 29.0. Results: The prevalence of HIV was 5.7%, T. pallidum 0.7%, and co-infection 0.6%. The prevalence of HIV was higher in MSM aged between 24-40 years (7.5%), with technical or university studies (10.0%), without health insurance affiliation (12.4%), and those who have had a sexual partner with HIV (36.2%). T. pallidum was higher in MSM without health insurance affiliation (3.4%), who had sexual relations with people diagnosed with an STI (5.9%), and a sexual partner with HIV (12.1%). Co-infection was higher in MSM without health insurance affiliation (2.7%), and those who had a partner with HIV (11.2%). Conclusion: Compared with the general Colombian population, MSM have a higher risk of HIV, but are similar to T. pallidum. The identification of the main associated factors in each infection demonstrates the need to prioritize subgroups of MSM that show greater vulnerability to these events. This research demonstrates the urgency of implementing health education strategies in MSM who have a sexual partner with HIV or other STIs. Large gaps were also evident in the magnitude of the three events according to the health insurance affiliation regime, which demonstrates problems of social and health injustice, especially with MSM without health insurance affiliation.

Comparison of Survival and Clinical Profile of Adults with COVID-19 Hospitalized in Two Clinics in Medellín, Colombia.

Purpose of Review: This study compares the survival and clinical profile of hospitalized adults with COVID-19 in two clinics in the city of Medellín, Colombia, with a prospective study with 198 patients in clinic A and 201 in clinic B. Comparisons were made with chi-square and Mann-Whitney U, factors associated with survival were identified with a Cox regression. Recent Findings: The proportion of deaths was 7.1% in clinic A with a mean survival of 51.9 days (95% CI = 45-59); in clinic B 13.9% of patients died with mean survival of 37.8 days (95% CI = 32-43). The most prevalent comorbidities were hypertension (41.6%), diabetes (23.8%), obesity (15.0%), hypothyroidism (13.0%), dyslipidemia (11.0%), and chronic lung disease (10.8%) with similar proportions in both clinics. There were also differences by the clinic in the most prevalent complications: bacterial pneumonia (18.8%), acute renal failure (14.3%), and encephalopathy (9.5%). There were no differences in the days of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation (clinic A 23.7% and clinic B 29.4%) and admission to the ICU (25.3% in A and 32.3% in B). Summary: We evidence the heterogeneity of the survival and the clinical profile of the patients who are cared for by two institutions of the same city. These findings demonstrate the need to conduct unique studies for each institution, which poses a significant challenge for hospital epidemiology programs due to the impossibility of extrapolating evidence from other healthcare institutions and the need to implement personalized medicine programs given the clinical diversity of patients hospitalized for COVID-19.

Development of a Clinical Practice Guideline for Lower Limb Amputees. A Knowledge Translation Process in a Middle Income Country.

Background and Aim: Knowledge translation processes are necessary for improving patients' and communities' health outcomes. The aim of this study was to systematically develop evidence-based recommendations for people over 16 years of age who are in risk for or have suffered a lower limb amputation for medical reasons (vascular, diabetes mellitus) or trauma (civilian or military trauma) in order to improve function, quality of life, decrease complications and morbidity. Methods: Following the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach we developed a Clinical Practice Guideline (CPG) for lower limb amputees with funding from the Ministry of Health in Colombia and participation of a multidisciplinary group. We included patients' preferences. Based on the scope, purposes and objectives the questions were elaborated with the PECOT strategy. The evidence search was performed for each question in the main databases: Cochrane Library, Embase and PubMed, without time limit or language restriction. Teams were formed with thematic experts and clinical epidemiologists to review the clinical studies, describe the evidence, and evaluate the quality of the body of evidence with the GRADE methodology. The recommendations were made according to the judgments proposed by the GRADE working group. We conducted a stakeholder's dialogue as a mechanism for the external validation of the guideline implementation. Results: The CPG included 43 recommendations related to the diagnosis, surgical treatment, rehabilitation, prescription and adaptation of the prosthesis. They were strong in favor 37.2, weak in favor 53.5, strong against 2.3, Weak against 7.0%. Quality of evidence was high in 0, moderate in 11.6, low in 58.1, and very low 30.2%. Discussion: In 93% of the recommendations, the quality of the evidence was between low and very low. This is why it was so important to validate and discuss each recommendation with an expanded multidisciplinary group. The research group identified 25 interventions and five milestones to be prioritized in the implementation and in the stakeholder's dialogue participants identified opportunities and barriers for implementation of recommendations. Conclusion: It is necessary to develop a national policy for implementation strategies of CPG recommendations that promotes the necessary arrangements for the provision of services for diagnosis, treatment, and rehabilitation of individuals with amputations.

The OLGA-OLGIM staging and the interobserver agreement for gastritis and preneoplastic lesion screening: a cross-sectional study.

Stomach cancer (SC) incidence and mortality are relevant public health issues worldwide. In Colombia, screening for preneoplastic lesions (PNL) and the presence of H. pylori is not routinely performed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate OLGA-OLGIM staging and the interobserver agreement in gastritis and preneoplastic lesions in patients with gastroduodenal symptoms from Colombia. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 272 patients with gastroduodenal symptoms. Gastric biopsies were taken following the Updated Sydney System with the OLGA-OLGIM classification, and the results were evaluated by two pathologists. Chronic gastritis and PNL were reported in 76% and 24% of the patients, respectively. Furthermore, 25% of the patients with PNL displayed gastric atrophy (GA) and 75% intestinal metaplasia (IM). Agreement in the histopathological reading for IM was good, whereas for OLGA was variable, and for the H. pylori quantity was poor. OLGA-OLGIM stages 0-II were the most frequent (96%), while stage III (4%) and SC (4%) were the least frequent. Age and coffee consumption were associated with a higher prevalence of PNL. This work determined that 4% of the population is at high risk of developing SC and would benefit from follow-up studies. Reinforcement of training programs to improve the agreement in histopathology readings is required.

Meeting sustainable development goals via robotics and autonomous systems.

Robotics and autonomous systems are reshaping the world, changing healthcare, food production and biodiversity management. While they will play a fundamental role in delivering the UN Sustainable Development Goals, associated opportunities and threats are yet to be considered systematically. We report on a horizon scan evaluating robotics and autonomous systems impact on all Sustainable Development Goals, involving 102 experts from around the world. Robotics and autonomous systems are likely to transform how the Sustainable Development Goals are achieved, through replacing and supporting human activities, fostering innovation, enhancing remote access and improving monitoring. Emerging threats relate to reinforcing inequalities, exacerbating environmental change, diverting resources from tried-and-tested solutions and reducing freedom and privacy through inadequate governance. Although predicting future impacts of robotics and autonomous systems on the Sustainable Development Goals is difficult, thoroughly examining technological developments early is essential to prevent unintended detrimental consequences. Additionally, robotics and autonomous systems should be considered explicitly when developing future iterations of the Sustainable Development Goals to avoid reversing progress or exacerbating inequalities.

Logit models, the area under receiver characteristic curves, sensitivity, and specificity for Co-enrollment density in college networks dataset.

This article describes the data related to co-enrollment density (CD), a new network clustering index, that can predict persistence and graduation. The data hold the raw results and charts obtained with the algorithm for CD introduced in ``Co-Enrollment Density Predicts Engineering Students' Persistence and Graduation: College Networks and Logistic Regression Analysis.'' There are data for eight institutions that show CD as a predictor for graduation at four years, graduation at six years, and ever graduated. The files were processed using R to estimate CD at one, two, three, and four years. Logistic regression models, receiver operating characteristic curves, specificity, sensitivity, and cut-off points were estimated for each model. The R code to reproduce the metanalysis for the summary data is included. The displays for the logistic regression models, receiver operating characteristic curves, density curves for classes, models, and parameters are included.

Bacterial superinfection in adults with COVID-19 hospitalized in two clinics in Medellín-Colombia, 2020.

COVID-19 represents high morbidity and mortality, its complications and lethality have increased due to bacterial superinfections. We aimed to determine the prevalence of bacterial superinfection in adults with COVID-19, hospitalized in two clinics in Medellín-Colombia during 2020, and its distribution according to sociodemographic and clinical conditions. A cross sectional study was made with 399 patients diagnosed with COVID-19 by RT-PCR. We determined the prevalence of bacterial superinfection and its factors associated with crude and adjusted prevalence ratios by a generalized linear model. The prevalence of superinfection was 49.6%, with 16 agents identified, the most frequent were Klebsiella (pneumoniae and oxytoca) and Staphylococcus aureus. In the multivariate adjustment, the variables with the strongest association with bacterial superinfection were lung disease, encephalopathy, mechanical ventilation, hospital stay, and steroid treatment. A high prevalence of bacterial superinfections, a high number of agents, and multiple associated factors were found. Among these stood out comorbidities, complications, days of hospitalization, mechanical ventilation, and steroid treatment. These results are vital to identifying priority clinical groups, improving the care of simultaneous infections with COVID-19 in people with the risk factors exposed in the population studied, and identifying bacteria of public health interest.

Adaptations for rehabilitation services during the COVID-19 pandemic proposed by scientific organizations and rehabilitation professionals.

OBJECTIVE: To describe adaptations in the provision of rehabilitation services proposed by scientific and professional rehabilitation organizations to avoid interruptions to patients rehabilitation process and delays in starting rehabilitation in patients with COVID-19. METHODS: A narrative review approach was used to identify the recommendations of scientific and professional organizations in the area of rehabilitation. A systematic search was performed in the main data-bases in 78 international and regional web portals of rehabilitation organizations. A total of 21 publications from these organizations were identified and selected. RESULTS: The results are presented in 4 categories: adequacy of inpatient services, including acute care services and intensive care unit for patients with and without COVID-19; adequacy of outpatient services, including home-based rehabilitation and tele-rehabilitation; recommendations to prevent the spread of COVID-19; and regulatory standards and positions during the COVID-19 pandemic expressed by organizations for protecting the rights of health workers and patients. CONCLUSION: Health systems around the world are rapidly learning from actions aimed at the reorganization of rehabilitation services for patients who are in the process of recovery from acute or chronic conditions, and the rapid response to the rehabilitation of survivors of COVID-19, as well as from efforts in the prevention of contagion of those providing the services.

Thermal Energy Storage by the Encapsulation of Phase Change Materials in Building Elements-A Review.

The energy sector is one of the fields of interest for different nations around the world. Due to the current fossil fuel crisis, the scientific community develops new energy-saving experiences to address this concern. Buildings are one of the elements of higher energy consumption, so the generation of knowledge and technological development may offer solutions to this energy demand, which are more than welcome. Phase change materials (PCMs) included in building elements such as wall panels, blocks, panels or coatings, for heating and cooling applications have been shown, when heating, to increase the heat storage capacity by absorbing heat as latent heat. Therefore, the use of latent heat storage systems using phase change materials (PCMs) has been investigated within the last two decades. In the present review, the macro and micro encapsulation methods for construction materials are reviewed, the former being the most viable method of inclusion of PCMs in construction elements. In addition, based on the analysis of the existing papers on the encapsulation process of PCMs, the importance to pay more attention to the bio-based PCMs is shown, since more research is needed to process such PCMs. To determine its thermophysical and mechanical behavior at the micro and macro levels, in order to see the feasibility of substituting petroleum-based PCMs with a more environmentally friendly bio-based one, a section devoted to the excellent PCM with lightweight aggregate (PCM-LWA concrete) is presented due to the lack of description given in other reviews.

Prevalence of hepatitis B/C viruses and associated factors in key groups attending a health services institution in Colombia, 2019.

Both hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) are major sources of morbidity and mortality worldwide; however, their prevalence in key groups in Colombia is not yet known. We aimed to analyse the prevalence of HBV and HCV and its associated factors in key groups who were treated at an institution providing health services in Colombia during 2019. This was a multiple-group ecological study that included 2,624 subjects from the general population, 1,100 men who have had sex with men (MSM), 1,061 homeless individuals, 380 sex workers, 260 vulnerable young people, 202 drug users, 41 inmates and 103 people from the lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender community. Prevalence of infection with a 95% confidence interval and its associated factors was calculated for each group. Confounding variables were assessed using logistical regression and SPSS 25.0 software. Prevalence of HBV and HCV in the general population was 0.15% and 0.27%, respectively; 0.27% and 2.09% in MSM; 0.37% and 2.17% amongst homeless individuals; 0.26% and 0.0% amongst sex workers; 0.39% and 0.0% amongst vulnerable youth; and 5.94% and 45.54 amongst injecting drug users. In the multivariate HBV model, the explanatory variables included the study group, city of origin and the type of health affiliation; for HCV they were group, origin, sex, age group, health affiliation, use of drugs and hallucinogen use during sexual intercourse. A high prevalence of HBV and HCV were evidenced for both viral infections, which was, consequently, much higher within the key groups. The main associated factors that were identified related to origin and type of health affiliation and demonstrated a double vulnerability, that is, belonging to groups that are discriminated and excluded from many health policies and living under unfavourable socioeconomic conditions that prevent proper affiliation and health care.

HIV Prevalence and Associated Factors in Key Groups and General Population Treated at a Health Care Institution in Colombia in 2019: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Research conducted on the prevalence of HIV/AIDS and its associated factors among key groups in Colombia is scarce. The few available studies show heterogeneity in their results and increasing trends of infection. This study analyses the prevalence of HIV and associated factors in key groups served at a health care institution in Colombia in 2019. METHODS: We performed a cross-sectional study with the sample comprised of 5771 subjects from the general population, the LGBTI community, sex workers, people who inject drugs and prisoners. The diagnosis was based on a fourth-generation ELISA. Variables related to sociodemographics, healthcare, sexual risk factors and biological measures of infected subjects were analysed. Prevalence and odds ratios were calculated with 95% confidence intervals, and logistic regression models were performed to identify confounding variables and interactions between independent variables using SPSS 25.0. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV was 0.27% among the general population, 0.53% among sex workers, 0.66% among the homeless, 2.44% among transgender persons, 2.44% among prisoners, 5.36% among men who have sex with men and 7.92% among injection drug users. The explanatory model showed higher prevalence among men, those with higher education levels, those with no health coverage, those who have sex with people from key groups and those with sexually transmitted infections, with some interactions between the latter variables. CONCLUSION: A high prevalence of infection was found in the key groups, while the main explanatory factors for high infection rates were identified. The data show that national and global goals related to controlling HIV have not been achieved mainly in groups that are at a higher risk of obtaining and transmitting it and, paradoxically, also that are excluded from the national health coverage.

Experimental Investigation on the Elicitation of Subjective Distributions.

Elicitation methods aim to build participants' distributions about a parameter of interest. In most elicitation studies this parameter is rarely known in advance and hinders an objective comparison between elicitation methods. In two experiments, participants were first presented with a fixed random sequence of images and numbers and subsequently their subjective distributions of percentages of one of those numbers was elicited. Importantly, the true percentage was set in advance. The first experiment tested whether receiving instructions as to the elicitation method would assist in estimating a true value more accurately than receiving no instructions and whether accuracy was determined by the numerical skills of the participants. The second experiment sought to compare the elicitation method used in the first experiment with a variation of a graphical elicitation method. The results indicate that (i) receiving instructions as to the elicitation method does assist in producing estimates closer to a true percentage value, (ii) the level of numerical skills does not play a part in the accuracy of the estimation (Experiment 1), and (iii) although the average estimates of the betting and graphical method are not significantly different, the betting method leads to more precise estimations than the graphical method (Experiment 2). Both studies featured statistical procedures (functional data analysis and a novel clustering technique) not considered in past research on the elicitation of subjective distributions. The implications of these results are discussed in relation to a recent key study.

Exploring genetic variations that may be associated with the direct effects of some antipsychotics on lipid levels.

The goal of this study was to select some genes that may serve as good candidates for future studies of the direct effects (not explained by obesity) of some antipsychotics on hyperlipidemia. A search for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that may be associated with these direct effects was conducted. From a published cross-sectional sample, 357 patients on antipsychotics were genotyped using a DNA microarray with 384 SNPs. A total of 165 patients were taking olanzapine, quetiapine or chlorpromazine which may directly cause hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia. Another 192 patients taking other antipsychotics were controls. A two-stage statistical analysis that included loglinear and logistic models was developed to select SNPs blindly. In a third stage, physiological knowledge was used to select promising SNPs. Known physiological mechanisms were supported for 3 associations found in patients taking olanzapine, quetiapine or chlorpromazine [acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase alpha SNP (rs4072032) in the hypertriglyceridemia model, and for the neuropeptide Y (rs1468271) and ACCbeta, (rs2241220) in the hypercholesterolemia model]. These genes may be promising candidates for studies of the direct effects of some antipsychotics on hyperlipidemia.

Accidentalidad laboral en salud: caracterización de condiciones del trabajador y del entorno laboral en un hospital de tercer nivel de complejidad / Occupational accidents in health: characterization of worker conditions and the work environment in a tertiary care hospital

El objetivo fue caracterizar condiciones individuales del trabajador y su entorno relacionadas con accidentes laborales. El estudio Transversal incluyó trabajadores accidentados en un hospital de tercer nivel en Medellín, en el periodo 2015-2019. Se presentaron 492 accidentes, la edad predominante fue 26 - 40 años (54,7%). El riesgo mecánico fue más frecuente (44,7%; n=220), El accidente biológico fue más frecuente en menores de 25 y mayores de 60 años (p<0.028). El 96,9% (n=447) de los accidentes fueron leves, la mayoría de personas manifestaron haber recibido inducción y entrenamiento en el puesto (98,2%; n=483). Existen características como sexo, edad, profesión y otras del entorno como horario, tipo de riesgo, entrenamiento, que pueden condicionar la presentación de accidentes laborales. Esto promueve programas de. vigilancia epidemiológica inteligente con enfoque de riesgo y la importancia de valorar los entrenamientos e inducciones, toda vez que estas pudieran no estar cumpliendo objetivos de autocuidado. (AU)

The objective was to characterize individual conditions of the worker and his environment related to occupational accidents. The cross-sectional study included injured workers in a third-level hospital in Medellín, in the period 2015-2019. There were 492 accidents, the predominant age was 26 - 40 years (54.7%). The mechanical risk was more frequent (44.7%; n=220), the biological accident was more frequent in those younger than 25 and older than 60 years (p<0.028). 96.9% (n=447) of the accidents were minor, the majority of people stated that they had received induction and training on the job (98.2%; n=483). There are characteristics such as gender, age, profession and others from the environment such as hours, type of risk, training, which can condition the presentation of occupational accidents. This promotes intelligent epidemiological surveillance programs with a risk approach and the importance of assessing training and inductions, since these may not be fulfilling self-care objectives. (AU)

Prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y su relación con características sociodemográficas, familiares y de personalidad en estudiantes en formación tecnológica / Prevalence of psychoactive substance use and its relationship with characteristics sociodemographic, family and personality in students in technology training

Resumen. El objetivo del estudio fue determinar la prevalencia del consumo de sustancias psicoactivas y los factores asociados con las caracteristicas sociodemográficas, familiares y de personalidad. El estudio se realizó en un Instituto de formación tecnológica de carácter público Medellin, 2016. La muestra estuvo conformada por 891 estudiantes a quienes se les aplicó los instrumentos ASSIT, APGAR Familiar, NEO-FFI, ERI y un cuestionario de variables sociodemográficas. Los resultados mostraron que la prevalencia de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas fue de 51,6%; con mayor consumo de alcohol (49,7%). La prueba de regresión logistica sugiere que ser hombre (OR= 2,97), con edad entre 18 y 24 años (OR= 2,72), con expresión en estado bajo en las relaciones intrafamiliares (OR= 1,63) y prestar un nivel muy bajo en amabilidad (Or=9,32) se asocia de forma negativa con el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. Se resalta la importancia de fortalecer aspectos de la personalidad relacionados con la amabilidad (confianza, franqueza, actitud conciliadora, sensibilidad a los demás), además de las relaciones intrafamiliares y aspectos que faciliten prevenir el consumo de sustancias psicoactivas en los estudiantes.

Abstract. The objective of this study was to stablish the prevalence of psychoactive substances consumption among students and to associate this consumption with the socio-demographic, family structures, and personality traits. The study was set on a public technological institute of Medellin, Colombia during 2016. The next tests were applied once to the students: ASSIT, APGAR Family, NEO-FFI, ERI and a test of sociodemographic variables. The primary outcome in this study was the prevalence of consumption of psychoactive substances among students. In order to stablish the association between psychoactive substances and sociodemographic, family structures, and personality traits, a logistic regression model was fit. A total of 891 students participated in this study. The prevalence of psychoactive substances use among students was 51.6%. The logistic regression conducted on the data proved that males, among 18 to 24 years, with intrafamily deficit, and with low kindness were positively associated with greater PAS use (OR = 2.97, 2.72, 1.63, 9.32, respectively). Kindness aspects (e.g., confidence, frankness, counseling, sensitivity to others) and family relationships should be improved in order to prevent psychoactive substances use among students.

Prevalencia de infección por Treponema pallidum en individuos atendidos en un centro especializado de Medellín, Colombia / Prevalence of Treponema pallidum infection in individuals treated in a specialized center in Medellín, Colombia / Prevalência de infecção por Treponema pallidum em indivíduos atendidos em um centro especializado em Medellín, Colômbia

Resumen Objetivo: Describir la prevalencia de infección por Treponema pallidum en individuos atendidos en un centro especializado de Medellín, Colombia, 2019. Metodología: Estudio de corte, con 776 sujetos de población general (aparentemente sanos-asintomáticos y sin factores de riesgo para sífilis), 126 hombres que tienen sexo con hombres (hsh) y 190 jóvenes vulnerables (estrato socioeconómico bajo, desempleados y sin finalizar educación básica), captados intramural y extramuralmente en espacios de concentración de hsh y organizaciones no gubernamentales. Se empleó fuente de información primaria basada en un encuesta y prueba de detección de anticuerpos IgG, IgM e IgA específicos para T. pallidum, Resultados: La prevalencia de infección por T. pallidum fue 0,53 % en jóvenes vulnerables, 2,19 % en población general y 16,67 % en hsh. La razón de odds de infección en los sujetos con edad entre 51-60 años fue 13,8 (ic 95 % = 3,5-51,5) respecto a la hallada en los jóvenes entre 21-30 años; 12,0 (ic 95 % = 1,8-79,2) en quienes no tienen escolaridad frente a los universitarios; 3,3 (ic 95 % = 1,1-9,9) en las personas sin afiliación en salud, comparadas con las del régimen contributivo, y 8,1 (ic 95 % = 2,8-23,0) en quienes tiene relaciones sexuales con grupos clave versus quienes no refieren estas prácticas. Conclusión: Se halló una menor prevalencia de infección por T. pallidum en los jóvenes, seguida de los sujetos de población general y fue mayor en hsh. Se identificaron los grupos de mayor riesgo (entre los tres subgrupos estudiados), que incluyen sujetos excluidos de los programas de prevención, con confluencia de factores de riesgo sexual y privación socioeconómica

Abstract Objective: To describe the prevalence of Treponema pallidum infection in individuals treated in a specialized medical center in Medellín, Colombia in 2019. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted, including 776 subjects of the general population (apparently healthy-asymptomatic and without risk factors for syphilis), 126 men who have sex with men (msm) and 190 vulnerable young people (low socioeconomic strata, unemployed and low educational level) which were identified within and beyond spaces of concentration of msm and non-governmental organizations. A survey and a detection test for IgG, IgM and IgA for T. pallidum specific antibodies were used as the primary information source. Results: Prevalence of T. pallidum infection was 0.53 % in vulnerable young participants, 2.19% in the general population and 16.67 % in msm. The odds ratio of infection in subjects aged between 51 and 60 years was 13.8 (95% ci = 3.5-51.5) compared to that found in young people aged between 21 and 30 years; 12.0 (95% ci = 1.8-79.2) comparing those with low educational level to university students; 3.3 (95% ci = 1.1-9.9) for people without health insurance compared to those belonging to the contributory health insurance regime; and 8.1 (ci 95 % = 2.8- 23.0) in those who have sex with key groups versus those who do not report these practices. Conclusion: A low prevalence of T. pallidum infection was found in young participants, followed by subjects belonging to the general population and was higher in msm. Groups with the highest risk were identified (among the three subgroups studied), including subjects excluded from prevention programs, with a confluence of sexual risk factors and socioeconomic deprivation.

Resumo Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência de infecção por Treponema pallidum em indivíduos atendidos num centro especializado de Medellín, Colômbia, 2019. Metodologia: Estudo de coorte, com 776 pessoas da população em geral (aparentemente saudáveis-assintomáticos e sem fatores de risco para sífilis), 126 homens que fazem sexo com outros homens (HSH) e 190 jovens vulneráveis (classe socioeconômica baixa, desempregados e sem finalizar o ensino fundamental I e II), captados intramural e extramuralmente em espaços de concentração de HSH e organizações não governamentais. Foi usada uma fonte de informação primária baseada numa pesquisa e teste de detecção de anticorpos IgG, IgM e IgA específicos para T. pallidum. Resultados: A prevalência de infecção por T. pallidum foi de 0,53% em jovens vulneráveis, 2,19% na população geral e 16,67% em HSH. A razão de odds ratio de infecção nos indivíduos na faixa etária de 51-60 anos foi 13,8 (IC95% = 3,5-51,5) em relação a que foi encontrada nos jovens entre 21-30 anos; 12,0 (IC95% = 1,8-79,2) em quem não tem escolaridade comparada com os universitários; 3,3 (IC95% = 1,1-9,9) nas pessoas sem acesso aos serviços de saúde comparadas com as do regime contributivo, e 8,1 (IC95% = 2,8-23,0) em quem tem relações sexuais com grupos-chave vs. quem não tem estas preferências. Conclusão: Foi encontrada uma menor prevalência de infecção por T. pallidum nos jovens seguida dos indivíduos da população geral e foi maior em HSH. Foram identificados os grupos de maior risco (entre os três subgrupos estudados), que incluem sujeitos excluídos dos programas de prevenção, com confluência de fatores de risco sexual e privação socioeconômica.

Ruta integral de atención en salud para personas con amputaciones de miembro inferior, para mejorar el funcionamiento y la calidad de vida / Integral pathway of health care for people with lower limb amputations, to improve the functioning and quality of life / Rota abrangente de cuidados de saúde de pessoas com amputações de membros inferiores, para melhorar o funcionamento e qualidade de vida

Resumen Objetivo: Presentar el estudio mediante el cual se construyó una ruta integral de atención en salud (RIAS) para la atención del paciente amputado de miembro inferior por causas traumática, vascular o diabetes mellitus, cuyo fin es implementar las recomendaciones de la Guía de práctica clínica del paciente amputado y garantizar la atención integral en salud de esta población en Colombia. Con la ruta se pretende orientar a los actores involucrados en la ejecución de intervenciones individuales para el diagnóstico, el tratamiento y la rehabilitación, e impactar en los desenlaces en salud y equidad de esta población. Metodología: Este estudio responde a una estrategia de mejoramiento de la atención en salud. Para esto, se revisó el Manual metodológico para la elaboración e implementación de las RIAS; se creó el grupo desarrollador de la ruta; se priorizaron y describieron las intervenciones en función del proceso continuo de atención en salud; se evaluó la práctica asistencial actual con grupos focales de pacientes y profesionales; se formularon los resultados esperados en el proceso de gestión y atención en salud (hitos), y se elaboró el diagrama de la ruta. Resultados: A partir de la Guía de práctica clínica se elaboraron 25 intervenciones individuales priorizadas y caracterizadas según el actor responsable, la población objetivo y el entorno. Para cada una de las intervenciones se presentan resultados esperados en salud, calidad de prestación de servicios, aspectos relacionados con la equidad, y la perspectiva de pacientes y actores involucrados con la atención. Se construyeron los indicadores para el seguimiento e implementación de la ruta. Conclusión: Se construyó la primera ruta integral de atención en salud del paciente con amputación de miembro inferior, de acuerdo con los lineamientos del manual del Ministerio de Salud y de la Protección Social.

Abstract Objective: Build an Integral Health Care Pathway for the care of patients with lower limb amputation due to traumatic, vascular or diabetes mellitus causes, in order to implement the recommendations of the cpg for amputee patients and guarantee comprehensive health care for this population in Colombia. Methodology: This study is a strategy to improve health care. Carried out by a review of the Methodological Manual for the Development and Implementation of Comprehensive Health Care Pathway, then the development group was created. A process of prioritization and description of required individual interventions was developed based on health care. Evaluation of current care practice with focus groups, formulation of milestones and development of the intervention diagram. Results: 25 individual interventions were prioritized and characterized according to the responsible actor, target population and environment. Expected results in health, quality of service delivery, issues related to equity, as well as the perspective of patients and actors involved with care are shown. Indicators were built for monitoring and implementation of the pathway. Conclusion: With the previous results, the first Integral Health Care Pathway for the Lower Limb Amputee Patient was developed. It intends to guide the actors involved, when executing individual interventions for the diagnosis, treatment and rehabilitation, to impact outcomes in health and equity of this group .

Resumo Objetivo: Construir uma Rota de Atenção Integral à Saúde do Paciente Amputado do Membro Inferior por causas traumáticas, vasculares ou diabetes mellitus, com a finalização de implementar as recomendações do gpc do paciente amputado e garantir a atenção integral na saúde desta población em Colômbia. Metodologia: Este estudo responde a uma estratégia para melhorar os cuidados de saúde. Foi realizada uma revisão do Manual Metodológico para o Desenvolvimento e Implementação de Rotas Integrais de Atenção à Saúde, criação do grupo de desenvolvimento da rota. Um processo de priorização e descrição das intervenções individuais necessárias foi desenvolvido com base na continuidade dos cuidados de saúde. Avaliação da prática assistencial atual com grupos focais, formulação de marcos e desenvolvimento do diagrama de intervenção. Resultados: 25 intervenções individuais foram priorizadas e caracterizadas de acordo com o ator responsável, população-alvo e ambiente. Determinação dos resultados esperados em saúde, qualidade da prestação de serviços, questões relacionadas a equidade, bem como a perspectiva de pacientes e atores envolvidos no atendimento. Foram construídos indicadores para o monitoramento e implementação da rota. Conclusão: Com os resultados anteriores, foi construída a primeira Rota de Atenção Integral à Saúde do paciente com amputação de membros inferiores por causas traumáticas e neurovasculares, com sua implementação, visando orientar os atores envolvidos na execução de intervenções individuais para a diagnóstico, tratamento e reabilitação, impactar os resultados em saúde e eqüidade dessa população.

Prevalencia de no resiliencia y factores asociados en escolares de un municipio colombiano, 2019

Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de no resiliencia y los factores demográficos, escolares y familiares asociados, en escolares de un municipio colombiano, en el año 2019. Metodología: Estudio trasversal, con muestreo probabilístico estratificado bietápico, con una muestra de 2958 escolares, a los que se les aplicó el cuestionario JJ46. Se calculó la prevalencia de no resiliencia y se relacionó con los factores indicados, mediante intervalos de confianza del 95 %. Además, se construyó una regresión binomial para la no resiliencia, teniendo presente el control de aquellas variables independientes que podrían confundir la relación con el desenlace. Resultados: Se encontró una prevalencia de no resiliencia del 58,4 %, siendo mayor en los hombres, de la zona urbana, que cursaban grado séptimo y que habían vivido algún evento vulnerable, en el 22,0, 29,0, 73,0 y 40,0 % respectivamente, con respecto a las mujeres, de la zona rural, que estaban en grado noveno y que no habían vivido eventos vulnerables. La prevalencia de no resiliencia en los hombres excedió en un 20 % el de las mujeres; y con respecto a la persona que le daba más cariño al escolar, en el 88 % de los casos eran otros familiares distintos a ambos padres. Conclusiones: Urge la necesidad de implementar talleres en los programas educativos sobre la promoción de la resiliencia y realizar una valoración periódica de la misma.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of non-resilience and associated demographic, school, and family factors in schoolchildren in a Colombian municipality in 2019. Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study with twostage stratified probability sampling on a sample of 2,958 schoolchildren to whom the JJ46 questionnaire was administered. We calculated the prevalence of non-resilience and related it to the selected factors using 95% confidence intervals. Moreover, we constructed a binomial regression for non-resilience while controlling the independent variables that could potentially misidentify the relationship with the outcome. Results: A 58.4% prevalence of non-resilience was found, being higher in males (22.0%), from the urban area (29.0%), in the seventh grade (73.0%), and who had experienced some vulnerable event (40.0%), compared to females, from the rural area, in the ninth grade, and who had not experienced vulnerable events. The prevalence of non-resilience in males exceeded that of females by 20%. In 88% of cases, the most affectionate person to the schoolchild was another relative other than the parents. Conclusions: There is an urgent need to implement workshops in school programs for the promotion of resilience and to conduct a periodic assessment of resilience.

Objetivo: Determinar a prevalência de não resiliência e os fatores demográficos, escolares e familiares associados, em escolares de um município colombiano, no ano 2019. Metodologia: Estudo transversal, com amostragem probabilística estratificada bietápica, com uma amostra de 2958 escolares, aos que se aplicou o questionário JJ46. Foi calculada a prevalência de não resiliência e associada com os fatores indicados, por meio de intervalos de confiança do 95%. Além disso, construiu-se uma regressão binomial para a não resiliência, considerando o controle daquelas variáveis independentes que poderiam confundir a relação com o desenlace. Resultados: Achouse uma prevalência de não resiliência de 58,4%, sendo maior nos homens, da zona urbana, que cursavam sétimo grau e que tinham vivido algum evento vulnerável, de 22,0, 29,0, 73,0 e 40,0% respectivamente, em relação com as mulheres, da zona rural, que estavam em nono grau e que não tinham vivido eventos vulneráveis. A prevalência de não resiliência nos homens excedeu em um 20% à das mulheres; e no que tange à pessoa que dava mais carinho ao escolar, 88% dos casos eram outros familiares diferentes a ambos os pais. Conclusões: Urge a necessidade de implementar oficinas nos programas educativos sobre a promoção da resiliência e realizar uma valoração periódica da mesma.