RESUMO
Invertase enzyme can effectively improve the taste, color, and durability of these products. Various methods have been proposed to increase the stability and efficiency of enzymes. One of the most important is enzyme immobilization, which can be implemented on different materials. The purpose of this study was to immobilize the invertase enzyme on the surface of green synthesized zinc oxide nanoparticles and to investigate its biochemical properties. The enzyme immobilization was confirmed by SEM and Raman spectroscopy. Then, the biochemical characteristics, such as optimal pH and temperature, thermal stability, and storage stability of free and immobilized enzymes, were determined. The results of SEM showed that the diameter of synthesized nanoparticles was about 60 ± 5 nm. FTIR of immobilized invertase confirmed the immobilization process. The immobilization efficiency was determined to be 72 %. Immobilized enzyme showed higher thermal stability at 40 and 50 °C. Immobilized enzyme could be used 8 times in optimum condition. Also, an Examination of the kinetic parameters of the immobilized enzyme compared with those of the free enzyme showed a decrease in the maximum velocity of the enzyme. It seems that the immobilized invertase has improved characteristics for application in different industries.
RESUMO
Background: Breast Cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers in the world, including in Iran. Chemotherapy as one of the basic treatments for BC leads to many side effects such as fatigue. This study aimed to examine the effect of a combined exercise program on the intensity of fatigue in patients with BC undergoing chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: This clinical trial study was conducted on 64 patients with BC undergoing chemotherapy referring to the Seyyed al-Shoada and the Al-Zahra clinics from January to April 2022. Eligible patients who met inclusion criteria were recruited by the convenience sampling and then assigned randomly to intervention and control groups. The combined exercise program in the intervention group was done for 8 weeks as three sessions a week (34 sessions) each for 35-40 min. Piper's Fatigue Scale was completed for both groups before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods. Results: The results showed that the mean score of fatigue intensity in both control and intervention groups had a statistically significant difference after the intervention (p = 0.004). The mean fatigue intensity score in the intervention group decreased significantly from mean (SD) 8.17 (1.88) to 5.56 (1.74). Conclusions: Based on the results, a combined exercise program can reduce fatigue in patients with BC. Therefore, nurses can utilize exercise programs and practices as a subset of complementary medicine alongside other treatment methods, which can effectively promote cancer patients' quality of life by reducing their fatigue.
RESUMO
Prostatic specific antigen (PSA) is known as a biomarker of prostate cancer. In males, prostate cancer is ranked second as leading cause of death out of more than 200 different cancer types1. As a result, early detection of cancer can cause a significant reduction in mortality. PSA concentration directly is related to prostate cancer, so normal serum concentrations in healthy means are 4 ng and above 10 ng as abnormal concentration. Therefore, PSA determination is important to cancer progression. In this study, a free label electrochemical immunosensor was prepared based on a new green platform for the quantitative detection of the PSA. The used platform was formed from quince seed mucilage containing green gold and silver nanoparticles and synthesized by the green method (using Calendula officinalis L. extract). The quince mucilage biopolymer was used as a sub layer to assemble nanoparticles and increase the electrochemical performance. This nanocomposite was used to increase the antibody loading and accelerate the electron transfer, which can increase the biosensor sensitivity. The antibodies of the PSA biomarker were successfully incubated on the green platform. Under the optimal conditions, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) was proportional to the PSA biomarker concentration from 0.1 pg mL-1 to 100 ng mL-1 with low limit of detection (0.078 pg mL-1). The proposed green immunosensor exhibited high stability and reproducibility, which can be used for the quantitative assay of the PSA biomarker in clinical analyses. The results of real sample analysis presented another tool for the PSA biomarker detection in physiologic models.