[CONDYDAV: A multicentre observational study of patients presenting external genital warts in France]. / CONDYDAV : étude observationnelle multicentrique des patients présentant des condylomes dans les dispensaires antivénériens en France.

BACKGROUND: Since 2007 in France, human papilloma virus (HPV) vaccination has been licensed for use as a vaccine against HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18. The impact on the epidemiology of external genital warts (EGWs) in a large population remains unclear. OBJECTIVES: To determine epidemiologic and clinical features of patients presenting EGWs in France in the era of HPV vaccination. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this prospective, observational study, we analyzed clinical features and treatments between January 1st, 2012 and March 31, 2012 for patients consulting for EGWs at 15 STI clinics throughout France. RESULTS: A total of 372 men and 111 women were included; mean age 31.2 years. The women were younger than the men (31.7 and 28.9 years respectively P<0.05). Among the patients, 416 (85.7%) were heterosexual, 13 bisexual and 54 (11.2%) homosexual, including one female. Males reported more sexual partners in the last 12 months (more than 3 partners in 32.6% versus 11.9%, P<0.01). Among the men, 230 had involvement of the penis alone and 46 had involvement of the anus alone. Seventy-six patients had EGWs of the anus, and of these 26 were MSM. In females, 76 had an infection of the vulva alone and 22 co-infection of the vulva and anus. MSM and females were at higher risk than heterosexual males for anal involvement (P<0.0001 and P=0.004, respectively). Three women had been vaccinated: two with Gardasil® and one with Cervarix®. Cryotherapy was the preferred treatment. CONCLUSION: With the advent of HPV vaccination, a global strategy for the prevention and treatment of EGW should be implemented.

[Transvaginal repair of genital prolapse using a light-weight mesh by the vaginal route]. / Traitement du prolapsus génital par renfort prothétique léger par voie vaginale.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the results associated with the transvaginal repair of genital prolapse using a tension free light-weight polypropylene mesh. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and fifteen patients have been treated in a single centre. Pre-operative and operative data and complications were recorded. Patients were examined at 1, 6 and 12 months. Anatomical failure was defined as follows: Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) stage II or more. RESULTS: Seventy-seven (67%) patients completed 6 months follow-up and 45 (39%) patients completed 12 months follow-up. Finally, 70 (61%) patients were lost to follow-up, including 2 deaths (not related to surgery). Mean age was 66 years. All patients were treated with an anterior and apical and 20 patients were additionally treated with a posterior mesh. Among the 77 patients who completed 6 months follow-up, the complications reported were: 2 (2%) bladder injuries, 1 (1%) hematoma, 1 (1%) bleeding>200 mL and 1 (1%) vaginal mesh exposure. At one year, 6 (7%) patients suffered from urinary stress incontinence, 5 (4%) suffered from urgency and 4 (5%) had dyspareunia. Among the 45 patients who completed 12 months follow-up, functional success was 95% and anatomical success was 77%. CONCLUSION: In this series, the placement of a light-weight transvaginal polypropylene mesh was associated with good functional results and a moderate prevalence of complications. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4.

[Rectocele repair with porcine dermal collagen implant associated with infracoccygeal sacropexy]. / Traitement de la rectocèle par une prothèse biologique de derme porcin inter-rectovaginale associé à une sacropexie infracoccygienne.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate an infracoccygeal colpopexy procedure by tension-free synthetic tape for vaginal apical prolapse associated with a posterior mesh procedure using porcine dermal graft for rectocele repair. METHODS: A retrospective study concerning 35 women. The surgical procedure included rectocele repair with porcine dermal collagen implant (porcine dermal matrix, native) associated with transgluteal infracoccygeal sacropexy using a polypropylene sling. RESULTS: Median follow up was 48 months (42-54). A vaginal hysterectomy was associated in 43% and a cure of cystocele was associated in 63% of cases. No intra-operative complication was noted. The prevalence of dyschesia decreased from 25% (eight patients) preoperatively to 3% (one patient) postoperatively. No cases of de novo dyspareunia was noted. Five (14%) patients had a recurrent prolapse (two cases of rectocele stage 2, one case of grade 3 rectocele associated with a cystocele, a case of uterine prolapse associated with cystocele and one case of recurrent isolated uterine prolapse). Among them, three patients (9%) required a re-intervention for prolapse recurrence. No vaginal mesh exposure was observed. Perineal pain was reported by 12 (33%) patients at one month follow-up, but no patient complained with perineal pain one year follow-up. CONCLUSION: Infracoccygeal sacropexy associated with rectocele repair using porcine dermal collagen implant was associated with satisfactory results at medium term follow-up.

Use of a low-molecular weight heparin (enoxaparin) or of a phenformin-like substance (moroxydine chloride) in primary early recurrent aborters with an impaired fibrinolytic capacity.

An impaired fibrinolytic capacity, defined as an insufficient venous occlusion-induced shortening of the plasma euglobulin clot lysis time, is a common feature in women suffering from primary early recurrent unexplained miscarriages. We investigated the therapeutic effect of a low-molecular-weight heparin and of a phenformin-like substance. In a prospective, randomized trial, 30 consecutive patients initially received either enoxaparin, 20 mg per day during one month, or moroxydine chloride, 1200 mg per day during one month. In case of fibrinolytic status normalization, they were treated during 6 months by the beneficial treatment which was planned to be continued during eventual pregnancies. Patients with hypofibrinolysis persistence received the alternative treatment during another month and a new evaluation was performed. No treatment was given when a persistent abnormal response to the venous occlusion test was evidenced. In case of positive response, the treatment was continued during 6 months. The primary study end-points consisted of any of the following: effect of the treatments on the fibrinolytic response; number of patients becoming pregnant during the 6 months following the last venous occlusion test; number of full-term pregnancies. Concerning the effects on the fibrinolytic system, 20 out of 29 women responded to the first or second-line enoxaparin treatment whereas only 1 woman out of 19 responded to moroxydine chloride (p = 0.00002). Concerning the effects on fertility, responders to LMWH were more likely to initiate a new pregnancy than non-responders (16/20 vs 2/10, p = 0.002). In patients conceiving, LMWH responders were more likely to obtain live births than nonresponders (13/16 vs. 0/2, p = 0.02).(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Respective evaluation of the prevalence of haemostasis abnormalities in unexplained primary early recurrent miscarriages. The Nimes Obstetricians and Haematologists (NOHA) Study.

The prevalence of haemostasis abnormalities was evaluated in 500 consecutive women with unexplained primary recurrent miscarriages. Two matched reference groups with no antecedent of miscarriage were studied: 100 healthy mothers and 50 childless women. In the prospective part of the study, we found 9.4% of the patients (95% C.I.: 6.8-12%) with an isolated factor XII deficiency, 7.4% of the patients (5.0-9.8%) with primary antiphopholipid antibodies, 47% of the patients (42.6-51.4%) with an insufficient response to the venous occlusion test and an isolated hypofibrinolysis was found in 42.6% (38.2-47%) of the patients (reference groups: respectively 0/150, 3/150, 2/150, p < 10(-3)). Willebrand disease, fibrinogen, deficiency, antithrombin, protein C or protein S deficiencies were not more frequent in recurrent aborters than in members of the reference groups. In the retrospective part of the study, cases of plasma resistance to activated protein C were not abnormally frequent. Patients had higher Willebrand factor antigen (vWF), tissue-type plasminogen activator antigen (t-PA), plasminogen activator inhibitor activity (PAI) and D-dimers (D-Di) than the reference women. Values of vWF, t-PA, PAI and D-Di were altogether correlated but were not related to C-reactive protein concentrations. Among patients, those with an antiphospholipid syndrome and those with an insufficient response to the venous occlusion test had higher vWF, t-PA, PAI and D-Di values than the patients with none of the haemostasis-related abnormalities. Thus, factor XII deficiency and hypofibrinolysis (mainly high PAI) are the most frequent haemostasis-related abnormalities found in unexplained primary recurrent aborters. In patients with antiphospholipid antibodies or hypofibrinolysis, there is a non-inflammatory ongoing chronic elevation of markers of endothelial stimulation associated with coagulation activation. This should allow to define subgroups of patients for future therapeutic trials.

Tubal sterilization by selective catheterization in an animal model.

RATIONAL AND OBJECTIVES: The feasibility of tubal occlusion by selective salpingography was tested in an animal model; three novel occluding materials also were tested for this application. METHODS: Unilateral selective salpingography was performed in three groups of six rabbits; fallopian tubes were embolized with ethanol (group 1), a hydrogel (group 2), or an occluding emulsion (Ethibloc, Laboratoire Princeps, Neuilly sur Seine, France) (group 3). Animals were killed 2 days or 30 days after the procedure, according to randomization; tubal patency and histologic modifications were evaluated. RESULTS: Selective tubal catheterization was obtained in 100% of the cases. In group 1, no satisfactory occlusion was obtained; in group 2, 65% of the tubes were occluded with little histologic damage; in group 3, 80% of the tubes were occluded, but significant inflammation and tissue necrosis were noted. CONCLUSION: Selective salpingography proved a suitable method for gaining access to the fallopian tube and allowed selective injection of occluding materials. More research is needed to determine a suitable occluding material, focusing on biocompatibility and on long-term efficacy.

PIP: Unilateral selective salpingography was performed in 3 groups of 6 rabbits. 4-6 month old, virgin New Zealand White female rabbits were used with a mean weight of 4.4 kg. The fallopian tubes were embolized with ethanol (group 1); a viscous radiopaque solution which solidifies rapidly after injection to produce a biocompatible and inert hydrogel (group 2); or an occluding emulsion (a radiopaque heterogeneous alcoholic solution of zein, poppy seed oil, propylene glycol, and sodium amidotrizoate from Ethibloc, Laboratoire Princeps, Neuilly sur Seine, France) (group 3). Animals were killed 2 days or 30 days after the procedure, according to randomization; and tubal patency and histologic modifications were evaluated. Selective tubal catheterization was possible in all 18 cases, in 12 cases on the right side (66%), in 6 cases on the left side (33%); in 11 cases with a 5F catheter (61%), in 7 cases with a 2.5F catheter (39%). In group 1, no satisfactory occlusion was obtained; in group 2, 65% of the tubes were occluded with little histologic damage; and in group 3, 80% of the tubes were occluded, but significant inflammation and tissue necrosis were noted. The fallopian tubes were selectively catheterized over variable lengths: over 10 mm in 5 rabbits (28%), between 5 and 10 mm in 4 rabbits (22%), and between 1 and 5 mm in 9 rabbits (50%). Before injection of the occluding materials, all the catheterized tubes were patent. Mean volume of occluding material injected was 0.36 mL in group 1, 0.30 mL in group 2, and 0.83 mL in group 3. The ethanol injected reached the peritoneum in all 6 rabbits. The gel was injected an average length of 11 mm in the tube, while the emulsion opacified all the volume of the tubes with a peritoneal spill of emulsion in 3 of 6 cases. Reflux of occluding material into the uterus was noted in 1 of 6 rabbits in group 1, in 4 of 6 rabbits in group 2, in 3 of 6 rabbits in group 3. Selective salpingography proved a suitable method and allowed selective injection of occluding materials.

[Imaging of gynecologic malformations]. / Imagerie des malformations gynécologiques.

Female genital tract anomalies are common (1 to 2% of the female population), and may lead to multiple clinical manifestations: amenorrhea, infertility, spontaneous repeated miscarriage, pelvic pain, endometriosis. They are caused by intra-uterine insults between weeks 6 and 18 of gestation. They are classified according to their embryologic origin. Imaging relies essentially on ultrasound and MRI, and indications for hysterosalpingography are less common. Imaging must classify the malformation and detect complications in order to assess the fertility prognosis and treat complications.

[Static and dynamic magnetic resonance imaging of the pelvic floor]. / Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique statique et dynamique du plancher pelvien.

MRI assessment of pelvic floor dysfunction is still fairly recent. It is a fast expanding field, owing to its safety and simplicity when compared to other imaging modalities. The possibility of direct dynamic imaging is a decisive input, and it can be coupled to a clinical examination at the magnet. The most widely used sequences are T2 weighted fast TSE or fast gradient echo, in the sagittal and frontal planes. Dynamic MRI of the pelvic floor allows pre-operative staging of prolapse, detection of hidden prolapses and assessment of muscle trophicity. Post-operatively it allows assessment of surgical results and failures or recurrences.

[Importance of defecography in the evaluation of genital prolapses]. / Intérêt de la défécographie dans le bilan des prolapsus génitaux.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the interest of defecography for the initial evaluation of genital prolapses. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective study of 125 patients who had undergone systematically a defecography for the initial evaluation of a genital prolapse. RESULTS: 10% of defecogaphies were normal. On clinical examination a rectocele was found in 94% of patients and an enterocele in 33%. At defecography, these abnormalities were seen only in 39% and 15% respectively. 39% of patients with radiological rectocele had an intussusception at defecography. CONCLUSION: Defecography is appropriate to diagnose and to assess constitutional abnormalities associated with genital prolapse (rectocele, enterocele) and other anomalies which interact with it (intussusception, sphincter and pubo-rectal dyskinesia). Most of women with genital prolapse showed abnormal defecograms. We observed a marked discordance between clinical and radiological evaluation, specially for rectocele. Defecography is of great interest in the evaluation of posterior genital prolapses, specially in women complaining of dyschesia. Defecography may be proposed in case of: posterior vaginal wall prolapse (rectocele, enterocele), dyschesia, post-operative prolapse and before a cervicopexy.

[Static and dynamic MRI of the normal and pathological female pelvic floor]. / L'IRM statique et dynamique du plancher pelvien féminin normal et pathologique.

Static and dynamic MRI of the female pelvic floor is a new application of this technology. The capability of MRI to assess cavities and muscles on the same exploration is an important improvement. The authors describe successively: MRI is nowadays a decisive tool in the preoperative work-up of pelvic floor dysfunctions.

[The use of sulprostone (Nalador) in the evacuation of uterine contents. Apropos of 32 cases at the Department of Gynecology, University Hospital Center, Nîmes, over 2 years (a retrospective study)]. / Utilisation du sulprostone (Nalador) dans l'évacuation du contenu utérin. A propos de 32 observations du Service de Gynécologie CHU Nîmes sur deux années (étude rétrospective).

We have studied the use of sulprostone in evacuating uterine contents in 32 patients, the majority of whom were in the second trimester of their pregnancies. There are three ways to administer the drug (continuous intravenous, intermittent intravenous, and intramuscular); the best results were obtained when the drug was administered continuously intravenously. It was well tolerated, the use of Nalbuphine reducing pain. There were few side effects. The use of this product is discussed in connection with a few of the cases as well as the possible alternative treatments in difficult cases.

[Severe preeclampsia. Analysis of a case with fatal outcome]. / Pré-éclampsie sévère. Analyse d'un cas d'évolution fatale.

We report a case of preeclampsia presenting initially as a moderate hypertension, and complicated over a ten-day period by eclampsia, retinal hemorrhage, cerebral and hepatic subcapsular hematomas, HELLP syndrome, disseminated intravascular coagulation and renal failure. Fatal outcome was related to cerebral death and rupture of the liver hematoma. The case analysis points out inaccurate initial management: probable misdiagnosis of epigastric pain related to subcapsular hematoma, ineffective antihypertensive therapy, aspiration of the gastric content after benzodiazepine treatment of eclampsia, transfer of the patient without stabilisation of her clinical status.

[Congenital mesoblastic nephroma (Bolande's tumor). Prenatal diagnosis]. / Néphrome mésoblastique congénital (tumeur de Bolande). Diagnostic prénatal.

The authors report a new case of the antenatal ultrasound diagnosis of a congenital mesoblastic nephroma (also called Bolande's tumor) at 33 weeks of amenorrhea. This tumor was found to be associated with acute hydramnios involving premature labor and fetal death by respiratory embarrassment. Congenital mesoblastic nephroma is a very rare entity but is the predominant renal neoplasm in the immediate neonate period. The differential diagnosis between Bolande's tumor and nephroblastoma (Wilm's tumor) is now clear since histopathological features have been precisely described by Bolande. Clinical and pathological features of the renal disease are discussed. The prognosis is excellent for most cases requiring only surgical treatment (nephrectomy).

[Fetal blood sampling for karyotype using echoguided puncture of the cord. Study of 103 pregnancies]. / Prélèvement de sang foetal pour caryotype par ponction échoguidée du cordon. 103 grossesses étudiées.

Subcutaneous ultrasound guided puncture of the umbilical cord was carried out in order to obtain samples of blood in 103 fetuses. This was done to get the result of the karyotype quickly, i.e. in 72 hours. The indications were for diagnosis, particularly of malformations (63 cases) or intra-uterine growth retardation (24 cases). A small proportion of the indications were those for failures to carry out amniocentesis early or for checking on mosaics that were obtained after the culture of amniotic fluid cells. In 88% of the cases it was possible to obtain a karyotype and the results were checked with the sex of the fetus and the karyotype that had been obtained from amniocentesis. There were 11 abnormalities diagnosed. The chief indication of chromosome abnormality is fetal malformation. Because the result are obtained so quickly cordocentesis should replace late amniocentesis, at present when looking for fetal abnormalities.

[Informing a patient about surgical treatment for pelvic organ prolapse]. / Quelle information délivrer à une patiente avant une chirurgie de prolapsus?

Inform consent is a major objective in the relation patient-physician. Patient's information becomes doubt when it is insufficient. To answer to medical persons asking about patient's information, pretreatment clinical and paraclinical assessment will be discussed. Reflexion delay, surgical alternative therapy and pre-operatory examination will be exposed. Several critical situations, such as associated hysterectomy, patient's comorbidity (tobacco, obesity) or synthetic mesh reinforcement have to be well-known to inform patient about failures and outcomes.