The effect of imidazolium based ionic liquids on wheat and barley germination and growth: Influence of length and oxygen functionalization of alkyl side chain.

In this work five different imidazolium based ionic liquids, namely: 1-(2-oxybutyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C2OC2mIm][Cl]; 1-(2-oxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [C1OC2mIm][Cl]; 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-ethylimidazolium chloride, [OHC3eIm][Cl]; 1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [OHC3mIm][Cl]; 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [OHC2mIm][Cl], together with commercial 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride, [bmim][Cl] and synthesized protic imidazolium chloride, [Im][Cl], were prepared and their toxicity examined towards wheat and barley germination and growth. Introduction of the polar groups (in the form of hydroxyde and/or ether group) in the alkyl side chain of the imidazolium cation and their influence on the reduction of the ionic liquid's toxicity is demonstrated. The results indicate that toxicity of oxygen functionalized ILs is significantly lower against wheat comparing to non-functionalized analogues. In the case of barley, influence on germination follow the same trend as in the case of wheat, but for seedlings growth different trend is observed with more pronounced toxicity of ether functionalized ILs. From these results it was also shown that alkylation in the position N-3 atom of the imidazole significantly reduces toxicity of cation.

Delirium during i. v. citalopram treatment: a case report.

This paper reports the case of a 65-year-old depressed man without somatic illnesses in whom monotherapy with i. v. citalopram induced delirium. He was admitted to a closed geriatric ward as a psychotically depressed patient with somatic and depressive delusions, and suicidal thoughts. Because he rejected all oral medications, monotherapy was initiated with 20 mg of i. v. citalopram per day. After 3 days, he became delirious and physically aggressive. This description of acute hyperkinetic delirium associated with i. v. citalopram therapy is the first one of this kind addressing side effects of i. v. citalopram.

Immunogenicity of oncolytic vaccinia viruses JX-GFP and TG6002 in a human melanoma in vitro model: studying immunogenic cell death, dendritic cell maturation and interaction with cytotoxic T lymphocytes.

Oncolytic virotherapy is an emerging immunotherapeutic modality for cancer treatment. Oncolytic viruses with genetic modifications can further enhance the oncolytic effects on tumor cells and stimulate antitumor immunity. The oncolytic vaccinia viruses JX-594-GFP+/hGM-CSF (JX-GFP) and TG6002 are genetically modified by secreting granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) or transforming 5-fluorocytosine (5-FC) into 5-fluorouracil (5-FU). We compared their properties to kill tumor cells and induce an immunogenic type of cell death in a human melanoma cell model using SK29-MEL melanoma cells. Their influence on human immune cells, specifically regarding the activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and the interaction with the autologous cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) clone, was investigated. Melanoma cells were infected with either JX-GFP or TG6002 alone or in combination with 5-FC and 5-FU. The influence of viral infection on cell viability followed a time- and multiplicity of infection dependent manner. Combination of virus treatment with 5-FU resulted in stronger reduction of cell viability. TG6002 in combination with 5-FC did not significantly strengthen the reduction of cell viability in this setting. Expression of calreticulin and high mobility group 1 protein (HMGB1), markers of immunogenic cell death (ICD), could be detected after viral infection. Accordingly, DC maturation was noted after viral oncolysis. DCs presented stronger expression of activation and maturation markers. The autologous CTL clone IVSB expressed the activation marker CD69, but viral treatment failed to enhance cytotoxicity marker. In summary, vaccinia viruses JX-GFP and TG6002 lyse melanoma cells and induce additional immunostimulatory effects to promote antitumor immune response. Further investigation in vivo is needed to consolidate the data.