Zooplankton functional diversity in subtropical reservoirs of distinct trophic states (São Paulo state, Brazil).

Studies on functional traits of aquatic communities are useful for understanding the ecosystem dynamics as well as the diversity of ecological niches. Here, we characterize zooplankton functional groups and which limnological factors are responsible to changes in traits. Water samples were collected to evaluate limnological parameters and vertical hauls with plankton net (68 µm) were performed to characterize the community in seven reservoirs (Itupararanga, Atibainha, Salto Grande, Rio Grande, Igaratá, Barra Bonita, and Broa, São Paulo state, Brazil). Each species identified was classified according to a trophic group, reproduction mode, body length, habitat, and feeding habitats. Our results showed a predominance of pelagic suspensory herbivores with cilia (31%) followed by pelagic herbivore suspension filter feeders (17%) and raptorial omnivores (15.38%). The other individuals were categorized as pelagic herbivore suspension with oral device (12.3%), littoral herbivores suspensive with cilia (12.3%), pelagic-sucking herbivores (9.2%), and littoral grazing herbivores (3%). The dominance of herbivores may be influenced by the availability of nutrients, influencing their food sources. The abundance of omnivores engaged in predatory behavior can be attributed to disponible prey, thereby exerting significant repercussions on the organization of biological communities.

Theoretical evaluation of the malathion and its chemical derivatives interaction with cytosolic phospholipase A2 from zebrafish.

Cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) belongs to a large family of proteins and plays a crucial role in the regulation of arachidonic acid metabolism and inflammation cascade in zebrafish (Danio rerio). This enzyme with a molecular weight of 85 kDa, has two distinct domains. One is the regulatory and calcium-dependent (Ca2+) domain called C2, the other is the catalytic α/ß hydrolase Ca2+-independent domain, where serine and aspartic acid catalytic dyad residues are present. We investigated the interaction of malathion and their organophosphate metabolites in the cPLA2 using in silico tools. Molecular docking results showed hydrophobic interactions with the paraoxon and catalytic site residue (Ser 223). Malathion increases intracellular Ca2+ due to endoplasmic reticulum influx which in turn activities phospholipase A2 and arachidonic acid release. Molecular docking and homology modelling of proteins and ligands could be a complementary tool for ecotoxicology and environment pollution assessment.

Efeitos do malathion no sistema nervoso central: uma revisão breve / Effects of malathion on the central nervous system: a brief review

O presente estudo tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão bibliográfica sobre os efeitos do malathion no sistema nervoso central humano (SNC). Foram obtidas publicações do Google Scholar, SciElo, Pubmed, Lilacs e repositório CAPES no período de 2002 a 2020. Os seguintes descritores foram utilizados: "malathion", "SNC", "sistema nervoso", "intoxicação", "inseticidas" e "organofosforados". O inseticida malathion é um organofosforado com meia vida de 32 horas e conforme a via de administração pode ser considerado de Classe II (altamente tóxico). Um dos principais efeitos é a inibição enzimática de colinesterases acarretando o acúmulo de metabólitos e diversas síndromes neurológicas. Apesar do uso liberado e moderada toxicidade, o malathion causa danos significativos no SNC e desse modo deve ser utilizado com cautela para evitar intoxicações

The present study aims to describe neurotoxic effects of malathion on the human central nervous system (CNS). Methods ­ A bibliographic survey were performed using papers from Google Scholar, SciElo, Pubmed, Lilacs and Repositório CAPES, between 2002 to 2020. The following key words were used: "malathion", "CNS", "nervous system", "intoxication", "insecticides" and "organophosphate". Malathion is an organophosphorus with a short mid-life of only 32 hours, depending on their availability, the insecticide is classified as category "Class II" (highly toxic). One of the main effects is the enzymatic inhibition of cholinesterase's causing the accumulation of the metabolites and several neurological syndromes. Despite the liberated use and moderate toxicity, malathion causes significant damage to the CNS and should be used only with care and to avoid pesticide poisoning incidents