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ObjectiveTo investigate the brain absorption components of Tianyuan Zhitong prescription and their distribution based on ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS), desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry imaging(DESI-MSI) and hyperspectral imaging techniques. MethodTen BALB/c mice were randomly divided into blank group(n=3) and administration group(n=7), the administration group was gavaged with 0.3 mL of Tianyuan Zhitong prescription liquid at a concentration of about 5 g·mL-1 of the raw material, and the blank group was gavaged with an equal volume of normal saline, and the whole brain of the mice were taken for the preparation of tissue homogenates and frozen sections, respectively. The tissue homogenates were qualitatively analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS for the brain absorption components in positive and negative ion modes, frozen sections were used for imaging to observe the distribution of these components in the brain. Cytoviva dark-field enhancement microscope was used to perform hyperspectral imaging scanning on the brain sections of mice from each group, and the scattered light data of at least 1 000 pixels in the visible-near-infrared(400-1 000 nm) band in the microscopic field of view were collected and average spectrum were created, which were used to compare the components in the brain tissues of mice from the blank and administration groups. ResultA total of 27 brain absorption components of Tianyuan Zhitong prescription were identified by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS, including 10 organic acids, 5 glycosides, 4 alkaloids, 1 phenol, 4 flavonoids, 2 phthalides and 1 other compound, which were mainly derived from Gastrodiae Rhizoma, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, vinegar-processed Corydalis Rhizoma, Ziziphi Spinosae Semen and processed Morindae Officinalis Radix. A total of 14 components were identified by mass spectrometry imaging, of which ferulic acid, tetrahydropalmatine and N-methyl dehydroberberine were mainly distributed in the cerebral cortex, vitamin B5, vemonoic acid and ricinoleic acid were mainly distributed in the hypothalamus, elemicin, octadecenic acid and octadecanoic acid were mainly distributed in the cortex and hypothalamus, while senkyunolide B, ligustilide, linoleic acid, 9,12-octadecadienoyl ethyl ester and spinosin were distributed in most regions of the brain tissues. Hyperspectral imaging showed that in the visible-near-infrared band range, the average spectrum of the brain tissues of mice in the administration group was significantly red-shifted, indicating that there were differences in the physical properties or contents of the chemical components in the brain between mice in the blank group and those in the administration group, and further verified the results of mass spectrometry imaging. ConclusionThrough the combination of UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and imaging techniques, the pharmacodynamic components of Tianyuan Zhitong prescription in the treatment of headache and the regional characteristics in brain tissue are clarified, which can provide reference for the selection of the index components of the research on the quality standard of this prescription and the research on the mechanism of the pharmacological effect.
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High quality is the premise for the implementation of high quality and good price for decoction pieces, and grade is the most direct manifestation of high quality of decoction pieces. However, there is still a lack of scientific and reasonable methods for evaluating the grade of decoction pieces, and it is urgent to establish a widely recognized and unified standard for the grade of decoction pieces to ensure the quality of the decoction pieces and guarantee the safety and efficacy of clinical use. Based on this, this paper focused on analyzing the problems of the current grade evaluation methods, such as unclear distinction between quality standards and grade standards, unreasonable selection of grade evaluation indicators, and inaccurate application of mathematical statistical methods. Based on the analysis of the grade evaluation of decoction pieces, this paper proposed four criteria for establishing the grade evaluation method of decoction pieces, namely universality, comprehensiveness, reliability and convenience, in order to establish a more reasonable and unified grade standard for decoction pieces and promote the quality improvement of decoction pieces and the development of the industry.
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ObjectiveTo investigate the effect of microemulsion on the distribution of index components in different phases of Zexietang extract based on high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) and phase separation process. MethodParticle size meter and transmission electron microscope were used to characterize the colloidal particles in blank microemulsion, aqueous extract of Zexietang and microemulsion extract of Zexietang. The phase separation process was established by high-speed centrifugation and dialysis, and based on this process, the aqueous extract and microemulsion extract of Zexietang were separated into the true solution phase, the colloidal phase and the precipitation phase, respectively. The contents of six components, including atractylenolide Ⅲ, atractylenolide Ⅱ, 23-acetyl alisol C, alisol A, alisol B and alisol B 23-acetate, were determined by HPLC with the mobile phase of water(A)-acetonitrile(B) for gradient elution(0-5 min, 40%-43%B; 5-20 min, 43%-45%B; 20-45 min. 45%-60%B; 45-75 min, 60%-80%B). The solubility of the index components in water and microemulsion was determined by saturation solubility method. ResultThe colloidal particles in the aqueous extract, microemulsion extract and blank microemulsion were all spherical, and the particle size, polydispersity index(PDI) and Zeta potential of the colloidal particles were in the order of aqueous extract >microemulsion extract >blank microemulsion. The results of phase separation showed that the colloidal phase and the true solution phase could be completely separated by dialysis for 2.5 h, and the phase separation process was tested to be stable and feasible. Compared with the aqueous extract of Zexietang, the use of microemulsion as an extraction solvent could increase the contents of atractylenolide Ⅲ, 23-acetyl alisol C, atractylenolide Ⅱ , alisol A, alisol B and alisol B 23-acetate by 3.75, 6.82, 35.47, 10.66, 35.41, 27.75-fold, and could increase the extraction efficiencies of the latter five constituents by 2.03, 1.15, 1.70, 6.43, 5.53 times. The solubility test showed that the microemulsion could significantly improve the solubility of atractylenolide Ⅱ, alisol A, alisol B and alisol B 23-acetate, but it had less effect on the solubility of atractylenolide Ⅲ and 23-acetyl alisol C. ConclusionMicroemulsion can improve the extraction efficiency and increase the distribution of the index components in the colloidal phase state of Zexietang to different degrees, providing a reference for the feasibility of microemulsion as an extraction solvent for traditional Chinese medicine.
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ObjectiveBased on serum pharmacochemistry and ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) the transitional components in the serum of rats after intragastric administration of water extract of Alismatis Rhizoma(AR)and salt-processed Alismatis Rhizoma(SAR) were compared. MethodSD rats were randomly divided into blank group, AR group(10 g·kg-1) and SAR group(10 g·kg-1), 3 rats in each group, the administration groups were given AR and SAR aqueous extracts by gavage, respectively, and the blank group was given an equal volume of drinking water by gavage once in the morning and once in the evening, for 3 consecutive days. Sixty minutes after the last administration, blood was collected from the eye orbits, and the serum samples were prepared. The serum samples were prepared on an ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column(2.1 mm×50 mm, 1.7 μm) with the mobile phase of acetonitrile(A)-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution(B) in a gradient elution(0-10 min, 10%-50% A; 10-27 min, 50%-95%A; 27-27.1 min, 95%-10% A; 27.1-30 min, 10%A), the data were collected at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min-1 in positive ion mode with a scanning range of m/z 100-1 200. Based on the self-constructed chemical composition library of AR, the total ion flow diagrams and secondary MS fragmentation information of the aqueous extracts of AR and SAR, as well as the administered serum and the blank serum, were compared with each other by UNIFI 1.9.2, so as to deduce the possible blood-migrating constituents and their cleavage patterns in the aqueous extracts, and the response intensity ratios of each chemical component were calculated before and after processing. ResultA total of 20 components, including 5 prototypical components and 15 metabolites, were analyzed and deduced from the serum of rats given aqueous extract of AR. And 14 components, including 5 prototypical components and 9 metabolites, were analyzed and deduced from the serum of rats given aqueous extract of SAR. Of these, 13 components were common to both of them, including 5 prototypical components and 8 metabolites. The 5 prototypical components were 16-oxoalisol A, alisol A 24-acetate, alisol A, alisol B and alisol C. The metabolites were mainly involved in phase Ⅰ metabolism(oxidation) and phase Ⅱ metabolism(glucuronidation). There was a big change in the intensity of response of the common components before and after salt-processing, and the response intensities of the prototypical components, 16-oxoalisol A, alisol B and alisol C, were elevated, while the type and response intensity of metabolites were generally decreased, and it was hypothesized that the metabolic rate of terpenoids might be slowed down after salt-processing of AR, so that the blood-migrating constituents could participate in the metabolism of the body more in the form of prototypes. ConclusionSalt-processing of AR may promote the absorption of prototypical components into the blood by slowing down the metabolic rate of terpenoids, which can provide support for the research on material basis of AR and SAR.
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The genetic phenotypes of apo-E and subfractions of plasma apo-C(CⅡ, CⅢ_0, CⅢ_1, CⅢ_2) were studied in types of hyperlipoproteinemia patients. The results showed that among these patients, the concentration of plasma TG of those with apo-E_2/E_3 phenotype were higher than those with apo-E_3/E_3 or E_3/E_4, phenotypes (P