Physiological responses to spinal manipulation therapy: investigation of the relationship between electromyographic responses and peak force.

OBJECTIVE: It is believed that systematic modulation of spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) parameters should yield varying levels of physiological responses and eventually a range of clinical responses. However, investigation of SMT dose-physiological response relationship is recent and has mostly been conducted using animal or cadaveric models. The main objective of the present study is to investigate SMT dose-physiological response relation in humans by determining how different levels of force can modify electromyographic (EMG) responses to spinal manipulation. METHODS: Twenty-six participants were subjected to 2 trials of 4 different SMT force-time profiles using a servo-controlled linear actuator motor. Normalized EMG activity of paraspinal muscles (left and right muscles at level T6 and T8) was recorded during and after SMT, and EMG values were compared across the varying levels of force. RESULTS: Increasing the level of force yielded an increase in paraspinal muscle EMG activity during the thrust phase of SMT but also in the two 250-millisecond time windows after the spinal manipulation impulse. These muscle activations quickly attenuated (500 milliseconds after spinal manipulation impulse). CONCLUSION: The study confirmed the presence of a local paraspinal EMG response after SMT and highlighted the linear relationship between the SMT peak force and paraspinal muscle activation.

Informed consent for MRI and fMRI research: analysis of a sample of Canadian consent documents.

BACKGROUND: Research ethics and the measures deployed to ensure ethical oversight of research (e.g., informed consent forms, ethics review) are vested with extremely important ethical and practical goals. Accordingly, these measures need to function effectively in real-world research and to follow high level standards. METHODS: We examined approved consent forms for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) studies approved by Canadian research ethics boards (REBs). RESULTS: We found evidence of variability in consent forms in matters of physical and psychological risk reporting. Approaches used to tackle the emerging issue of incidental findings exposed extensive variability between and within research sites. CONCLUSION: The causes of variability in approved consent forms and studies need to be better understood. However, mounting evidence of administrative and practical hurdles within current ethics governance systems combined with potential sub-optimal provision of information to and protection of research subjects support other calls for more scrutiny of research ethics practices and applicable revisions.