Spatial and temporal differences of Chinese tourists' travel demands to North Korea.

Border tourism plays an important and positive role in international economic and cultural cooperation, and the tourism cooperation relationship between China and North Korea has lasted for more than 30 years. China has become the country with the largest number of tourists to North Korea. However, because the relevant data of tourism to North Korea are not public, it also brings difficulties to the further study. This paper based on the Baidu Index of 31 provinces and regions in China and discusses the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of travel demands to North Korea. The findings from the research are as follows. First, the travel demands from 2011 to 2018 showed an overall trend of initial increase followed by later decrease. The seasonal difference is significant. The peak season is longer than the off-season. Secondly, on the whole, the travel demands to North Korea showed a spatial agglomeration effect, and the provinces with high demands or low demands gather significantly in space. Taking "Hu line" as the boundary, the east is higher than the west. The hot spot areas and cold spot areas gradually transition from east to west. Thirdly, holidays, population, GDP, per capita disposable income, Internet penetration and education are the main influencing factors of tourism demand to North Korea. By using Baidu Index, this paper overcomes the bottleneck of inaccessible tourism data to North Korea. At the same time, from the perspective of tourist source countries, this paper discusses the spatial-temporal differentiation and influencing factors of travel demands in terms of geographical space, and compares it with existing studies, expanding the research framework of China's outbound tourism.

Optimal layout of tourist toilets using resilience theory: An empirical study on Dunhua City in ethnic region of China.

The provision of adequate and equitable sanitation services is one of the world's urgent challenges. Optimizing the layout of tourist toilets is key to both meeting the sanitation demand of the visiting public and building an inclusive and civilised society. Nevertheless, the need for a consistent optimization of tourist toilets is overlooked in developing countries, especially in ethnic regions that are highly dependent on tourism. Taking Dunhua, a city in an ethnic region renowned for tourism on China's border with North Korea as an example, this study enables an optimization framework of a comprehensive tourist toilet layout based on Holling's concept of resilience by constructing an AHP index, obtaining Point of Interest (POI) data through Python, and aided by GIS visual analysis and Location-allocation (LA) modelling, aiming to support scientific planning and decision making of public facilities in tourist destinations like Dunhua. It also serves as a reference for places of tourism in other countries dedicated to promoting ecotourism and public health.