Unilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy in patients with early-stage vulvar squamous cell carcinoma and a unilateral metastatic sentinel lymph node is safe.

OBJECTIVE: Optimal management of the contralateral groin in patients with early-stage vulvar squamous cell carcinoma (VSCC) and a metastatic unilateral inguinal sentinel lymph node (SN) is unclear. We analyzed patients who participated in GROINSS-V I or II to determine whether treatment of the contralateral groin can safely be omitted in patients with a unilateral metastatic SN. METHODS: We selected the patients with a unilateral metastatic SN from the GROINSS-V I and II databases. We determined the incidence of contralateral additional non-SN metastases in patients with unilateral SN-metastasis who underwent bilateral inguinofemoral lymphadenectomy (IFL). In those who underwent only ipsilateral groin treatment or no further treatment, we determined the incidence of contralateral groin recurrences during follow-up. RESULTS: Of 1912 patients with early-stage VSCC, 366 had a unilateral metastatic SN. Subsequently, 244 had an IFL or no treatment of the contralateral groin. In seven patients (7/244; 2.9% [95% CI: 1.4%-5.8%]) disease was diagnosed in the contralateral groin: five had contralateral non-SN metastasis at IFL and two developed an isolated contralateral groin recurrence after no further treatment. Five of them had a primary tumor ≥30 mm. Bilateral radiotherapy was administered in 122 patients, of whom one (1/122; 0.8% [95% CI: 0.1%-4.5%]) had a contralateral groin recurrence. CONCLUSION: The risk of contralateral lymph node metastases in patients with early-stage VSCC and a unilateral metastatic SN is low. It appears safe to limit groin treatment to unilateral IFL or inguinofemoral radiotherapy in these cases.

Same-day discharge of Gynecologic Oncology patients following ileostomy closure is feasible and safe.

OBJECTIVE: Gynecologic Oncology patients are traditionally admitted for 2-3 days following ileostomy closure. Our aim was to assess feasibility and safety of same-day discharge (SDD), by comparing 30-day clinical outcomes after SDD and standard admission. METHODS: Retrospective study of patients who underwent ileostomy closure at two academic tertiary centres in Toronto, Canada, between January 2010 and October 2017. RESULTS: In total 117 patients underwent ileostomy closure: 23 had SDD and 94 were admitted for a median of 3 days. There were no significant differences between groups in terms of age, body mass index, comorbidities, primary malignancy, tumor stage, indication for ileostomy, previous radiation therapy, chemotherapy, interval between ileostomy formation and closure, and intraoperative complications. Median operative time was shorter (47 versus 60 min, p = 0.0001) and there was a longer median interval between last chemotherapy cycle to ileostomy closure (145 versus 106 days, p = 0.01) in the SDD group. SDD was not associated with an increased risk of adverse events (13% versus 24.5%, p= 0.24), as assessed by a composite outcome which included small bowel obstruction, anastomotic leak, surgical site infection, clostridium difficile infection, sepsis, and thromboembolic events, when compared to standard admission. Moreover, SDD did not lead to more emergency room visits (17.4% versus 16%, p = 0.87) or readmissions within 30 days of surgery (17.4% versus 8.5%, p= 0.21). CONCLUSIONS: SDD is a safe alternative to routine hospitalization that has the potential to improve healthcare resource utilization, without increasing readmissions or emergency room visits. Careful patient selection is warranted.

Surgical Stage I high-grade ovarian cancer: is adjuvant chemotherapy warranted?

OBJECTIVE: To review the results of patients with high-grade Stage I ovarian cancer managed without adjuvant treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective chart review identified patients with newly diagnosed Stage I high-grade ovarian cancer, who underwent comprehensive surgical staging. RESULTS: Thirty-three patients with FIGO surgical Stage I high-grade ovarian cancer were identified. After a median follow-up of 40 months, nine patients (27%) recurred. The median time to recurrence was 19 months. Of the nine patients with recurrences, four (44%) are alive with disease, three (33%) patients have no evidence of disease, and two have died of disease (22%). The two- and five-year overall survival is 100% and 90%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: It would appear the recurrence rates of Stage I high risk epithelial ovarian cancer completely staged, without adjuvant treatment are comparable to those of treatment arms reported in the literature. A proportion of these patients can be salvaged at recurrence, yielding a high overall survival.

Assessment of endometrial sampling as a predictor of final surgical pathology in endometrial cancer.

BACKGROUND: The histology and grade of endometrial cancer are important predictors of disease outcome and of the likelihood of nodal involvement. In most centres, however, surgical staging decisions are based on a preoperative biopsy. The objective of this study was to assess the concordance between the preoperative histology and that of the hysterectomy specimen in endometrial cancer. METHODS: Patients treated for endometrial cancer during a 10-year period at a tertiary cancer centre were identified from a prospectively collected pathological database. All pathology reports were reviewed to confirm centralised reporting of the original sampling or biopsy specimens; patients whose biopsies were not reviewed by a dedicated gynaecological pathologist at the treating centre were excluded. Surgical pathology data including histology, grade, depth of myometrial invasion, cervical stromal involvement and lymphovascular space invasion (LVSI) as well as preoperative histology and grade were collected. Preoperative and final tumour cell type and grade were compared and the distribution of other high-risk features was analysed. RESULTS: A total of 1329 consecutive patients were identified; 653 patients had a centrally reviewed epithelial endometrial cancer on their original biopsy, and are included in this study. Of 255 patients whose biopsies were read as grade 1 (G1) adenocarcinoma, 45 (18%) were upgraded to grade 2 (G2) on final pathology, 6 (2%) were upgraded to grade 3 (G3) and 5 (2%) were read as a non-endometrioid high-grade histology. Overall, of 255 tumours classified as G1 endometrioid cancers on biopsy, 74 (29%) were either found to be low-grade (G1-2) tumours with deep myometrial invasion, or were reclassified as high-grade cancers (G3 or non-endometrioid histologies) on final surgical pathology. Despite these shifts, we calculate that omitting surgical staging in preoperatively diagnosed G1 endometrioid cancers without deep myometrial invasion would result in missing nodal involvement in only 1% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative endometrial sampling is only a modest predictor of surgical pathology features in endometrial cancer and may underestimate the risk of disease spread and recurrence. In spite of frequent shifts in postoperative vs preoperative histological assessment, the predicted rate of missed nodal metastases with a selective staging policy remains low.

Early adenocarcinoma of the cervix: is radical vaginal trachelectomy safe?

OBJECTIVE: Radical vaginal trachelectomy (RVT) is a revolutionary option for fertility preservation in young women with early cervical tumors. Several series have demonstrated outcomes comparable to radical hysterectomy (RH), but none has addressed the influence of histology. We evaluated the safety of RVT in adenocarcinomas. METHODS: Data on surgically treated adenocarcinoma (AC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) cases was taken from a centralized Toronto Cervical Cancer Database. Prognostically important tumor features, lymph node status, and the use of adjuvant therapies were compared. Adenocarcinoma cases treated with RVT were compared to AC cases treated with RH, and to SCC cases that had RVT. Recurrence-free survival was calculated from the date of surgery. Medians, proportions, and survival curves were compared with the Mann Whitney test, the Chi-square test, and the Log Rank test, respectively. RESULTS: 74 patients with AC and 66 patients with SCC undergoing RVT, and 187 cases of AC undergoing RH were analyzed. Patients undergoing RVT were younger than patients having RH (31 vs. 40, p<0.001). Tumor characteristics were similar, but depth of invasion and the frequency of high grade lesions were higher in the RH group (5 mm vs. 3 mm, p<0.001; and 36% vs. 22%, p=0.04). Adjuvant treatment was given more frequently after RH (12% vs. 3%, p<0.05). There was no significant difference in recurrence-free survival between RH and RVT for AC, or between AC and SCC patients treated by RVT. CONCLUSIONS: RVT is a safe alternative for early stage cervical adenocarcinoma in appropriately selected patients wishing to preserve fertility.

Sentinel lymph node biopsy vs. pelvic lymphadenectomy in early stage cervical cancer: is it time to change the gold standard?

OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of pelvic lymph node metastases in early stage cervical cancer patients undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLN) to a matched cohort undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy. METHODS: All patient data were entered prospectively into an ongoing cervical cancer database. Since April 2004, 87 patients with FIGO stage IA/B1 cervical cancer underwent SLN detection with identification of bilateral SLN. This cohort (cases) was compared to a matched group of patients who underwent complete pelvic lymphadenectomy (controls). The groups were matched 3:1 for tumour size (+/-5 mm), histology, depth of invasion (+/-2 mm), and presence of capillary lymphatic space invasion (CLS). Descriptive statistics were calculated for all variables of interest. The association between cases and controls and lymph node metastases was carried out using a conditional logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: 81 women in the SLN cohort were matched with 1 control, 72 cases with 2 controls, and 65 cases with 3 controls. Among cases, 14 (17%) had pelvic lymph nodes metastases vs. 15 (7%) in the controls (p=0.0059, odds ratio= 2.8, 95% CI=1.3-5.9). Among the 14 cases of SLN metastases, 11 were detected by frozen section and 3 were detected on final paraffin sectioning. All were detected by H and E stains. The size of the SLN metastases ranged from less than 1 mm to 8 mm. CONCLUSIONS: Sentinel lymph node biopsy in early cervical cancer is a more sensitive procedure in detecting pelvic lymph node metastases compared to complete lymphadenectomy.

Polypoid or non-polypoid? A novel dichotomous approach to uterine carcinosarcoma.

OBJECTIVE: To examine the impact of the polypoid morphology of uterine carcinosarcoma on clinical outcome, as well as its relationship to well-established prognostic factors. METHODS: In a retrospective study of fifty eight patients with uterine carcinosarcoma treated with hysterectomy, we correlated the polypoid status of tumors with stage, lymphatic vascular invasion, myometrial invasion, size, carcinoma to sarcoma ratio, type of carcinomatous and sarcomatous components, disease free survival and overall survival. RESULTS: By multivariate analysis, the polypoid status had no impact on disease free survival (p=0.8958), but approached significance as a positive predictor for overall survival (p=0.0569); patients in the polypoid group lived on average 14.9 months longer than those with non-polypoid tumors. Polypoid neoplasms had a smaller average size and grew to a smaller maximum size than the non-polypoid tumors. While non-polypoid tumors were either carcinoma or sarcoma predominant, polypoid tumors were mostly sarcoma predominant (p=0.0348). Polypoid carcinosarcomas also demonstrated an appreciably lesser extent of myometrial invasion (p=0.0019), a markedly lower rate of lymphatic vascular invasion (p=0.0002), and tended to present as early stage tumors (p=0.0265). Carcinomatous component in polypoid tumors tended to have pure or nearly pure (>or=90%) endometrioid histology (p=0.1608). There was no relationship between polypoid status and type of sarcomatous component (p=0.5299). CONCLUSIONS: Polypoid carcinosarcomas differ from their non-polypoid counterparts in key histological parameters such as the carcinoma to sarcoma ratio, myometrial and lymphatic vascular invasion, stage and type of carcinomatous component. Patients with polypoid tumors may have a better survival outcome than those with non-polypoid tumors.

Intraoperative margin assessment of the radical trachelectomy specimen.

OBJECTIVE: To summarize our experience in the frozen section (FS) assessment of the trachelectomy surgical margin. METHODS: All surgeries from 1994 to 2007 were performed by one surgeon. The FS examination was consistently carried out by a group of gynecologic pathologists according to the protocol described in details in this article. Cases were retrieved from the pathology files and the slides were reviewed by two pathologists. RESULTS: 132 patients were identified with complete pathology records. They ranged from 17 to 46 years old (median 31). Surgeries were performed for clinical Stages 1A (n=39) and 1B (n=93) tumors (63 adenocarcinoma, 59 squamous cell carcinoma, 7 adenosquamous and 3 others). In 78 cases, no residual tumor was seen in the trachelectomy specimens as it was resected by the preceding LEEP or cone. The margin was reported as negative in 123, suspicious in 3 and positive in 6 cases. It was revised in 16 cases (6 positive, 2 suspicious and 8 negative but <5 mm). Final margin assessment agreed with the FS diagnosis in 130 (98.5%) and showed interpretational overcall in 2 cases (1.5%); only one of which resulted in a revised margin. No false negative intraoperative assessment was found. CONCLUSIONS: We describe our FS protocol and summarize our data. This protocol is reliable since none of the patients was under-treated.

Lymph node assessment in cervical cancer: prognostic and therapeutic implications.

Lymph node status is not part of the staging system for cervical cancer, but provides important information for prognosis and treatment. This article reviews the incidence and patterns of lymph node metastasis, and the issues surrounding surgical assessment of lymph nodes. The preoperative assessment of lymph nodes by imaging, as well as the intraoperative assessment by sentinel nodes will be discussed. Finally, the prognostic and therapeutic implications of lymphadenectomy in cervical cancer will be reviewed.

Defining the surgical management of suspected early-stage ovarian cancer by estimating patient numbers through alternative management strategies.

OBJECTIVE: To establish the optimal management strategy for women with suspected stage 1 ovarian cancer. DESIGN: We created a flowchart to illustrate each of six hypothetical management strategies. These considered two surgical approaches (systematic lymphadenectomy versus no lymph node dissection at all) in combination with three different policies for giving adjuvant chemotherapy. SETTING: Gynaecological cancer centre, London, UK. DATA SOURCES: Patient data and published papers. METHODS: We developed a deterministic model that uses information from multiple sources to estimate patient flow through each level of a hypothesised decision tree. RESULTS: We estimated that for every 100 cases of suspected early-stage ovarian cancer, there would be 37 cases with 'apparent' stage 1 disease and that of these, two (6%) would be denied potentially life-saving adjuvant treatment if systematic lymphadenectomy was not performed. The number of women given chemotherapy would not, according to our estimates, differ greatly between the two surgical approaches, the 7% increase with systematic lymphadenectomy being because of cases identified as having nodal metastases. CONCLUSIONS: We present a model of the intraoperative decision-making process that determines the extent of the staging procedure to be performed within our department when early-stage ovarian cancer is suspected. Unless adjuvant chemotherapy is prescribed for all, systematic pelvic and para-aortic node dissection is required to optimise survival. However, in our department, this would result in 32% of women with suspected early-stage ovarian cancer undergoing systematic node dissection. This flexible focused model may facilitate multidisciplinary team discussion when this part of the surgical staging procedure is considered within the context of the population presenting to the team, the morbidity of the procedure within the department and the predictive values of frozen section within that department. As the model is not disease-specific, it may be useful for decision making in other medical disciplines.

Radical vaginal trachelectomy vs. radical hysterectomy for small early stage cervical cancer: a matched case-control study.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the efficacy and outcome from radical vaginal trachelectomy (RVT) compared to a matched group of patients undergoing radical hysterectomy for small early stage cervical cancer. METHODS: All patient data were entered prospectively. Patients wishing preservation of fertility with cervical cancer, tumor <2 cm, and not meeting the definition of microinvasive cancer were offered RVT. The outcomes were compared to a matched group of patients who underwent radical hysterectomy for stage IA/IB cervical cancer. Groups were matched 1:1 for age (+/-5 years), tumor size (+/-1 mm), histology, grade, depth of invasion (+/-1 mm), presence of capillary lymphatic space invasion, pelvic lymph node metastasis, and adjuvant radiotherapy. RESULTS: A total of 137 patients underwent RVT between 1994 and 2007. Of them, 90 patients were successfully matched. Median tumor size was microscopic. Moreover, 43% and 49% were squamous and had adeno/adenosquamous histology. Median depth of invasion was 3.1 mm. Capillary lymphatic space invasion was present in 68% of cases. Of the tumors, 60% were grade 1, 29% were grade 2, and 11% were grade 3. After a median follow-up of 51 and 58 months, 5 and 1 recurrences were diagnosed in the RVT and radical hysterectomy groups, respectively. Five-year recurrence-free survival rates were present in 95% and 100% of the groups, respectively (p=0.17). In addition, 3 and 1 deaths occurred in the RVT and radical hysterectomy groups, resulting in 5-year survival rates of 99% and 100%, respectively (p=0.55). CONCLUSIONS: RVT seems to be the procedure of choice for women with small early stage cervical cancers wishing to preserve fertility.

The effect of dietary supplementation with fish oil fatty acids on surgically induced endometriosis in the rabbit.

As a means of assessing the effects of natural inhibition of cyclooxygenase enzymes on arachidonic acid metabolism in vivo, the authors supplemented the diet of 38 New Zealand white rabbits with fish oil containing eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid (EPA/DHA) or olive oil (control). Endometriosis was surgically induced 10 days later using a previously described experimental technique. Peritoneal fluid PGE2 and PGF2-alpha concentrations were significantly lower in the EPA/DHA group versus controls (P less than 0.05, P = 0.05, respectively). Total endometrial implant diameter 8 weeks after induction of endometriosis was significantly smaller in the experimental group (3.1 +/- 0.2 cm) compared with the controls (4.0 +/- 0.3 cm) (P less than 0.03). The authors conclude that dietary supplementation with fish oil, containing the n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids EPA and DHA, can decrease intraperitoneal PGE2 and PGF2-alpha production and retard endometriotic implant growth in this animal model of endometriosis.

What is the number of lymph nodes required for an "adequate" pelvic lymphadenectomy?

PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION: To establish a definition of an adequate number of lymph nodes identified at a pelvic lymphadenectomy through statistical methods. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective study in cervical and endometrial carcinoma patients who underwent radical or staging surgery. The Student's t-test, Pearson's correlation, analysis of variance, and linear regression analysis were used. RESULTS: Five hundred and ninety four-sided pelvic lymphadenectomies were analyzed. The mean (range) number of pelvic lymph nodes identifed was 11.3 (0-42). The 1st, 5th and 10th percentiles were three, five, and six lymph nodes respectively. The number of lymph nodes was higher in the laparoscopic approach compared to laparotomy (11.9 vs 10.6, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The number of lymph nodes identified at a pelvic lymphadencetomy vary with type of surgery. We propose that using the 1st, 5th or 10th percentile is reasonable for the definition of an adequate number of lymph nodes to be identified at a pelvic lymphadenectomy.

Review of autologous and allogeneic blood transfusion practices in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy.

To review the practice and predictors of autologous (AUT) and allogeneic blood transfusion in patients undergoing radical hysterectomy (RH). All patients undergoing RH between April 1, 1991 and March 31, 1995 were identified by the hospital blood bank. Clinical and tumour characteristics were abstracted from the charts of endometrial cancer patients, and amalgamated with our cervical cancer RH database. Pre and post-operative hemoglobin (Hg), the number of units of AUT blood requested, obtained, and transfused, and the number of units of allogeneic blood transfused were obtained from the blood bank records. Forty eight of the 111 patients undergoing RH during the study period predeposited AUT blood. There were no differences in the median age, quetelet index, American Society of Anaesthesiologists classification of physical status, or blood loss between the AUT and non-donors. The tumour size was greater in the AUT donors, and the preoperative Hg was greater in the non donors (p = 0.001, p < 0.04 respectively). Operative time was less in the AUT donors (2.1 hrs vs 2.7 hrs, p < 0.001), and there was a significant difference in the use of the AUT program between the 3 surgeons (0.5%, 68%, p < 0.0001). Despite similar blood loss, 98% and 33% of AUT and non-donors were transfused intra/postop respectively (p < 0.0001). Regression analysis revealed surgeon (p < 0.0001) to be the only predictor of AUT donation. Blood loss was found to be the only predictor of intraoperative/postoperative blood transfusion in the non donor group (p = 0.0006). The utilization of an AUT blood program differs significantly between surgeons. Physicians are more liberal to transfuse AUT than allogeneic blood.

Phase II study of mitomycin C and 5 fluorouracil in platinum resistant ovarian cancer.

Fourteen patients with relapsing ovarian cancer were treated with Mitomycin C (Mit C) and 5 Fluorouracil (5-FU). All but one patient (one responder) were defined as platinum resistant. The drug dosaging was Mit C 10 mg/m2 IV day 1 every 6 weeks, and 5-FU 500 mg/m2 IV days 1-3, every 3 weeks. Therapy was evaluated clinically and with ultrasound every 6 weeks. Toxicity was graded using the Gynecologic Oncology Group adverse criteria. All patients had been previously treated with platinum containing chemotherapeutic regimens with a mean cumulative total dose of 418 mg/m2 and 1308 mg/m2 of cisplatin and carboplatin, respectively. The mean time interval from completion of the last platinum containing regimen to entry in this study was 3.6 months. There were 4 responders, 1 complete, and 3 partial. The duration of the responses were 13 weeks for the complete responder, and 6, 6, and 12 weeks for the partial responders. No factor was identified which was predictive for response. Grade 3/4 granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia were experienced by 43% and 21% of all patients respectively. Despite our documented response rate of 29%, the short duration of responses and high incidence of severe and life threatening hematologic toxicity preclude this regimen from being of any significant benefit to relapsing platinum resistant ovarian cancer patients.

Laparoscopic ovarian transposition.

Preservation of ovarian function is both safe and feasible in many young women with pelvic malignancies. Techniques utilized to transpose the ovaries to date have uniformly required a laparotomy either at the time of surgical treatment or as a separate operation in patients about to undergo pelvic radiotherapy. We report our preliminary results in 3 patients who underwent laparoscopic ovarian transposition and pelvic lymphadenectomy as part of an experimental protocol using intracavitary radiation alone in patients with small node negative stage 1B cervical carcinoma desiring preservation of fertility. Dose calculations were performed to estimate the amount of radiation each transposed ovary received from the intracavitary radiation, as well as the dosage that would have been received had external pelvic (4500 cGy) with or without para-aortic nodal irradiation (4500 cGy) been required. The mean estimated distance each ovary was transposed was 14.4 cm for the right ovary and 14.3 cm for the left ovary. Operative times ranged from 2.75-4.0 hours, and the blood loss 100-300 mls. Post-operative hospital stays ranged from 1-2 days, and no complications were encountered. Two of the 3 patients are menstruating regularly 25-32 months after completion of treatment with serum FSH in the normal premenopausal range. Based on the above distances, the mean dose of radiation each transposed ovary received was estimated to be 126 cGy, whereas the range in dosage of radiation each ovary would have received had external pelvic +/- para-aortic nodal irradiation been required was 135-190 cGy, and 230-310 cGy respectively. One patient has become menopausal after her transposed ovaries slipped back into the pelvis. Laparoscopic ovarian transpositions can be performed. This procedure is technically easy to perform for those surgeons skilled in laparoscopic surgery and its preliminary morbidity appears to be low. More experience, longer followup, and refinement in the methods of ovarian transfixation are required.

Management of a suspicious adnexal mass: a clinical practice guideline.

QUESTIONS: What is the optimal strategy for preoperative identification of the adnexal mass suspicious for ovarian cancer? What is the most appropriate surgical procedure for a woman who presents with an adnexal mass suspicious for malignancy? PERSPECTIVES: In Canada in 2010, 2600 new cases of ovarian cancer were estimated to have been diagnosed, and of those patients, 1750 were estimated to have died, making ovarian cancer the 7th most prevalent form of cancer and the 5th leading cause of cancer death in Canadian women. Women with ovarian cancer typically have subtle, nonspecific symptoms such as abdominal pain, bloating, changes in bowel frequency, and urinary or pelvic symptoms, making early detection difficult. Thus, most ovarian cancer cases are diagnosed at an advanced stage, when the cancer has spread outside the pelvis. Because of late diagnosis, the 5-year relative survival ratio for ovarian cancer in Canada is only 40%. Unfortunately, because of the low positive predictive value of potential screening tests (cancer antigen 125 and ultrasonography), there is currently no screening strategy for ovarian cancer. The purpose of this document is to identify evidence that would inform optimal recommended protocols for the identification and surgical management of adnexal masses suspicious for malignancy. OUTCOMES: Outcomes of interest for the identification question included sensitivity and specificity. Outcomes of interest for the surgical question included optimal surgery, overall survival, progression-free or disease-free survival, reduction in the number of surgeries, morbidity, adverse events, and quality of life. METHODOLOGY: After a systematic review, a practice guideline containing clinical recommendations relevant to patients in Ontario was drafted. The practice guideline was reviewed and approved by the Gynecology Disease Site Group and the Report Approval Panel of the Program in Evidence-based Care. External review by Ontario practitioners was obtained through a survey, the results of which were incorporated into the practice guideline. PRACTICE GUIDELINE: These recommendations apply to adult women presenting with a suspicious adnexal mass, either symptomatic or asymptomatic. IDENTIFICATION OF AN ADNEXAL MASS SUSPICIOUS FOR OVARIAN CANCER: Sonography (particularly 3-dimensional sonography), magnetic resonance imaging (mri), and computed tomography (ct) imaging are each recommended for differentiating malignant from benign ovarian masses. However, the working group offers the following further recommendations, based on their expert consensus opinion and a consideration of availability, access, and harm: Where technically feasible, transvaginal sonography should be the modality of first choice in patients with a suspicious isolated ovarian mass.To help clarify malignant potential in patients in whom ultrasonography may be unreliable, mri is the most appropriate test.In cases in which extra-ovarian disease is suspected or needs to be ruled out, ct is the most useful technique.Evaluation of an adnexal mass by Doppler technology alone is not recommended. Doppler technology should be combined with a morphology assessment.Ultrasonography-based morphology scoring systems can be used to differentiate benign from malignant adnexal masses. These scoring systems are based on specific ultrasound parameters, each with several scores base on determined features. All evaluated scoring systems were found to have an acceptable level of sensitivity and specificity; the choice of scoring system may therefore be made based on clinician preference.As a standalone modality, serum cancer antigen 125 is not recommended for distinguishing between benign and malignant adnexal masses.Frozen sections for the intraoperative diagnosis of a suspicious adnexal mass is recommended in settings in which availability and patient preference allow. SURGICAL PROCEDURES FOR AN ADNEXAL MASS SUSPICIOUS FOR MALIGNANCY: To improve survival, comprehensive surgical staging with lymphadenectomy is recommended for the surgical management of patients with early-stage ovarian cancer. Laparoscopy is a reasonable alternative to laparotomy, provided that appropriate surgery and staging can be done. The choice between laparoscopy and laparotomy should be based on patient and clinician preference. Discussion with a gynecologic oncologist is recommended. Fertility-preserving surgery is an acceptable alternative to more extensive surgery in patients with low-malignant-potential tumours and those with well-differentiated surgical stage i ovarian cancer. Discussion with a gynecologic oncologist is recommended.

Progression-free survival in advanced ovarian cancer: a Canadian review and expert panel perspective.

Ovarian cancer is leading cause of gynecologic cancer mortality in Canada. To date, overall survival (os) has been the most-used endpoint in oncology trials because of its relevance and objectivity. However, as a result of various factors, including the pattern of sequential salvage therapies, measurement of os and collection of os data are becoming particularly challenging. Phase ii and iii trials have therefore adopted progression-free survival (pfs) as a more convenient surrogate endpoint; however, the clinical significance of pfs remains unclear. This position paper presents discussion topics and findings from a pan-Canadian meeting of experts that set out to evaluate the relevance of pfs as a valid endpoint in ovarian cancer;reach a Canadian consensus on the relevance of pfs in ovarian cancer; andtry to address how pfs translates into clinical benefit in ovarian cancer.Overall, the findings and the group consensus posit that future studies should ensure that trials are designed to evaluate pfs, os, and other clinically relevant endpoints such as disease-related symptoms or quality of life;incorporate interim futility analyses intended to stop accrual early when the experimental regimen is not active;stop trials early to declare superiority only when compelling evidence suggests that a new treatment provides benefit for a pre-specified, clinically relevant endpoint such as os or symptom relief; anddiscourage early release of secondary endpoint results when such a release might increase the frequency of crossover to the experimental intervention.

Sentinel lymph nodes in early stage cervical cancer.

OBJECTIVES: Lymph node status is the most important prognostic factor in cervical cancer. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) procedures have been purported to reduce peri- and postoperative morbidity and operative time. METHODS: All patients with surgically managed clinical FIGO stage IA/B1 cervical cancer underwent SLN followed by pelvic lymphadenectomy with technetium+/-lymphazurin from April 2004 to April 2006. 0.1-0.2 mci of filtered sulfur colloid technetium was injected submucosally into 4 quadrants of the exocervix. Lymphazurin (4cc) was only used if technetium was unsuccessful in identifying bilateral sentinel lymph nodes. Serial microsections at 5 microm intervals were performed and stained intraoperatively. Complete pelvic node dissections were performed in all patients. RESULTS: Forty-two patients underwent SLN, prior to full pelvic lymphadenectomy. Thirty-nine patients were included for the purposes of this study. The incidence in detecting at least one sentinel node was 98% per patient, and 85% per side. Identification of bilateral sentinel lymph nodes was successful in 28 cases (72%). The median number of SLN/side was 2. Three patients were found to have metastatic tumor to lymph nodes. No false negatives were identified. No adverse effects were noted. CONCLUSIONS: SLN biopsy in cervical cancer is feasible to do, with a low false negative rate. We believe SLN should be evaluated per side and not per patient, that a pelvic lymphadenectomy is otherwise required. By following this protocol, the false negative rate can be minimized. The combined reported FN rate in the literature is 1.8%. If our definition is applied, the majority of reported false negative SLN is not actual false negatives.