RESUMO
Assessing risk for transmission of a blood-borne pathogen requires the use of the hazard and risk model. Infection control is a system that uses a number of individual processes to eliminate or reduce the probability of a hazard occurring. Strategies employed to reduce risk should be rehearsed, used routinely, audited, reviewed, and the results shared. Continuing dental education has improved dental healthcare worker willingness to treat people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) and has decreased negative attitudes and staff fears. Providing care for PLWHA during undergraduate dental school or dental hygiene programme is also associated with a greater willingness to treat. Whether by identifying suspect oral lesions or offering rapid screening tests in the dental setting for HIV, the dental team can play an important role in linkage to confirmatory diagnosis and care with the goal of reducing to zero the number of undiagnosed cases.
Assuntos
Odontologia , Ética Odontológica , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa do Paciente para o Profissional/prevenção & controle , Precauções Universais , Temas Bioéticos , Congressos como Assunto , Assistência Odontológica para Doentes Crônicos , Educação Continuada em Odontologia , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Humanos , Recusa em Tratar/éticaRESUMO
This workshop addressed two important issues: first, the global evidence of HIV transmission from health care provider to patient and from patient to health care provider in the general health care environment and the dental practice setting; second, in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy, whether oral health care professionals living with HIV pose a risk of transmission to their patients and whether standard infection control is adequate to protect both the patient and the oral health care professional in dental practice. The workshop culminated in a general discussion and the formulation of a consensus statement from the participating delegates, representing more than 30 countries, on the criteria under which an HIV-infected oral health care professional might practice dentistry without putting patients at risk. This consensus statement, the Beijing Declaration, was agreed nem con.
Assuntos
Instalações Odontológicas , Odontólogos , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa do Profissional para o Paciente , Grupos Focais , Soropositividade para HIV , Humanos , Controle de Infecções DentáriasRESUMO
An opportunity for oral health to be placed on the agendas of world leaders and policy makers arose and was then omitted at a recent meeting of the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN). The opening arose during a high-level meeting (27 Sept 2018) that was convened to discuss the global impact of non-communicable diseases. However, in the event, oral health was never singled out during the presentations nor was it included in the final political declaration committing signatories to take action on its 34 clauses. Sadly, the next opportunity is not until 2025.
Assuntos
Saúde Bucal , Nações Unidas , Saúde GlobalRESUMO
There is a recognised potential risk of transmission of blood-borne viruses (BBVs) from infected healthcare workers to patients during exposure prone procedures (EPPs). The restrictions placed on performance of EPPs by infected clinicians in the UK have had a particularly significant impact on dentists because of the exposure-prone nature of most dental procedures and the difficulties in identifying alternative career pathways in the profession that do not involve EPPs. More recently, the significant positive impact of antiviral drugs on viral load, together with a re-categorisation of EPPs in dentistry have resulted in evolution of the guidance with a consequent significant improvement to the career prospects of dentists infected with BBVs. This paper provides an update for practitioners on the progress that has been made and outlines the current position with respect to practice restrictions.
Assuntos
Patógenos Transmitidos pelo Sangue , Odontólogos , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa do Profissional para o Paciente/prevenção & controle , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Antivirais/uso terapêutico , Odontólogos/legislação & jurisprudência , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Hepatite B/prevenção & controle , Hepatite C/prevenção & controle , Humanos , Reino UnidoRESUMO
David Croser considers the appalling situation faced by UK dentists if they are diagnosed HIV positive.
Assuntos
Odontólogos/legislação & jurisprudência , Infecções por HIV/prevenção & controle , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa do Profissional para o Paciente/prevenção & controle , Canadá , Busca de Comunicante , Humanos , Guias de Prática Clínica como Assunto , Opinião Pública , Reino Unido , Estados UnidosAssuntos
Odontólogos/legislação & jurisprudência , Infecções por HIV/transmissão , Transmissão de Doença Infecciosa do Profissional para o Paciente/legislação & jurisprudência , Inabilitação Profissional/legislação & jurisprudência , Fármacos Anti-HIV/uso terapêutico , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , Humanos , Controle de Infecções Dentárias/métodos , Reino UnidoRESUMO
This paper describes the workings of the workshop dedicated to oral and dental care and treatment protocols for the management of HIV-infected patients. The questions addressed were: 1) What are the current ethical issues in dental care of HIV patients, do they need to be addressed? 2) Do we need to modify the dental care we give HIV-positive patients? 3) When is it necessary to give antibiotic prophylaxis to HIV-positive patients? 4) What is the evidence for the effective treatment of oral lesions associated with HIV? 5) What is the most successful palliative treatment for KS? 6) Can we provide clinical treatment that has a scientific basis rather being trial based? 7) Is ddI + hydroxy-urea an effective African alternative to HAART? 8) What is the influence of protease inhibitors and HAART on the excretion of HIV in saliva? 9) What is the effect of anti-HIV therapy on the oral mucosa and oral health? This workshop did not fully cover the issue of ddI and hydroxy-urea as an alternative HIV therapy as this was considered to be the remit of general physicians caring for patients with HIV and AIDS rather than that of oral health care workers.
Assuntos
Assistência Odontológica para Doentes Crônicos , Infecções por HIV , Infecções Oportunistas Relacionadas com a AIDS/terapia , Fármacos Anti-HIV , Antibioticoprofilaxia , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Protocolos Clínicos , Didanosina/uso terapêutico , Inibidores Enzimáticos/uso terapêutico , Ética Odontológica , HIV/fisiologia , Inibidores da Protease de HIV/uso terapêutico , Humanos , Hidroxiureia/uso terapêutico , Doenças da Boca/terapia , Mucosa Bucal/efeitos dos fármacos , Neoplasias Bucais/terapia , Cuidados Paliativos , Inibidores da Transcriptase Reversa/uso terapêutico , Saliva/virologia , Sarcoma de Kaposi/terapiaRESUMO
OBJECTIVES: Describe the oral diseases in HIV-infected individuals in London, UK and identify social and medical factors related to the presence of specific oral diseases. DESIGN: Dental clinics. SUBJECTS: Consecutive sample of 456 patients with HIV infection. METHODS: Social and medical history and clinical examinations. Univariate and logistic regression analysis. OUTCOMES: Presence of HIV-associated oral disease. RESULTS: 80% of patients with AIDS and 50% of patients with HIV had a specific oral disease. The most common diseases were hairy leukoplakia (30%), erythematous candidiasis (24%), pseudomembranous candidiasis (14%), angular chielitis (6%), necrotising periodontal disease (8%) and non-recurrent ulceration (6%). CONCLUSIONS: The presence of erythematous candidiasis was not related to advanced HIV disease. Pseudo-membranous candidiasis, hairy leukoplakia and mucosal ulceration were significantly associated with advanced HIV disease. Smoking was also identified as a strong aetiological factor in oral diseases. Longitudinal studies are required to further explore the prognostic significance of oral diseases in HIV infection.
Assuntos
Infecções por HIV/complicações , Doenças da Boca/etiologia , Síndrome da Imunodeficiência Adquirida/complicações , Adulto , Idoso , Candidíase Bucal/etiologia , Candidíase Bucal/patologia , Distribuição de Qui-Quadrado , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Gengivite Ulcerativa Necrosante/etiologia , Humanos , Hospedeiro Imunocomprometido , Leucoplasia Pilosa/etiologia , Modelos Logísticos , Masculino , Pessoa de Meia-Idade , Razão de Chances , Úlceras Orais/etiologia , Fatores de Risco , Fumar/efeitos adversosRESUMO
Dysphagia following acute stroke frequently necessitates prolonged enteral feeding. There is evidence that early enteral feeding via percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) is both beneficial and safe. The aim of this study was to identify predictors of prolonged dysphagia. The subjects were 149 consecutive patients admitted with acute stroke. Clinical findings and imaging results were prospectively collected, and subsequent progress recorded. Subjects were divided into 3 groups for analysis: no dysphagia; transient dysphagia (< or =14 days); or prolonged dysphagia (>14 days). Validity of the water swallow test as a predictor of aspiration pneumonia was confirmed. Significant associations for prolonged dysphagia were seen with stroke severity, dysphasia and lesions of the frontal and insular cortex on brain imaging. These results indicate that it may be possible to predict patients who will develop prolonged significant dysphagia following acute stroke thereby facilitating referral for insertion of PEG at an earlier time point.