Enhanced superconductivity and ferroelectric quantum criticality in plastically deformed strontium titanate.

The properties of quantum materials are commonly tuned using experimental variables such as pressure, magnetic field and doping. Here we explore a different approach using irreversible, plastic deformation of single crystals. We show that compressive plastic deformation induces low-dimensional superconductivity well above the superconducting transition temperature (Tc) of undeformed SrTiO3, with evidence of possible superconducting correlations at temperatures two orders of magnitude above the bulk Tc. The enhanced superconductivity is correlated with the appearance of self-organized dislocation structures, as revealed by diffuse neutron and X-ray scattering. We also observe deformation-induced signatures of quantum-critical ferroelectric fluctuations and inhomogeneous ferroelectric order using Raman scattering. Our results suggest that strain surrounding the self-organized dislocation structures induces local ferroelectricity and quantum-critical dynamics that strongly influence Tc, consistent with a theory of superconductivity enhanced by soft polar fluctuations. Our results demonstrate the potential of plastic deformation and dislocation engineering for the manipulation of electronic properties of quantum materials.

Morphological and molecular characterization of Haemonchus contortus isolated from the small ruminants of south Gujarat, India.

The successful design of strategic control measures against the blood-sucking gastrointestinal nematode, Haemonchus contortus in small ruminants can be facilitated by revealing its general features from morphology to the molecular level. In the south Gujarat region of India, a total of 2408 H. contortus were collected from 84 slaughtered sheep's abomasum, consisting of 347 males and 2061 females (1:6 ratio) (p<0.05). Furthermore, 726 H. contortus were collected from 61 goats, comprising 145 males and 581 females (1:4 ratio) (p<0.05). The male worms were approximately 12±0.06 mm long, while female worms were about 20±0.09 mm long. The vulvar morphotypes of the female worms were found to be 17.7% linguiform, 76.6 % knobbed/button (p<0.05), and 5.7 % smooth type, demonstrating common features of H. contortus. The nucleotide sequences of the Internal Transcribed Spacer 1 (ITS-1) of 165 bp or ITS-2 plus of 256 bp were aligned, and it was found that the genotypes of male and female specimens of either sheep or goat origin were identical, with a 100 % match. The present isolates shared >95 % and >94 % homology with published sequences of ITS-1 and ITS-2 plus of H. contortus, respectively, with more nucleotide transitions than transversions in the aligned sequences. The reconstructed phylogram of either ITS-1 or ITS-2 plus revealed two major clades, one for H. contortus and another for other nematodes, with Haemonchus placei showing its proximity with the clade of H. contortus. The study established the role of morphological and molecular features in identifying and differentiating H. contortus parasite at the local level.

Signatures of Nontrivial Pairing in the Quantum Walk of Two-Component Bosons.

Nearest neighbor bosons possessing only on-site interactions do not form on-site bound pairs in their quantum walk due to fermionization. We obtain signatures of nontrivial on-site pairing in the quantum walk of strongly interacting two component bosons in a one dimensional lattice. By considering an initial state with particles from different components located at the nearest-neighbor sites in the central region of the lattice, we show that in the dynamical evolution of the system, competing intra- and intercomponent on-site repulsion leads to the formation of on-site intercomponent bound states. We find that when the total number of particles is three, an intercomponent pair is favored in the limit of equal intra- and intercomponent interaction strengths. However, when two bosons from each species are considered, intercomponent pairs and trimer are favored depending on the ratios of the intra- and intercomponent interactions. In both cases, we find that the quantum walks exhibit a reentrant behavior as a function of intercomponent interaction.

Phosphorus fractions in the sediment of a tropical reservoir, India: Implications for pollution source identification and eutrophication.

Eutrophication level in lakes and reservoirs depends on both internal and external phosphorus (P) load. Characterization of sediment P fractionation and identifying the P pollution sources are important for assessing the bio-availability of P and the dominant P source, for effectively controlling the water pollution. For determining the availability and sources of sediment P and eutrophication status, spatio-temporal variation in different P fractionation of sediment of hyper-eutrophic Krishnagiri reservoir, Tamil Nadu, India, was investigated. Sediment average total P (TP) content ranged from 4.62 to 5.64 g/kg. Main phosphorus form was the inorganic P (IP), and it makes up to 73.4-87.7% of TP. Among the different P fraction, viz. calcium bound (Ca-P), iron bound (Fe-P), aluminium bound (Al-P), exchangeable (Ex-P) and Organic-P (Org-P), Ca-P was the dominating fraction in both IP and TP. Trend of IP fraction was as follows: Ca-P > Fe-P > Al-P > Ex-P in pre-monsoon season, Fe-P > Ca-P > Al-P > Ex-P in monsoon and Ca-P > Al-P > Fe-P > Ex-P in post-monsoon. Overall the trend was as follows Ca-P > Fe-P > Al-P > Org-P > Ex-P. Bio-available-P (BAP) fractions ranged from 35.2 to 64.0% of TP, indicating its comparative higher value. Pearson's correlation matrix revealed that there was strong correlation among the different P fractions. Factor analysis indicates that different fractions of P were the dominating factor than the other sediment parameters. The observed variation in sediment P fractionation indicate the differences in source and characterization of P which is very helpful for implementation of effective management practices in controlling pollution that arises due to phosphorus in this hyper-eutrophic reservoir.

Use of geographical information systems (GIS) in assessing ecological profile, fish community structure and production of a large reservoir of Himachal Pradesh.

The present study demonstrates the spatial analysis and mapping of fish and different measures of environmental parameters and fish diversity of Pong reservoir, Himachal Pradesh, using Kriging spatial interpolation methods for geographical information system mapping. Seasonal data on environmental parameters, potential fish habitat and fish diversity was collected from lentic (dam), lentic (reservoir), transitional and lotic zone of the reservoir.. Important environmental parameters like water temperature, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, water depth and transparency showed variations across the different zones of the reservoir. The sediment of the reservoir was sandy clay loam in nature as per texture analysis. Fish species richness, Shannon index and evenness index showed a similarity of the lotic and lentic (reservoir) zones of the reservoir. Six potential fish breeding grounds were identified in the reservoir indicating high conservation significance. The analysis of data showed a declining trend in fish production from 456.9 tonnes during the decade 1976-1987 to 347.91 tonnes during 2009-2020. The factors like anthropogenic climate change, predation of a stocked fish juvenile by water birds, undersized fish stocking and unscientific management are the probable reasons for the decreasing fish production. The spatial variation pattern of the water spread area, environmental parameters, fish catch and potential fish breeding grounds depicted in the GIS platform can be used as an important information base by the policy makers for fisheries management. The stocking of large size fish as a stocking material and adequate protection of the potential fish breeding grounds are the key advisories for the sustainable enhancement of fisheries as well as conservation.

A critical review of biogas production and usage with legislations framework across the globe.

This review showcases a comprehensive analysis of studies that highlight the different conversion procedures attempted across the globe. The resources of biogas production along with treatment methods are presented. The effect of different governing parameters like feedstock types, pretreatment approaches, process development, and yield to enhance the biogas productivity is highlighted. Biogas applications, for example, in heating, electricity production, and transportation with their global share based on national and international statistics are emphasized. Reviewing the world research progress in the past 10 years shows an increase of ~ 90% in biogas industry (120 GW in 2019 compared to 65 GW in 2010). Europe (e.g., in 2017) contributed to over 70% of the world biogas generation representing 64 TWh. Finally, different regulations that manage the biogas market are presented. Management of biogas market includes the processes of exploration, production, treatment, and environmental impact assessment, till the marketing and safe disposal of wastes associated with biogas handling. A brief overview of some safety rules and proposed policy based on the world regulations is provided. The effect of these regulations and policies on marketing and promoting biogas is highlighted for different countries. The results from such studies show that Europe has the highest promotion rate, while nowadays in China and India the consumption rate is maximum as a result of applying up-to-date policies and procedures.

Tumour Marker Requisition Pattern in a Tertiary Care Centre of Eastern Nepal.

Background Tumor markers have been a valuable tool for decades to aid in the diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of oncological diseases. Objective To retrospectively analyze the requisition pattern of tumor marker requests at the largest tertiary care center in eastern Nepal. Method A retrospective hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted to obtain the data for 5 common tumor markers i.e., Alpha-Fetoprotein (AFP), Cancer antigen125 (CA-125), Carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9, Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), and Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) analyzed in the Department of Biochemistry at B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan, Nepal for 5 years. Result A total of 8716 tests for tumor marker was conducted over 5 years. The most common tumor marker requested at our hospital was Prostate-specific antigen (48.77%) followed by Cancer antigen-125 (39.02%), Carcinoembryonic antigen (9.30%), Alpha-Fetoprotein (2.29%), and Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (0.63%) respectively. The majority of the tumor markers (Alpha-Fetoprotein, Cancer antigen-125, Carbohydrate antigen 19-9, and Carcinoembryonic antigen) were requested from in-patient wards while Prostate-specific antigen was majorly requisitioned from the out-patient department (OPD) [74%] respectively. Conclusion The finding from the present study suggest that though Nepal is one of the developing countries where the specialized health care services are limited only to cities and developed areas, the burden of oncological disease is high. Dharan is one of the small cities in the eastern part of Nepal and serves the majority of the population in the periphery. The number of tumor marker requisitions as per the laboratory data is significant (n=8716) over a period of 5 years where few tests like Alpha-Fetoprotein, Carcinoembryonic antigen, and Carbohydrate antigen 19-9 have just been initiated. Also, the findings delineate that the outpatient departments have requested more tumor markers which might/ might not be inconsistent with the preliminary diagnosis.

Activation of TRPV4 by mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical stimulation is anti-inflammatory blocking IL-1ß mediated articular cartilage matrix destruction.

OBJECTIVE: Cartilage health is maintained in response to a range of mechanical stimuli including compressive, shear and tensile strains and associated alterations in osmolality. The osmotic-sensitive ion channel Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) is required for mechanotransduction. Mechanical stimuli inhibit interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß) mediated inflammatory signalling, however the mechanism is unclear. This study aims to clarify the role of TRPV4 in this response. DESIGN: TRPV4 activity was modulated glycogen synthase kinase (GSK205 antagonist or GSK1016790 A (GSK101) agonist) in articular chondrocytes and cartilage explants in the presence or absence of IL-1ß, mechanical (10% cyclic tensile strain (CTS), 0.33 Hz, 24hrs) or osmotic loading (200mOsm, 24hrs). Nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and sulphated glycosaminoglycan (sGAG) release and cartilage biomechanics were analysed. Alterations in post-translational tubulin modifications and primary cilia length regulation were examined. RESULTS: In isolated chondrocytes, mechanical loading inhibited IL-1ß mediated NO and PGE2 release. This response was inhibited by GSK205. Similarly, osmotic loading was anti-inflammatory in cells and explants, this response was abrogated by TRPV4 inhibition. In explants, GSK101 inhibited IL-1ß mediated NO release and prevented cartilage degradation and loss of mechanical properties. Upon activation, TRPV4 cilia localisation was increased resulting in histone deacetylase 6 (HDAC6)-dependent modulation of soluble tubulin and altered cilia length regulation. CONCLUSION: Mechanical, osmotic or pharmaceutical activation of TRPV4 regulates HDAC6-dependent modulation of ciliary tubulin and is anti-inflammatory. This study reveals for the first time, the potential of TRPV4 manipulation as a novel therapeutic mechanism to supress pro-inflammatory signalling and cartilage degradation.

Potent anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity of some bioactive molecules of Indian ethnomedicinal plants that have the potential to enter in TB management.

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the deadliest infectious diseases of human civilization. Approximately one-third of global population is latently infected with the TB pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb). The discovery of anti-TB antibiotics leads to decline in death rate of TB. However, the evolution of antibiotic-resistant M.tb-strain and the resurgence of different immune-compromised diseases re-escalated the death rate of TB. WHO has already cautioned about the chances of pandemic situation in TB endemic countries until the discovery of new anti-tubercular drugs, that is, the need of the hour. Analysing the pathogenesis of TB, it was found that M.tb evades the host by altering the balance of immune response and affects either by killing the cells or by creating inflammation. In the pre-antibiotic era, traditional medicines were only therapeutic measures for different infectious diseases including tuberculosis. The ancient literatures of India or ample Indian traditional knowledge and ethnomedicinal practices are evidence for the treatment of TB using different indigenous plants. However, in the light of modern scientific approach, anti-TB effects of those plants and their bioactive molecules were not established thoroughly. In this review, focus has been given on five bioactive molecules of different traditionally used Indian ethnomedicinal plants for treatment of TB or TB-like symptom. These compounds are also validated with proper identification and their mode of action with modern scientific approaches. The effectiveness of these molecules for sensitive or drug-resistant TB pathogen in clinical or preclinical studies was also evaluated. Thus, our specific aim is to highlight such scientifically validated bioactive compounds having anti-mycobacterial and immunomodulatory activity for future use as medicine or adjunct-therapeutic molecule for TB management.

Impact of barge movement on phytoplankton diversity in a river: A Bayesian risk estimation framework.

The adverse effect of barge movement on the river's aquatic ecosystem is of global concern. The phytoplankton community, a bioindicator, is possibly the foremost victim of the barge movement. This study hypothesized phytoplankton diversity loss induced by barge movement in a large river. This article presents a novel risk assessment framework to evaluate the hypothesis-with a goal to uncoupling phytoplankton diversity loss due to barge movement over a spatiotemporal scale. For this purpose, a study was conducted in the Bhagirathi-Hooghly stretch of Inland National Waterway 1 of India. This study has proposed a new index of diversity loss and its inferential framework based on full Bayesian Generalized Linear Mixed Model. The results have diagnosed significant barge-induced impact on the phytoplankton diversity and identified ten most impacted species. The proposed framework has successfully disentangled barge-induced phytoplankton diversity loss from the biological process and predicted a substantive overall risk of phytoplankton loss of 31.44%. Besides, it has uncoupled spatiotemporal differential estimates, suggesting a risk of diversity loss in order of 'During vs After' (38.0%) > 'Before vs After' (30.7%) > 'Before vs During' (24%) barge movement in temporal scale and increasing diversity loss along downstream. Finally, the instant study has highlighted the utility of these results to facilitate better water framework directive for inland waterways.

Metal contaminations in sediment and associated ecological risk assessment of river Mahanadi, India.

Mahanadi is one of the major rivers of peninsular India. Like other Indian rivers, it is contaminated with sewages, industrial discharges, and agricultural runoff. Thus, necessity was felt to monitor its pollution status. Present work was part of that program and aimed to assess the sediment contamination due to the trace metals Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb, and Zn during 2012-2015. Sediment pollution status and ecological risks were evaluated calculating contamination factor (CF), geo-accumulation (Igeo), pollution load index (PLI), potential ecological risk (EiR), etc. The recorded metal concentrations were Cd BDL of flame mode of AAS; Cr BDL - 73.9; Cu BDL - 44.4; Mn 37.2 - 1887.0; Pb BDL - 29.5; and Zn BDL - 92.5 mg kg-1. As per US EPA guidelines, Cr concentrations at many locations were in the moderately polluted range. Igeo, CF, mCd, PLI, and EiR indicated low pollution levels and low ecological risks due to the trace metals assessed. The sediment quality guidelines (SQGs) indicated that Cr and Cu concentrations exceeded (16% sample) the threshold effect concentrations and may occasionally exhibit adverse biological effects. The association of sediment organic matter, conductivity and content of Cu, and their grouping in component 1 of PCA revealed that the anthropogenic input was dominant and so also the component 2 where Cr exhibited moderately good correlation with organic matter. Cluster analysis of the sampling sites based on pollution status yielded 3 groups: relatively uncontaminated (S3, S4), low to moderately contaminated (S2), and moderately contaminated (S1, S5, S6) stretches.

An audit of local discrepancy rates in acute abdominal CT: does subspecialist reporting reduce discrepancy rates?

AIM: To assess the discrepancy rates (DR) for patients undergoing abdominopelvic computed tomography (CT) for acute non-traumatic abdominal pain who have a subsequent emergency laparotomy in a large university teaching hospital, in particular identifying the differences between subgroups of reporters, to assess factors that may influence the discrepancy rates, to examine the pathologies with the highest discrepancy rate, to identify learning points, and give recommendations on current practice. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The surgical data and CT reports of 1,176 patients who underwent urgent laparotomy after CT from 2014-2018 in a large university hospital were analysed retrospectively. A major discrepancy was defined as an error of fact in the radiology report, which led to incorrect management or patient harm. RESULTS: Registrars have higher DR than consultants (6.86% versus 2.77%). The major DR for consultants met national standards (<5%). The major DRs for registrars met the national audit standard (<10%), but not the National Emergency Laparotomy Audit (NELA) standard (<5%). When comparing between reporter subgroups, gastrointestinal (GI) radiologists have a lower major DR than general radiologists (1.22% versus 3.44%). GI radiologists were also found to correct more registrar provisional reports. The existence of a documented preoperative discussion between radiologists and surgeons was associated with a lower DR. CONCLUSIONS: DR for registrars and consultants are below the national audit standard. Several factors associated with a lower DR in acute abdominopelvic CT were also identified, including reporting by consultants, reporting by GI radiologists and preoperative discussions between the radiologist and surgeon.

A randomized pilot study to compare hair follicle cell suspensions prepared using trypsin alone versus trypsin in combination with collagenase type I for transplantation in vitiligo.

BACKGROUND: Noncultured extracted hair follicle outer root sheath cell suspension (NC-EHF-ORS-CS) is an upcoming surgical technique to treat stable vitiligo. Conventionally it employs trypsin to tap the hair follicle (HF) reservoir for autologous melanocytes and their precursors for transplantation. However, a perifollicular dermal sheath composed of type 1 collagen encases the target 'bulge' region of the HF. Adding collagenase type 1 would digest the ORS, facilitating better release of cells. AIM: To compare the repigmentation achieved using trypsin and a combination of collagenase plus trypsin, respectively, with dermabrasion alone, and to compare cell counts, viability and composition of both suspensions. METHODS: This was a randomized, double-blind, comparative, therapeutic trial, conducted as a pilot study on 22 patients with stable vitiligo. Three similar patches were randomized into three parallel treatment arms [(A) trypsin plus collagenase, (B) trypsin alone and (C) dermabrasion with vehicle alone]. Each patient's HF sample was divided and digested by the two methods, and transplanted as suspensions onto dermabraded patches, while a third dermabraded patch received the vehicle only. Suspensions were sent for laboratory analysis. Repigmentation was assessed over a follow-up of 6 months. RESULTS: There was a significant increase in cell yield and comparable viability when collagenase was added. Immunohistochemical and flow cytometry studies showed a nonsignificant increase in HMB45+ melanocytes and their precursor stem cells in group A. This trend was reflected clinically in the extent of repigmentation [group A (33.22%) > B (24.31%) > C (16.59%); P = 0.13]. Adding collagenase induced significantly higher repigmentation than dermabrasion alone (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Incorporating collagenase type I into the conventional NC-EHF-ORS-CS technique resulted in enhanced retrieval of pigment-forming cells and subsequently improved repigmentation in vitiligo.

Perianal Tuberculosis: Lessons Learned in 57 Patients From 743 Samples of Histopathology and Polymerase Chain Reaction and a Systematic Review of Literature.

BACKGROUND: Few data are published on perianal tuberculosis. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to determine the best method to diagnose tuberculosis in patients with fistula-in-ano and to conduct a systematic review to determine the incidence and characteristics of tuberculosis fistula-in-ano. DATA SOURCES: The prospective study data and existing literature were derived from PubMed, Google scholar, and Scopus STUDY SELECTION:: Prospective analysis of patients with tuberculous fistula-in-ano treated between 2014 and 2018 was conducted, and a systematic review of studies describing ≥3 patients with tuberculosis fistula-in-ano was completed. INTERVENTION: Testing of tuberculosis was performed by histopathology or polymerase chain reaction of tissue or pus from the fistula tract. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: The primary outcomes measured were the detection rate of various tests to detect tuberculosis in fistula-in-ano and the prevalence rate of tuberculosis in simple versus complex fistulas. RESULTS: In 637 samples (410 patients) tested, tuberculosis was detected in 49 samples (43 patients). Additional samples (n = 106) sent in patients with a high index of suspicion tested positive in 14 more patients. Thus, overall, 63 samples tested positive in 57 patients (total: 743 samples in 410 patients were tested). Tuberculosis was detected in 2 of 181 patients (1.1%) in tissue (histopathology), in 28 of 341 patients (8.2%) in tissue (polymerase chain reaction), and in 19 of 115 patients (16.5%) in pus (polymerase chain reaction) samples. To detect tuberculosis, tissue (polymerase chain reaction) was significantly better than tissue (histopathology) (28/341 vs 2/181, p < 0.00001) and pus (polymerase chain reaction) was significantly better than tissue (polymerase chain reaction) (19/115 vs 28/341, p < 0.0009). Tuberculosis was significantly more common in complex fistulas than in simple fistulas (20.3% vs 7.2%, p = 0.0002). The systematic review (n = 199) highlighted that tubercular fistulas are more common in recurrent and complex fistulas and in tuberculosis endemic regions. LIMITATIONS: The true sensitivity and specificity of each testing modality could not be determined because not all patients with tuberculosis fistula-in-ano were tested by every diagnostic modality studied. CONCLUSIONS: The tuberculosis detection rate of polymerase chain reaction was significantly higher than histopathology. Among polymerase chain reaction, pus had higher detection rate than tissue. Tuberculosis was associated with more complex and recurrent fistulas.

Plasmodium vivax Malaria Presenting with Acute Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome.

Systemic capillary leak syndrome (SCLS) is a very rare disorder characterized by hypotension with heamoconcentration, hypoalbuminemia without albuminuria and generalized edema, the etiology of which are snake bites, viral heamorrhagic fever, drugs, sepsis, upper respiratory tract infection, Hanta virus and West Nile virus infection and serum paraproteinemia. Typically, the syndrome manifests in two phases: initial capillary leak phase characterized by edema, serous effusion, hypotension which is followed by phase of volume overload or recruitment phase. Treatment is in the form of fluid replacement, inotropic support and vasopressor therapy during leak phase and diuretics during volume overload phase. Prognosis of this disease is very poor. Here we are presenting a rare case of plasmodium vivax with SCLS.

Relativistic Normal Coupled-Cluster Theory for Accurate Determination of Electric Dipole Moments of Atoms: First Application to the

Recent relativistic coupled-cluster (RCC) calculations of electric dipole moments (EDMs) of diamagnetic atoms due to parity and time-reversal violating (P,T-odd) interactions, which are essential ingredients for probing new physics beyond the standard model of particle interactions, differ substantially from the previous theoretical results. It is therefore necessary to perform an independent test of the validity of these results. In view of this, the normal coupled-cluster method has been extended to the relativistic regime [relativistic normal coupled-cluster (RNCC) method] to calculate the EDMs of atoms by simultaneously incorporating the electrostatic and P,T-odd interactions in order to overcome the shortcomings of the ordinary RCC method. This new relativistic method has been applied to ^{199}Hg, which currently has a lower EDM limit than that of any other system. The results of our RNCC and self-consistent RCC calculations of the EDM of this atom are found to be close. The discrepancies between these two results on the one hand and those of previous calculations on the other are elucidated. Furthermore, the electric dipole polarizability of this atom, which has computational similarities with the EDM, is evaluated and it is in very good agreement with its measured value.

The impact of flow PRA on outcome in pediatric heart recipients in modern era: An analysis of the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study database.

Data from patients in the Pediatric Heart Transplant Study (PHTS) registry transplanted between 2010 and 2014 were analyzed to determine the association between HLA antibody (PRA) determined by SPA using Luminex or flow cytometry with a positive retrospective cross-match and the post-transplant outcomes of acute rejection and graft survival. A total of 1459 of 1596 (91%) recipients had a PRA reported pretransplant; 26% had a PRA > 20%. Patients with a PRA > 20% were more likely to have CHD, prior cardiac surgery, ECMO support at listing, and waited longer for transplantation than patients with a PRA <20%. Patients with higher PRA% determined by SPA were predictive of a positive retrospective cross-match determined by flow cytometric method (P < .001). A PRA > 50% determined by SPA was independently associated with worse overall graft survival after first month of transplant in both unadjusted and adjusted for all other risk factors. In this large multicenter series of pediatric heart transplant recipients, an elevated PRA determined by SPA remains a significant risk factor in the modern era.

Diminished IL-17A levels may protect filarial-infected individuals from development of rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus.

Nematode infections have been observed to inversely correlate with autoimmune disorders. Recently, we have shown the absence of filarial infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) who live in filarial-endemic areas. The mechanism(s) by which filarial-infected individuals are protected against the development of RA or SLE are unknown. In mice CIA, an experimental model for RA, ES-62, an execratory product of rodent filarial nematode , has been shown to improve arthritis through suppression of the IL-17 pathway. A total of 160 individuals, 40 each of endemic normal, filarial-infected cases, SLE and RA patients, from filarial-endemic areas, were enrolled in the study. Plasma levels of IL17-A, IFN-α and TNF-α were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RA and SLE patients displayed significantly higher plasma IL-17A, IFN-α and TNF-α levels compared to endemic normal and infected individuals. Furthermore, IL-17A levels were significantly low in participants with filarial infection compared to endemic controls ( p < 0.05). Interestingly, plasma IL-17A levels correlated inversely with circulating filarial antigen (CFA) ( p = 0.004, Spearman r = -0.51). Filarial infection was associated with low plasma IL-17A levels, a mechanism by which it possibly protects individuals in filarial-endemic areas from the development of autoimmune disorders like RA and SLE.

Expression and functional role of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) in cyclical corpus luteum in buffalo (Bubalus bubalis).

The role of growth factors in the modulation of ovarian function is an interesting area of research in reproductive biology. Recently, we have shown the expression and role of IGF, EGF, VEGF and FGF in the follicle and CL. Here, we report the presence of Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs) and their functional receptors in the corpus luteum (CL) of buffalo. The bubaline CL was classified into four stages according to the morphology and progesterone (P4) concentration. The qPCR, immunoblot and immunohistochemistry studies revealed that BMP2 and BMP Receptors (BMPR1A, BMPR1B and BMPR2) were significantly upregulated during the mid stage whereas BMP4 and BMP7 were upregulated during the early stage of CL (P<0.05). Studies on primary luteal cell culture (LCC) using mid CL showed a significant time and concentration dependent effect of BMP4 and BMP7 (P<0.05). At 100ngml-1, the BMPs maximally stimulated the transcripts of StAR, CYP11A1 and 3ßHSD that paralleled with P4 accretion in the media (P<0.05). Further, the BMP4 as well as BMP7 upregulated the transcripts of PCNA and downregulated CASPASE3 in the LCC at the same concentration (P<0.05). Though the combined effect of BMP4 and 7 was significantly higher (P<0.05) than that of individual one, it was not additive. In conclusion, the expression of BMPs and their receptors were dependent on the stages of CL in the buffalo. Treatment of LCC with BMPs in vitro confirmed the presence of functional receptors that stimulated the P4 production and luteal cell survival. Moreover, the results support the concept that the upregulation of P4 and its biosynthetic pathway enzymes such as CYP11A1, StAR and 3ßHSD in the CL is likely due to the autocrine and /or paracrine effects of BMP4 and BMP7 under physiological milieu.

Morbidity and Mortality after Pancreatoduodenectomy: A Five Year Experience in Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University.

Mortality and morbidity was assessed after adoption of a systematic care for patient with pancreatoduodenectomy starting from patient selection and preparation, operative technique, and postoperative care. In this prospective study seventy patients who underwent pancreatoduodenectomy for periampullary carcinoma with curative intent between January 2010 and December 2014 were carefully analyzed prospectively. Patients were selected those who had ampullary carcinoma, lower bile duct carcinoma and small size carcinoma head of pancreas without local invasion and distant metastasis, and the patient who did not have any major disabling comorbid diseases. All patients were assessed uniformly before surgery and deficiency were corrected up to normal level before operation. Pancreatoduodenectomy and standard lymphadenectomy was performed meticulously with minimum blood loss. The pancreatojejunal reconstruction was performed using duct-to-mucosa method mostly. A nasojejunal feeding tube was placed in most patients for starting postoperative early oral feeding. Broad spectrum antibiotics and the epidural analgesia were mostly prescribed for good control infection and pain. Proper nutrition was maintained in calculative way through central venous line and nasojejunal feeding tube in the early postoperative period. General care, early mobilization and chest physiotherapy were given routinely in each patient. Seventy-seven percent (n=54) patients did not have any postoperative complications and they were discharged from hospital within 12-14 postoperative days. The morbidity occurred in 16 patients (23%) and most common complication was wound infection (18%, n=9). The rest complications were pancreatojejunal anastomotic leakage - 2, hepaticojejunal anastomosis leakage - 1, melaena - 1, intra-abdominal abscess - 1, intra-abdominal hemorrhage - 1, and renal dysfunction - 1. The mortality rate was 5.7% (n=4), causes of death were massive myocardial infarction; 1, failure of reversal from anesthesia; 1, massive intraabdominal bleeding; 1 and CV catheter related severe sepsis; 1. Review of recent published literature revealed that mortality and morbidity our series is better than low volume center and almost similar with high volume center of pancreatoduodenectomy surgery. Our systematic management policy of careful patient selection, planned approach in the form of proper work up, meticulous conduction of the procedure, appropriate postoperative care provides an acceptable morbidity and mortality after pancreatoduodenectomy.